Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level

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Jocelin Briggs
6 years ago
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1 ASSAf Leopoldina Technology Innovations for a Low Carbon Society Conference 8 9 October 2012 Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and diverse research efforts towards meeting the water and sanitation needs of different areas of ethekwini Municipality. Chris Buckley University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa Buckley@ukzn.ac.za

Durban to ethekwini Municipality old Metro 1 366 km 2

2 Durban to ethekwini Municipality old Metro km 2 population 2.5 mill Unicity km 2 population 3.5 mill

3 Rural Durban

4 Typical Rural Household

5 But some are not so fortunate

6 leading to open defecation

7 Sewers Failing

8 and VIP toilets need emptying

9 Informal settlements spring up overnight

10 Cholera Cases ( )

11 Composition of Excreta Indicator Units Wet Dry faeces L/y.p urine L/y.p water borne L/d.p 20 to 250 nil tons/y.p nitrogen in urine % 88 phosphorous in urine % 67

12 Backdrop now MDG targets rigid discharge standards increasing water stress energy interruptions poverty sewage as a problem internet communications

13 Backdrop now MDG targets rigid discharge standards increasing water stress energy interruptions poverty sewage as a problem internet communications future sustainability targets risk based approach water conservation high energy costs food security excreta as a resource smart cities

14 Top Ten Reasons for Treating Sewage

15 Top Ten Reasons for Treating Sewage public health public health public health public health public health public health public health public health public health public health

16 Public Health for Suvival faeces contain pathogens urine contains nutrients eliminate contact between people and excreta (pathogens) piped systems faeces treatment + pathogen reduction environment

17 History of Western Excreta Management (1 - source) urbanisation and great plagues and fires city-wide planning disease theory air borne vapours dispersal in water removes disease (vapours) flushing toilets combined sewers and storm water diameter of sewer pipes

18 History of Western Excreta Management (1 - source) urbanisation and great plagues and fires city-wide planning disease theory air borne vapours dispersal in water removes disease (vapours) flushing toilets combined sewers and storm water diameter of sewer pipes

19 History of Western Excreta Management (2 - receiving body) water discharge to rivers oxygen sag odours anaerobic conditions fish kills NH 3 (ammonia) COD (or BOD) removal aeration eutrophication nitrogen removal phosphorous removal endocrine disrupting compounds advanced oxidation, membranes, adsorbents wetlands

20 History of Western Excreta Management (2 - receiving body) water discharge to rivers oxygen sag odours anaerobic conditions fish kills NH 3 (ammonia) COD (or BOD) removal aeration eutrophication nitrogen removal phosphorous removal endocrine disrupting compounds advanced oxidation, membranes, adsorbents wetlands

21 Wastewater Treatment The historic method of wastewater treatment will become..

22 Wastewater Treatment The historic method of wastewater treatment will become.. history

23 Wastewater Treatment The historic method of wastewater treatment will become.. history the challenges provided by meeting the needs of developing countries will set the new standards

24 free basic water Water Supply limited to capacity of plot 300 L/d/household (was 200 L/d/hh) delivered to formal houses (urban and rural) informal areas standpipes around periphery rising block tariff 3 blocks (free; > 9 kl/mth; > 30 kl/mth) full pressure and low pressure systems full cost recovery for an efficient service sanctions for water theft and non-payment strategies to create well behaved customers

25 Development of a Sanitation Policy for Unserved urine diversion toilets in place of VIP latrines water supply depends on evapotranspiration area community ablution blocks in informal settlements decentralised systems for isolated communities school sanitation support trials using anaerobic systems and urban agriculture

26 Sanitation Backlog (2007)

27 Rural Areas - UDDT dry on-site free toilet free basic water two chambers urine to soak-away householder maintenance

28 Rural Household

29 UD toilet contents can be useful

30 VIP Toilets peri urban and urban

31 Even VIP Toilets Need Emptying

32 Pit Emptying Tools

33 Deep Row Entrenchment

34 Latrine Dehydration and Pasteurisation (LaDePa)

35 Interim Services for informal settlements communal ablution blocks basic road network footpaths electricity connections standpipes sustainable livelihoods

36 Community Ablution Blocks external view

37 Community Ablution Blocks internal view - female

38 Smarter Design and Construction

39 Informal Settlement

40 Magabheni Pond Effluent Durban, Sandra Hildbrand, Wolf Raber 40

41 Newlands Mashu DEWATS Plant technical evaluation plant development nodes remote from sewers decentralised piped system urine diversion pour flush / low flush toilets anaerobic baffled reactor anaerobic filter constructed wetlands immersed membranes agricultural reuse

42 Dewats Technical Evaluation Plant

43 Horizontal Flow Planted Gravel Filter

44 Vertical Flow Planted Gravel Filter

45 Newlands Mashu DEWATS Plant AMU Centre of Excellence

46 Wastewater and Agriculture

47 formal low-cost housing

48 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sanitation Programme USD 65 mill in 2013 game changing initiatives Reinvent The Toilet Challenge targeted to bottom 2.6 billion people but applicable to the top of the pyramid off grid produces potable water + fertiliser + energy costs less than USD 0.05 /person/d

49 right now on-site sanitation is one of the most exciting fields of technical development

50 Water is life Sanitation is dignity

51 If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together. African Proverb

Sanitation Technology Options in Lesotho

Sanitation Technology Options in Lesotho Technologies for Economic Development Polo Ground 49/3, PO BOX 14621, Maseru -100 Telephone: +266-22317795, Fax: +266 2232 5621, Email: info@ted-biogas.org web: www.ted-biogas.org; Reg. No.:2004/90 TED