Gas Production, Waste Reduction
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- Collin Ellis
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1 Gas Production, Waste Reduction Abstract: This project focuses on a clean, renewable energy source, biogas. It talks about why biogas is a possible and practical source of energy. The project explains what biogas is, how it is formed and its applications. Using a model bio-digester calculations were made to determine how big a bio-digester would need to be in order to power an average Canadian household for the summer months. Background: Methane is a type of biomass energy. Some examples of biomass energy are wood, straw and manure. The foundation of this experiment is based on the bacteria that live in the intestines of many animals. When this bacterium breaks down cellulose (the main ingredient in plant fibres) it produces biogas. The biodigester works by utilizing the same process. For this reason methane is found in many other places as well, such as bogs, swamps and landfills. It can be used as an alternative opposed to natural gas for heating and cooking. Biogas is considered renewable because it mainly depends on the supply of grass which grows back but natural gas comes from the fossilized remains of plants and animals from thousands of years ago so it is not considered renewable. The bacteria that produce the biogas are called methogenic bacteria. These bacteria are very sensitive to their conditions and require an anaerobic environment to be able to grow and produce methane. Burning one molecule of methane produces one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. The burning of methane is a lot cleaner than the burning of coal. Purification and Filtration Biogas consists mainly of methane (CH 4 ) a highly flammable gas along with slight traces of other gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. This means that the biogas is not pure methane but can easily be solved with filtering April 24, 2007 Gas Production, Waste Reduction Page 1 of 6
2 it through limewater, iron filings and calcium chloride. Doing this will remove carbon dioxide, corrosive hydrogen sulphide and water vapour therefore making it nearly pipeline quality natural gas. Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to construct a working model of a bio-digester to test for the successful production of biogas. After that use the generator calculate how much is produced and outline what full sized generators requirements would need to be in order to be able to supply enough gas for it to be practical. By combining that information identify advantages of biogas and why it is a clean, efficient, renewable and practical energy source for the future. Hypothesis: If manure is subjected to anaerobic conditions than methaneogenic bacteria will produce methane which could be used as a possible clean, alternative energy source. Materials: Tubing cutter Large Mylar helium balloon Scissors Copper tubing 1/4" inside diameter Adjustable wrench T-connector for plastic tubing Rubber gloves 1 cork Electric drill with ¼" bit Clear vinyl tubing 1/4 inside Hot glue gun diameter Glue sticks Sealant tape Electrical or duct tape 2 Needle valves Sandpaper (8 kg) cow manure 18L clear plastic water bottle with no 6L pond water spill cap Large plastic funnel Procedure: This experiment was set up with an 18L water bottle, 10L or 8kg manure, vinyl tubing, valves and a cork. The variables of the experiment were, Amount of Manure vs. Gas Produced. April 24, 2007 Gas Production, Waste Reduction Page 2 of 6
3 The Fluid: The 18L water bottle was filled with manure and water from a pond because tap water has other chemicals which could have affected the experiment. The anaerobic conditions were created by sealing the top of the bottle with the cork leading to the storage system. Volume Calculations The amount of gas was measured with a 2000ml graduated cylinder. The balloon was filled with air first to test its volume. The air was squeezed from the balloon into the cylinder until the balloon was empty. The measurements were recorded and the total volume in the balloon was obtained. The Apparatus The generator stores the manure and water where the gas is produced. Than the gas travels into the balloon to be kept until it is used. Observations: Graph 1 shows the amount of gas produced per week. Approximate Gas Production Per Week The time of these weeks were from August 13th to September 9th (4 weeks). In the graph you can see the first week shows carbon dioxide. The reason Gas Produced (ml) Week Methane Carbon Dioxide Avg. Temperature C C C for this is because when I attempted to light the gas in the first week of production Weeks C I noticed that it wasn t lighting. I suspected that the gas was carbon dioxide because when I first put the manure there was some air trapped, so to test what gas it was I April 24, 2007 Gas Production, Waste Reduction Page 3 of 6
4 used limewater and surly enough it turned cloudy indicating the presence of carbon dioxide. Analysis: The amount of gas produced with the 8kg of manure was approximately litres of gas. This means for every 1kg of manure 6.74 litres of gas can be produced. With knowing this we can further calculate to find out how much manure is required to generate enough gas for the summer months (June, July, August). By looking at an average house bill I found the amount of gas used through the months of June, July and August are 9400 L (9.4 m 3 ) of natural gas. To produce 9400 L of gas kg of manure is required. A container would need to be 1.38 m * 1.38 m * 2m to be able to have enough volume to hold that much manure and allow room for expansion. Applications: Seeing that the production of methane was successful and has many applications it can be applied to the real world. Not only can it be used on commercial levels to produce energy it can also be used as a personal generator that you could build in your backyard. Generation of Electricity The methane produced from the biogas generator can be used to generate electricity. The simplest way is burning it to heat water which creates steam and than the steam turns large turbines producing electricity. Another way of producing electricity is through a methane fuel cell. These fuel cells are known as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The design of the SOFC is slightly different than the regular this allows the methane to be used and generate electricity. There is also another way which requires the methane produced to go through steam reforming. Steam reforming separates the carbon from the hydrogen and the pure hydrogen obtained can be used in a regular fuel cell to generate electricity. Heating If you generated your own biogas it could be used in your furnace to heat your house. Biogas is almost identical to natural gas so it has many of the same uses. April 24, 2007 Gas Production, Waste Reduction Page 4 of 6
5 Biogas can also be used for any cooking from barbeques to everyday cooking on the stove. You can also mix natural gas within the biogas to improve combustion. Fertilizer Biogas has more of a use than just the methane it produces. After the production of biogas slows down in the generator the material in it needs to be replaced with new manure and water. The old manure or the waste you had in the digester afterwards can be used as rich black soil and fertilizer because it still contains large amounts of plant material and organic matter. Conclusion: The experiment has proven the hypothesis is accurate. When the manure was subjected to anaerobic conditions the methaneogenic bacteria produced methane. It has also shown that biogas is relatively simple to make. Biogas is truly renewable natural gas. In conclusion the generation of biogas is very practical and can easily be used. Improvements: There are some ways the project could have been improved. One would be the fact that the generator was started in August but for optimal generation it needs to be warmer therefore if it was started in June or July there would have been better results. Also the generator was stopped after four weeks of production. The problem with this was that it was not finished producing all the gas to its potential. It could have produced more if allowed more time. In the calculations it was assumed that the 8kg of manure were fully used but in fact the production was not complete. This only means that the calculations were slightly below what the generator can actually do. Future: There are things that can be done to further improve the effectiveness of the biodigester. Several tests can be done to determine what conditions will optimize the production of biogas. Some tests could be finding an ideal temperature, ph level and solid-to-liquid content in the digester. All these calculation will help to increase the amount of gas the digester could have produced. April 24, 2007 Gas Production, Waste Reduction Page 5 of 6
6 Acknowledgements: Thank you, Mr.Stover- for help with measuring the amount of gas. Phil Langs - for allowing me to use manure from his farm in my experiment. Bibliography: "Biomass Energy." Re-Energy. < Canadian Climate Data." Environment Canada. < "Gobar Gas Methane Experiments in India." Mother Cow. < "Science Fair Resources." SMARTS. < Wikipedia. < "Production." Canadian Dairy Commission. < "Methane." Halfbakery. < "Fuel Cell." Howstuffworks. < April 24, 2007 Gas Production, Waste Reduction Page 6 of 6
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