Marine Processes and Ecology
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1 T-TH 10:00-11:45 Discussion Sections TH 12:30-13:40 Textbook: Charlie Miller, Biological Oceanography Others listed in the syllabus (optional)
2 Textbooks available at the Science Library: Oceanography: An Illustrated Guide. Summerhayes, C.P. and S.A. Thorpe. Wiley, Science Library Call # GC11.2.O Marine Ecological Processes. Valiela, I.Springer, Science Library Call # QH541.5.S3.V Dynamics of marine ecosystems : biological-physical interactions in the oceans. Mann, K.H. and J.R.N. Lazier. Blackwell Science, QH541.5.S3.M Aquatic Photosynthesis. Falkowski, P.G. and J.A. Raven. Blackwell Science, QK882.F Concepts in biological oceanography: an interdisciplinary primer. Jumars, P.A. Oxford University Press, QH S3J
3 Class Format: Two Exams (short answer/essay) Final Exam (format?) Paper Discussions (from primary literature): 2-3 papers on a topic per week Students will lead the discussion Proposal/Term Paper Homework
4 Paper Discussions Work in teams Present the concepts and lead discussion (chalkboard) Proposal/Term Paper Graduate students will prepare an NSF-style proposal (10 pages max, excluding references) on a topic in B.O. Undergraduates will prepare a 7-10 page term paper on a B.O. subject Both groups will present an overview (10 minutes) using Power Point at the end of the quarter We will hold a Panel Review of the proposals
5 Why is biological oceanography important? Oceanic phytoplankton fix Gtons C yr -1 terrestrial systems fix Gt C yr -1 standing stock of phytoplankton Gt C, with a turnover time of 2-6 d terrestrial standing stock 800 Gt C, with a yr turnover time 5-25% of protein for food derived from fishing, dependent on area also fertilizer, poultry food regulation of global climate, both evolutionarily, climatically
6 Goal of biological oceanography To describe how physics (hydrography and light), chemistry (nutrients) and biology (primary production, food web processes) interact to determine: distributions composition (species or biochemical) biogeochemical activities trophic interactions of marine communities
7 What s in the water? Temporal scale 100yr 10yr 1yr 1mo 1wk 1d 1h 1min 1sec Viruses, bacteria (heterotrophic, chemosynthetic), phytoplankton (prochlorophytes, cyanobacteria, eukaryotes), zooplankton (micro, meso, macro; holo-, meroplankton), nekton, benthos Zooplankton Fish Bacteria Phytoplankton Mammals 0.1µm1µm 10µm100µm1mm1cm 10cm 1m 10m Spatial scale
8 Light Provides energy for almost all marine food webs (photosynthesis) Provides heat that stabilizes the surface layer of the ocean The submarine light field is strongly influenced by constituents in the water (absorption, scattering, fluorescence, bioluminescence) How does light affect marine life? Irradiance and photosynthesis Importance of quantity and spectral quality Inhibition of biogeochemical transformations Effects on trophic interactions
9 Primary productivity Phytoplankton growth Photosynthesis, process and measurement Chemical composition Essential nutrients, light, temperature Loss processes Biogeochemical cycles Nitrogen cycle Flux of carbon Fate of primary production in the upper ocean Food web processes Microbial loop
10 Zooplankton and secondary production Zooplankton groupings based on: Size Life-history characteristics (holo-, meroplankton) Trophic status (herbivore, omnivore, carnivore) Vertical distribution Hydrodynamics vs. behaviour Feeding Effects of food availability, behaviour Effects of the physical environment (turbulence) Effects on food web processes
11 Fisheries Growth, survival and recruitment of larval fish Hydrodynamics Temperature Food supply Predation Structure of oceanic food webs Exploitation of fish stocks
12 Benthos Benthic organisms (microbes, micro- and macroalgae, meio-, and macrofauna) Life history characteristics Animal-sediment relations Effects of substrate on biota (flux of food resources, colonization, predation) Effects of biota on substrate (stabilization, bioturbation, structure formation, flow modification) Ecological processes Predation, competition, disturbance
13 Ecosystems North Atlantic, North Pacific Upwelling ecosystems Oligotrophic Gyres HNLC Regions Coastal and Estuarine ecosystems
14 Unifying themes Quantitative approach Explicit consideration of interacting factors (physics, chemistry, biology) Focus on populations/communities/ ecosystems NOT on individuals
15 Organizing Structure for the class Boyd et al. Article on the SOIREE (Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment) as bookends To understand the SOIREE experiment is to understand major concepts in B.O. Representative of an overview Nature paper Lots of methods and techniques The concept of an NPZ model as an underlying theme
16 Phytoplankton Zooplankton Nutrients
17 The Big Picture 4/1 Oceanography review, Light in the Sea (CMBO Chapter 1) Marine Processes and Phytoplankton the Link Between Physics and Food Webs 4/6 Description of Phytoplankton (taxonomy), counting, measuring (CMBO Chapter 2) 4/8 Pigments, light harvesting Rate Processes and Growth 4/13 Photosynthesis (CMBO Chapter 3) 4/15 How do we measure photosynthesis? Nutrients 4/20 Abiotic/Biotic controls of photosynthesis 4/22 Uptake kinetics, growth rates, nutrient pulsing/community structure 4/27 New, Regenerated, Export production 4/29 Trophic Structure introduction Zooplankton 5/6 Microzooplankton description, sizes, dynamics 5/11 Microbial Food Web 5/13 Metazooplankton and copepods Connecting the Boxes 5/18 Spring Bloom, seasonal cycles, mixing in the Atlantic and Pacific 5/20 Steady State versus Non-Steady State and the role of models 5/25 Environmental Control small scale to mesoscale Anomalous Situations 5/27 Red Tides, Iron Fertilization 6/1 Regime Shifts, Episodic Events 6/3 From Wind to Whales
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