Micro- and nano- plastics in the Mediterranean Sea: A preliminary investigation in Mytilene, Greece.

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1 University of the Aegean School of the Environment Micro- and nano- plastics in the Mediterranean Sea: A preliminary investigation in Mytilene, Greece. C. Lambrinos, M. Kostopoulou, D. Kitsiou, A. Nikolaou Department of Marine Sciences Laboratory of Environmental Quality & Geospatial Applications University Hill, Mytilene (Lesvos, Greece) Athens, 21th June 2017

2 Aim of the study Overview of sources, occurrence and effects of micro- and nano-plastics in the marine environment and in the Mediterranean Sea Occurrence and categories of marine litter in the coastal area of Mytilene (Lesvos, Greece) are presented and discussed

3 Nanoplastics, (NPs): Sources & Occurence Release from products and applications, in which Nanoplastics (NPs) are used or formed during the product life cycle Fragmentation of Microplastics (MPs) to smaller-sized particles eventually reaching the nanoscale Degradation of microplastics to nm-scale particles may constitute a third source of NPs Microplastics (MPs, < 5 mm) Nanoplastics (NPs, < 100 nm)

4 Product life cycle & Environmental factors Accelerated mechanical abrasion of expanded polystyrene (EPS) with glass beads and sand to micro- and nano-sized EPS (Shim et al., 2014) Macro- & Microplastics on Beaches and river banks UV Exposure, prolonged abrasion under high temperature and humidity probably enhances fragmentation rates (not yet validated on field!) % of PE mass degraded by marine micro-organisms in about 30d (Harshvardhan & Jha, 2013)

5 Nanoplastics, (NPs): Effects on aquatic organisms NPs environmental concentrations? Plastics additives & monomers and NPs high surface area imply the presence of hydrophobic xenobiotics. What about NPs as carriers of xenobiotics? If NPs are capable of permeating membranes, passing cell walls, translocate, etc - unforeseen risks due to particle & chemical toxicity. Need for appropriate experiments to validate these hypotheses

6 MPs & NPs studies in the Mediterranean Limited research mostly for MPs has been carried out on seawater, sediments and marine biota. MPs [nylon, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS)], range μm MPs detected in benthic and pelagic fish, whales, etc. which could be attributed to direct ingestion and consumption of contaminated prey Higher abundance of MPs in landward sites, however spatial variability observed due to the potential sources and environmental conditions

7 Study Area Abundance Literature Lagoon of Venice (Italy) 93% MPs had size μm Vianello et al. (2013) Bay of Calvi (Corsica) 6.2 MPs particles/100 m 2 Collignon et al. (2014) Sardinia 0.15 items/m 3 De Lucia et al. (2014) Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) 0.90 ± 0.10 MPs/g sediment Alomar et al. (2016) Iskenderun & Mersin Bay (Turkey) item/m 2 Gündoğdu & Çevik (2017) Mediterranean coast (Israel) 7.68 ± 2.38 MPs particles/m 3 Van der Hal et al. (2017) Mediterranean Sea MPs & plastic additives B. physalus Fossi et al. (2016) Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea 42% - 80% MPs - B. boops Nadal et al. (2016) Costa Concordia, Giglio Island Benthic fish Avio et al. (2017)

8 Code ΜΥΤ1 ΜΥΤ2 ΜΥΤ3 Coordinates (X, Y) , , , Sampling area (m 2 ) 1,

9 Two sampling campaigns per beach area ΜΥΤ1 ΜΥΤ2 ΜΥΤ3 30/11/ /11/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /01/2014 Manual collection Substrate for > 3 days Mass recording Remove moisture Groups Plastic Paper/cardboard Metal Organic matter Rope Wood Glass Rubber Other

10 MYT1 Sampling 28/01/2014 0% 15% Plastics 28% Paper Metal Οrganic 20% Rope MYT1 Sampling 30/11/2013 6% Wood 2% 1% 0% 1% 1% 2% 4% 11% 16% Glass Rubber 10% Plastics Paper Metal 10% Οrganic Rope Wood Glass Rubber 73% Other

11 Fig 1. MYT1 relative abundance (%) of marine litter (a)30/11/2013 & 28/01/2014.

12 MYT2 Sampling 28/01/ % 39% Plastics Paper Metal Οrganic MYT2 Sampling 30/11/2013 Glass Other 1% 2% 1% 9% 1% 1% 18% 10% 0% 4% Plastics Paper Metal Οrganic 21% 61% Rope Wood Glass Other

13 Fig 2. MYT2 relative abundance (%) marine litter (a) 30/11/2013, (b) 28/01/2014.

14 MYT3 Sampling 28/01/ % 25% Plastics Paper Metal MYT3 Sampling 17/12/2013 4% 4% 0% Οrganic Rope Wood Glass 1% 0% Other Plastics 33% 35% 44% Paper Metal Οrganic Rope Wood Glass Rubber 3% 4% 8% 3% Other 0% 2% 1%

15 Fig 3. MYT3 relative abundance of marine litter (a) 17/12/2013, (b) 28/01/2014.

16 Total relative abundance of marine litter for MYT1, MYT2, MYT3 (1 st and 2 nd sampling).

17 Sub-groups Description Total value (g) P1. Industrial 67,74 P2. Water Bottles - Bottle Caps 277,54 P3. Microplastics 3,79 P4. Hygience 12,64 P5. Plastic with uknown origin 216,21 P6. Containers (*) 105,32 P7. Packaging materials 21,97 P8. Straws 5,57 P9. Plastic Bags 47,54 P10. Plastic Caps 30,18 P11. Cosmetics/Pharmaceuticals 14,38 P12. Other 418,17 (*) : does not include containers for liquid storage

18 Sampling Sampling date ΜΥΤ1 ΜΥΤ2 ΜΥΤ3 Abundance of items (g/m 2 ) 1 st November ,33 1,69-1 st December ,77 2 nd January ,33 0,57 4,34 Plastic was the dominant category (25% - 73%) with the highest values at the first sampling A subgroup of plastic included objects which could not be defined due to their degradation and/or small size (<10mm) Plastic water bottles had the highest relative abundance with range 18% - 60%

19 Litter abundance/composition seems to be influenced by land based and environmental conditions sea transport should not be neglected. The relative abundance of plastic litter of uknown origin was relatively low, however concerns rise about their behavior and fate in the environment. Further research is needed to identify potential risks Population must be informed and stimulated to participate in the maintenance and cleanliness of beach areas

20 Thank you for your attention!

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