Urbanizing Watersheds: Green Infrastructure and Hydrologic Function. Jay Dorsey, PE, PhD ODNR-DSWR October 30, 2014
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1 Urbanizing Watersheds: Green Infrastructure and Hydrologic Function Jay Dorsey, PE, PhD ODNR-DSWR October 30, 2014
2 Green Infrastructure Objectives Intentional about maintaining/replacing ecosystem functions and services Appropriate - fits site/setting Maintainable No unreasonable maintenance expectations Works with natural processes to sustain system functions Favorable long-term economics More than pays for itself over the long-term Minimizes off-site costs Increases livability during and resilience to extremes in climate/weather
3 Managing Watershed Hydrology Steering water (excess runoff volume) away from people, property, and infrastructure (e.g., roads, sanitary sewers) over the range of rainfall/runoff events for safety, appearance, and protection of property and infrastructure Releasing runoff to receiving waters in a way that supports stream stability/function, and maintains water quality and viable stream/lake ecosystems
4 Framework for Evaluating Green Infrastructure - Hydrology Streamflow characteristics Critical flows/flow duration/baseflow Runoff volume (V RO or RO) Volumetric runoff coefficient (CN, Rv, etc.) Sewershed or small watershed-scale hydrologic budget
5 Streamflow Criteria Critical discharge for stream bedload mobilization/stream stability Baseflow Flow duration
6 Flow Rate (cfs) Post-Urban Flows Pre-Urban Flows Qc Time
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8
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10 Cumulative Bed Load of Pre-dev. and No Control of Post-dev. (BDF=12) Bed Load (m 3 yr -1 ) Trad BMPs GI Pre-development No Control Post-development Recurrence Interval (yr) Source: Mecklenburg and Ward
11 Hydrologic Accounting P ET RO S F RO = P ds ET -F P Precipitation (Rainfall & Snowmelt) ET Evaporation & Transpiration S Temporary Storage F Infiltration (V INF ) RO Runoff (V RO ) All are volumes, though may be reported as a depth (vol/area)
12 Ohio Hydrologic Cycle
13 Ohio Hydrologic Cycle Immediate Fate of Rainfall S+E = 2 in = 6% P = 38 in = 100% RO = 10 in = 26% F = 26 in = 68%
14 Ohio Hydrologic Cycle Long-term Fate of Rainfall ET = 26 in = 68% P = 38 in = 100% RO = 10 in = 26% GW = 2 in = 5%
15 Long-term Rainfall Characteristics Dayton, OH Rain Events ( ) Count Rain Depth (in)
16 Long-term Rainfall Characteristics Burton OH Precipitation Events ( ) Cumulative Occurence Probability Precipitation Depth (in)
17 WQv & Peak Discharge Events Burton OH Precipitation Events ( ) Cumulative Occurence Probability WQv Precipitation Depth (in) 1-yr, 24-hr
18 Sustainable Stormwater Mgmt Burton OH Precipitation Events ( ) Cumulative Occurence Probability Retain Infiltrate or Re-use Capture & Manage for Water Quality and Channel Protection WQv Precipitation Depth (in) 1-yr, 24-hr Manage for Flood Control
19 Sustainable Stormwater Mgmt Burton OH Precipitation Events ( ) Cumulative Occurence Probability Retain Infiltrate or Re-use What is an Appropriate Target Retention Volume? Capture & Manage for Water Quality and Channel Protection WQv Precipitation Depth (in) 1-yr, 24-hr Manage for Flood Control
20 Target Retention Volume? HSG-A HSG-B HSG-C HSG-D Woods CN Ia Pasture CN Ia Ag C & CR CN Ia
21 HSG-C CN=74 Roofs, Pavement CN=98 HSG-D CN=80
22 Volume Reduction Potential P ET RO P Precipitation (Rainfall & Snowmelt) ET Evaporation & Transpiration S F S Temporary Storage F Infiltration (V INF ) RO Runoff (V RO ) RO = P ds ET - F
23 Volume Reduction Potential ET potential Infiltration capacity Surface or shallow infiltration Deeper percolation (incl. exfiltration from BMPs) provides groundwater recharge and interflow/baseflow to streams Temporary storage
24 Natural Stormwater Management
25 Landscape Components that Manage Stormwater Soil Flow paths Depressional storage Wetlands, etc. Floodplains Facilitated by plants and soil biota
26 Urban/Suburban Stormwater Management Systems From this: To this:
27 Landscape Components that Manage Stormwater Soil Flow paths Depressional storage Wetlands, etc. Floodplains Stormwater Practices and Green Infrastructure
28 Functional Urban Landscapes
29 Quick Note on Flow Paths It is hard to overstate the value of simply disconnecting impervious source areas (roofs, pavement) from the drainage network
30 HSG-C CN=74 Roofs, Pavement CN=98 HSG-D CN=80
31 Impervious Area Disconnection
32 Disconnection + Functional Flowpaths
33 Dublin Hospital
34 Volume Reduction Potential Green roofs Soils Bioretention (including rain gardens, tree planters and bioretention swales) Permeable pavement Dry detention basins Manufactured/proprietary systems
35 Evaporation Potential Source: ODNR
36 Green Roofs
37 Green Roof Volume Reduction From a review of green roof research literature, Berndtsson (2010) reported average volume reduction between 46 and 78% for five studies that measured rainfall/runoff for more than one year. ET = in/yr
38 Green Roof Curve Number CN = 86 Source: Carter and Rasmussen (2006)
39
40 CN C = 74 CN D = 80 CN =??
41 CN =?? Probably>90 Built 1962
42 Soil Compaction
43 Stu Schwartz Photos
44 Stu Schwartz Graphic
45 Soil Renovation King County DES
46 Top Soil Specification Salem, Oregon Topsoil Standard
47 Functional Urban Soils Infiltration Capcity > 0.5 in/hr CN C = 74 CN D = 80 ET Potential in/yr
48 Temporary Storage <<
49 Rain Gardens Source: This Old House Source: NCSU Extension Source: C Francis Landscaping
50 Bioretention
51 Bioretention VaDCR
52 Internal Water Storage (IWS)
53 Holden Parking Lot Bioretention South A imp = 59% A brc /A imp = 5% North
54 Infiltration Tests Measured Kfs (in/hr) BRC1(N): 0.02, 0.02 BRC2(S): 0.02, 0.08
55 Holden North Cell Drawdown Data North Cell Well Drawdown Rates Drawdown Begin Date/Time Drawdown End Date/Time Beginning Stage (ft) Ending Stage (ft) Delta Stage (ft) Delta time (days) Drawdown Rate (ft/day) Drawdown Rate (in/hr) Infiltrated Volume (ft3) 10/7/ :22 10/16/2013 0: /17/2013 6:42 10/17/ : /18/2013 2:48 10/19/ : /20/ :12 10/21/ : /22/ :16 10/23/2013 7: /26/ :36 10/26/ : /27/ :56 10/31/2013 4: /2/2013 3:48 11/2/2013 9: /4/2013 1:30 11/6/ : /9/ :00 11/11/ : /15/2013 7:16 11/17/ : /19/2013 4:14 11/21/ : /23/ :28 12/9/2013 9: Avg drawdown rate: ft/day TotalExfiltrated Volume: 1463 Avg drawdown rate: in/hr Standard Deviation: F north = 0.06 in/hr F south = 0.04 in/hr
56 Preliminary Curve Number for Holden Arboretum Outflow Volume (cubic feet) N Cell No Treatment North Cell (cf) South Cell (cf) S Cell No Treatment Rainfall Depth (in) RO T =0.25 Source: Ryan Winston, NCSU
57 Permeable Pavement NCState Photo UNHSC Photo
58 Perkins Twp Administration Permeable Pavement Aimp/Ainf = 3.1
59 Perkins Admin Infiltration Capacity Measured Kfs (in/hr) 0.01, 0.01, 0.04, 0.05 Measured Post-construction Drawdown Rate in/hr
60 Estimated Exfiltrated Volume Site Name Avg. DD Rate (in/hr) PP Surface Area (ft 2 ) Monitoring Period (days) Total Exfiltrate (ft 3 ) Exfiltrated Volume (ft 3 ) per day Perkins Township Percentage of Rainfall Exfiltrated = 14%
61 Drainage vs. Rainfall Depth Outflow Vollume (ft 3 ) RO T =0.3 y = x Rainfall Depth (in) Source: Ryan Winston, NCSU
62 Performance vs. Rainfall Depth Rainfall Depth (in) No. of Storms Reduction in Rainfall Volume (%) Minimum Mean Median Maximum Source: Ryan Winston, NCSU
63 Curve Number at Perkins Admin Outflow Volume (ft 3 ) No Controls CN = 94.5 Perm Pave CN = Rainfall Depth (in) Source: Ryan Winston, NCSU
64 Underground Detention with Infiltration
65 Typical Ohio Dry Pond Infilt Capcity < 0.05 in/hr ET Potential Low
66 Dry Pond w/forebay & Micropool Micropool Forebay Infilt Capcity < 0.05 in/hr ET Potential Moderate
67 Can We Design More Functional Dry Basins? Infilt Capacity in/hr ET Potential Very High
68 Estimated GI Hydrologic Impacts 50% impervious area, D soils Practice CN ET Potential (in/yr/dr.area) Vol Red % Soil Typical >90? <10 <40* Soil 4 good topsoil * Soil 8 good topsoil * Green Roof 4 media Green Roof 8 media 80? % of A imp 18 IWS 85-90?? Permeable Pavement w/6 sump 80?? <2:1 A imp /A inf Permeable Pavement w/6 sump >3:1 A imp /A inf 85?? * For turf area only
69 Summary Runoff volume is the most practical indicator of green infrastructure hydrologic function Functional urban landscapes depend on a combination of healthy soils, functional flow paths, and well-used storage Our current treatment of soils is a huge problem for managing watershed hydrology and is being misrepresented in our stormwater calculations Green infrastructure practices are able to help us attain watershed-scale hydrology equivalent to pasture or open space in good condition (e.g., CN D = 80) With a little forethought, dry basins can be a key component of our green infrastructure
70 Questions: Jay Dorsey Water Resources Engineer ODNR, Soil & Water Resources (614)
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