History and Global Perspective of Soil Sampling and Analysis
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1 History and Global Perspective of Soil Sampling and Analysis S8/S4 Symposium Soil Testing in the 21 st Century November 3, 2009 Paul E. Fixen
2 Our Plan Role of soil testing History of soil sampling and testing in the U.S. International soil testing and issues Soil testing problems up on the shelf
3 Underlying factors for the challenges of the coming decades Food quantity Food quality Food cost Human nutrition Soil fertility and testing plays a critical role Land use Climate change Cheap energy Bioenergy Etc. Carbon Land Soil quality Water use & quality Waste disposal Etc. Carbon and land concept by Henry Janzen, 2009 Soil OM
4 Performance indicators 4R Nutrient Stewardship Biodiversity Soil testing plays a role Resource use efficiencies: Energy, Labor, Nutrient, Water Soil erosion Nutrient balance Yield Net profit Productivity CROPPING SYSTEM OBJECTIVES Healthy environment Profitability Durability Nutrient loss Water & air quality Adoption Soil productivity Ecosystems services Farm income Return on investment Quality Yield stability Working conditions Right Source at Right Rate, Right Time, Right Place
5 Fertilizer consumption in the U.S., Fertilizer consumption, million tons N P2O5 K2O * ** 0 *Preliminary estimates for 2008 & 2009 provided by Vroomen (TFI), 10/09/
6 Soil sampling in the U.S., Quantity of samples, millions y = x r² = ,000/yr 1.3%/yr based on 2005 volume Data sources: , Peck (1990); 2005, IPNI (2005, assuming 75% in summary).
7 Soil sampling in the U.S., Quantity of samples, millions Total Public Private y = x r² = 0.80 y = x r² = %/yr based on 2005 volume y = x r² =
8 Soil sampling and consumption of P plus K in the U.S., Quantity of samples, millions Fertilizer consumption, million tons y = x r² = The launch of U.S. soil testing occurred during the early phase of P and K use expansion Fertilizer profit margins narrowed Educations programs and agronomy positions were reduced As rates increased, soil P and K levels climbed Peck, 1990 Exuberant expectations of the Green Revolution P 2 Oil O 5 +K company 2 O expansion into agriculture Agronomists from fertilizer companies, testing labs, Extension all promoting soil testing through educational programs Peck, 1990
9 Precision ag services offered by fertilizer retailers a driver for increased sampling GPS Soil Sampling Yd Monitor Data Analysis Satellite Imagery Var Rate - Single nutrient Var Rate - Multiple Nutrient % of respondents Precision Ag Survey (Crop Life and Purdue U.),
10 Growth rate of grid or zone soil samples compared to total samples AGVISE Labs, Benson, Mn 2008 percent increase from % increase in total soil samples 62% increase in grid/zone soil samples Grid/zone samples increasing faster than the total *Total soil samples = Conventional composite samples + grid/zone samples
11 Total area in crops per sample, ha Total area in crops per sample, ha s s 68 NA Ag holdings/sample U.S. 0.5 India Soil sampling and sampling intensity in selected countries Samples per year, millions s 2000s Estimates based on best available data Years reported Argentina Australia Brazil China* India Russia* U.S NA *Average number of samples per year.
12 International soil testing issues and perspectives Argentina (Dr. Fernando Garcia) Recent increases in soil sampling volume Several new large labs, additional ones needed Cost is 2-3 times higher than in U.S. National Soil Testing Proficiency program initiated in October Australia (Dr. Rob Norton) Pasture sampling is significant Drought over most of a decade has reduced amount of soil testing Two main labs do most of the soil testing Considering conducting a soil test summary similar to the U.S. Brazil (Dr. Luis Prochnow) Ion exchange resins used routinely in some regions Five regional laboratory quality control programs in place Sampling and interpretation in no-till is a concern
13 International soil testing issues and perspectives China (Dr. Jiyun Jin) Nearly all soil testing is through government-supported programs consisting of general periodic surveys over 4 to 5-year periods Third government survey is underway ( ) Strong government support for expanding soil testing activity India (Dr. Kaushik Majumdar) Inadequate soil testing infrastructure (existing labs at full capacity would take 17 years to analyze samples from the 119 million ag holdings) Government thrust to increase number of labs Most labs can only test primary nutrients though research shows large deficiencies to S and micronutrients (B, Zn, Mn, Fe, etc.) Some concern over the quality of sampling and analysis
14 International soil testing issues and perspectives Russia (Dr. Svetlana Ivanova) In general soil testing is conducted by a network of labs (107 regional centers and stations) funded by the Government during 5-year rounds starting in 1970 Has been some talk about privatization of labs but currently Ministry of Agriculture leads and coordinates agricultural land monitoring Recently, soil sampling services are being offered by large fertilizer producers soil testing is still generally done by government labs
15 Paradigms by Joel Barker*, 1992 Paradigm a set of rules and regulations (written or unwritten) that: establishes or defines boundaries; and tells you how to behave inside the boundaries in order to be successful. *Future Edge
16 The current soil testing paradigm Education and training Soil sampling Sampling procedures cores, area, depth, timing, volume reduction, grinding, drying, etc. Soil testing infrastructure support Marketing and promotion Soil sample handling and preparation Soil testing practice Soil sample analysis Soil testing research Government policy Methods, automation, quality control, etc. Industry oversight Interpretation and delivery of results Correlation, calibration, and recommendations
17 Paradigms by Joel Barker*, 1992 Paradigm a set of rules and regulations (written or unwritten) that: establishes or defines boundaries; and tells you how to behave inside the boundaries in order to be successful. Sooner or later, every paradigm begins to develop a very special set of problems that everyone in the field wants to be able to solve and no one has a clue as to how to do it. Unsolved problems are put aside up on a shelf, so to speak. And we make a promise to ourselves, We ll get back to them sooner or later. *Future Edge
18 Problems up on the shelf K and sample drying Sampling fields with banded fertilizer Extreme unstructured micro-scale soil variability Short-term vs long-term interpretation Relevant soil test calibration genetic changes, tillage impacts, rotation impacts, temporal subsoil changes, etc. Interpretation of soil P for risk to water quality Soil carbon measurement Integration of soil tests with climate/weather driven mechanistic crop and nutrient management support tools Reliable testing for secondary and micronutrients yield & quality Farmer access to reliable and affordable laboratory services (developing countries)
19 When no soil testing is available, a paradigm shift occurs such as plant-based approaches N omission plot in rice field in SE Asia N omission plot in maize field in Guatemala Treatment Examples: Full fertilization: NPK applied N omission ( N): No N applied, full P & K applied P omission ( P): No P applied, full N & K applied K omission ( K): No K applied, full N & P applied Used to determine indigenous nutrient supply when other nutrients are nonlimiting and the approximate rate to apply to correct deficiency. Soil testing is a research tool to assist in defining domains.
20 N omission plots & delta yield in the U.S. NDVI Satellite Image How does soil testing connect with this technology? Red = Below average Yellow Average Green Excellent
21 Should we expect soil testing to be the one tool to do it all? Or a tool providing input to be integrated with other nutrient management information?
22 Can plant and soil based approaches be more fully integrated? Variable Rate Applicator with active sensor Strips Stamps Ramps
23 Can soil testing be better integrated into adaptive management decision support systems? Site factors Crop Soil Grower Nutrient inputs Water quality Climate Weather Technology Economics Stakeholder input Decision Support Based on scientific principles Output Feedback loop Recommendation of right source, rate, time, place Decision Outcome Action Productivity, profitability durability, environmental impact (nutrient use efficiency) After Fixen, 2007.
24 Summary Assessment of soil fertility status and change is a critical need for addressing current and future challenges. Soil testing is growing in the U.S. and several developing countries but is not functional in others. Numerous soil testing problems are sitting on the shelf that in some cases are resulting in a paradigm shift in nutrient management decision support. More systematic integration of soil test information with other site factors influencing nutrient decisions could add value to soil test data.
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