The Global Context for Low Emission Coal Technologies
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1 The Global Context for Low Emission Coal Technologies Prof. Kelly Thambimuthu, Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland and Chairman, International Energy Agency (IEA) Greenhouse Gas R&D Program International Advanced Coal Technologies 2010 Conference, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA June 2010
2 Outline of presentation A primer on the world energy outlook Global GHG emission reductions from energy use The role and status of low emission coal technologies
3 Increase in World Primary Energy Demand, % 80% Rest of the world India China 60% 40% 20% 0% Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Rest of Total renewables Global energy demand set to increase by more than half - China & India will contribute about 45% of the increase in global energy demand to 2030 on current trends IEA-WEO 7
4 Global Energy-Related CO 2 Emissions 50 billion tonnes (Gt) Gt Reference Scenario 42 Gt % increase in CO 2 - more than half of the projected increase in emissions are from coal-fired power plants in India and China IEA-WEO 7
5 Requires a portfolio of options to reduce CO 2 emissions Carbon Neutral Energy H 2 Economy (?), De-carbonised electricity (?) Nuclear fission & Fusion? Conservation, efficiency and lower carbon fuels CO 2 capture & storage and low emission coal Renewables Fossil Fuels In 2030 >53% increase; 82% fossil fuel, 12% renewables, 6% nuclear
6 Cutting energy emissions in support of climate stabilisation goals, 450 ppm CO 2e CO 2 emissions (Gt CO 2 /yr) Baseline Emissions 62 Gt -50% of 2005 Emissions 14 Gt CCS industry and transformation 9% CCS power generation 10% Nuclear 6% Renewables 21% Power generation efficiency -48Gt & fuel switching 7% End-use fuel switching 11% End use electricity efficiency 12% End use fuel efficiency 24% G8 s 2009 aspiring goals for 2050; -80% for developed nations -50% for developing nations IEA 2008 in support of the G8 plan of action
7 Global deployment of CCS in the power sector Coal (743 GW) Gas (345 GW) Biomass (52 GW) Anticipated emission reduction of ~ 3.6 Gt/y of CO 2 from low emission coal or 5.6 Gt/y from all thermal power plants
8 Global transport sector emissions reduction to 2050 Anticipated additional emission reduction of ~ 3.9 Gt/y of CO 2 from the deployment of vehicles using electricity and hydrogen Source: IEA ETP 2008
9 The low emission coal (with CO 2 capture & storage) pathway Requires economy of scale & technology deployment to achieve low costs
10 The options for low emission coal plants with CCS Coal Centralised power and industrial plants Combustion Gasification Distributed energy & products Chemical products CO 2 to storage CO 2 capture Chemicals Power Generation Hydrogen Liquid Fuels Distributed heat & power Transport vehicles Electricity
11 Technology maturity CO 2 capture in coal power plants for first of a kind (FOAK) applications Power generation with post combustion capture SC/USC pulverised coal fired power plants are reliable and proven Scale up of solvent capture units/integration with power cycle is unproven. Power generation with pre-combustion capture IGCC for coal (1 GWe) is near commercial and proving reliability, better experience with 3 GWe of IGCC capacity on oil and petcoke. Solvent capture units for CO 2 available at scale, integration and power block hydrogen utilisation issues Power generation with oxy-fuel combustion No proven experience of operation of pulverised coal power plants in an oxyfuel combustion mode the issue is confidence building Large scale air separation units for O 2 production proven and reliable. Some development issues with tail end CO 2 purification CO 2 or hybrid turbines do not exist for oxy-fuel combined cycles
12 Power generation efficiency with capture today the efficiency curse 60 Efficiency, % LHV IGCC slurry Coal IGCC dry Oxyfuel Postcomb Postcomb Oxyfuel Natural gas Without capture With capture Source: IEA GHG studies
13 Efficiency decrease due to capture Percentage points CO2 compression and purification O2 production and power cycle impacts Shift conversion and related impacts Power for CO2 separation Steam for CO2 separation 0 IGCC slurry IGCC dry Oxyfuel Postcomb Postcomb Oxyfuel Coal Natural gas Source: IEA GHG studies
14 Increase in costs of low emission plants Increase in costs due to capture, % 0 Postcomb IGCC slurry Coal IGCC dry Oxyfuel Postcomb Fuel Capital Electricity Oxyfuel Natural gas Source: IEA GHG studies
15 Expected technology deployment for IGCC with CCS Research Development Demonstration Deployment Mature Technology Anticipated Cost of Application 1 st and 2 nd Generation IGCC with CCS CO 2 Capture Technology IGCC Power Plants Elements currently commercial in the petrochemicals sector CO 2 Storage Expected availability can increase with time and learning by doing Time Not All Technologies at the Same Level of Maturity.
16 The energy revolution annual power plant capacity additions needed
17 A de-carbonized energy economy? With CO 2 capture & storage, this could be a bridge to a sustainable energy future? Coal Increased renewable energy use is critical for future energy needs
Outline of this presentation
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