Reservoirs: What Goes Up Must Come Down Activity Time: 45 minutes

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1 Reservoirs: What Goes Up Must Come Down Activity Time: 45 minutes TEACHERS: Read The South Peel System Then and Now on page 75 of Peel Water Story book. Objectives: Students will: Identify what is in a water reservoir Understand the role of reservoirs in water distribution Understand the role of pumps and gravity in municipal drinking water distribution Introduction: In this activity, the students will learn how clean, treated water is delivered to homes, schools and businesses using a system of underground pipes, pumps, and above and below ground storage reservoirs. They will discover how this system evolved from original methods of hand delivery of water, and gain an appreciation for the engineering involved in water distribution. Background information is provided to give you a thorough understanding of the entire concept. BACKGROUND INFORMATION: In Peel, people in Mississauga, Brampton and Bolton get their drinking water from Lake Ontario. The lake water is treated at one of Peel s two Drinking Water Treatment Facilities, which are both located along the shores of Lake Ontario, in Mississauga. The people in the rest of the Town of Caledon get their water from underground. This groundwater is drawn up through wells that can extend up to 80 metres (273 feet) underground. The Region of Peel currently operates 13 Municipal Wells. (Some residents get their water from private wells on their own property). The treated drinking water from the Treatment Facilities and Municipal Wells is then pumped to homes, schools and businesses through hundreds of kilometres of underground pipes. Along the way, the water is stored at various Reservoirs. A. Treated Water (from Lake or Well) B. Pump C. Water delivered to end-user D. Water in Reservoir (pumped into Reservoir, and gravity fed back out to Reservoirs are used to store vast quantities of treated drinking water. They can either be large concrete underground storage tanks (cover by soccer field, for example), or the more easily recognizable Water Tower. Water naturally flows downhill, under the influence of gravity. In order to move the clean water uphill from the Treatment Plants and the Wells to the end-users, huge mechanical pumps are used. Some pumps are as powerful as 1500 horsepower. These pumps are Peel Water Story, Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department, Region of Peel 1

2 located at the Treatment Facilities and at various locations through the pipe system, called Pumping Zones. There are six Pumping Zones in the South Peel System, serving Mississauga, Brampton and Bolton. At each Pumping Zone is a Reservoir used to store millions of litres of water for daily use. Water Towers not only store drinking water, they regulate water pressure and also store water for fire protection. Twenty percent of the water contained in the Reservoir is for fire protection. They must always be at least 20% full, in order to ensure there is enough water, and water pressure, in the system for firefighting. Water must blast out of a fire hydrant, not trickle out. VOCABULARY Water Reservoir - Includes water towers, stand pipes or underground concrete tanks used to store vast quantities of clean, treated water. Reservoirs are located at various points between the treated water source (treatment facility or well) and the end-user. End-User - A person at home, school, business or industry turning on taps to use water. Watermain An underground pipe, (traditionally made of wood, and today made of concrete, PVC plastic, or cast iron) used to deliver treated water to the end-user. It can be up to 3 metres in diameter. Groundwater - Water drawn from underground using a well. Drinking Water Treatment Facility - A facility where water is cleaned and purified for drinking and other human uses. Materials: 2 large clear plastic tubs 2 smaller clear plastic tubs Flexible clear plastic tubes Small hand pump Straws Syringe Photos of reservoirs - underground and water tower (see below) (optional) Peel Map showing Water Treatment Facilities, Municipal Wells, and Water mains, (see GIS maps webpage at ) The two small tubs represent homes, one large tub represents the LAKE, and the other large tub represents the RESERVOIR. Place the LAKE tub on the ground, since the lake would always be at the lowest elevation. Place the two smaller HOMES tubs on the table above the lake. Finally, place the RESERVOIR on A higher surface above the table with the HOMES. Fill all the tubs with water. For the Part 1 of the demonstration, run the clear plastic tubing from the LAKE to the HOMES. For Part 2 run the tubing from the LAKE to the RESERVOIR, and from the RESERVIOR to the HOMES. The tubing represents the watermains. Peel Water Story, Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department, Region of Peel 2

3 Procedure: Part 1 1. Ask the children if they know what a reservoir is and what it looks like. Show photos of in-ground and above ground reservoirs (below). Ask if they know what a reservoir is used for (to store clean water). Outline the watermain and reservoir locations in Peel (using maps from GIS webpage). 2. Ask the students about where First Nations and early European settlers in Peel got their water (lake, river, spring, or groundwater). Point out that they always had to live close to one of these sources of drinking water. They would use pails and other vessels to carry their water supply from the source to their homes every day. (Read Simply Water on page 44 or The Peel Water Story book). 3. As populations grew and more people settled in towns, water supply systems began to improve. Rather than force everyone to walk or take their wagons to fill their pails at the central pump, watermains (originally wooden pipes) were built to carry the water from the central source to people s homes. Pumps were attached to the watermains to pump the water into the pipes. The first pumps were operated by hand. 4. Allow children to hand pump water from the large tub (which represents the lake) to the smaller tubs (representing homes in the community). The pump was a great invention. People no longer had to go down to the river or out to the well to collect water. Now, as long as someone was pumping water into the pipes, people had water piped directly to their homes. 5. This meant there was still one problem. At night when the person operating the pump went home to bed, there was no one pumping the water. Ask the children what will happen when the student pumping decides to go home to bed. Have children stop pumping and let them observe what happens. So water stopped coming out of people s taps every night. This also meant there was also no water for firefighting at night. Back then people had no electricity. Fires often broke out at night since candles and oil lamps were used so much. 6. Tell the children that finally someone built a reservoir to store water. The reservoir kept enough water for everyone to use during the day and at night and also stored enough water to be used to fight fires. The reservoir was always built on the highest point of land. The water was pumped up to the reservoir during the day, and then when the pump wasn t working there was enough pressure from the water in the reservoir that it continued to flow by gravity to the homes below. The next morning, the reservoir would get filled again by the person operating the pump. (Read page 59 of The Peel Water Story book on the importance of reservoirs to steam engines for early railways). 7. Show the children a straw, fill it with water; hold your finger over the end. Remove your finger and show them that the water flows out. This is the force of gravity on the water. Part 2 8. Now run the clear tubing from the LAKE to the RESERVOIR, and from the RESERVOIR to the HOMES. Have one student hand pump water from the LAKE to the RESERVOIR. Use a siphon technique to get the water flowing from the RESERVOIR to the HOMES. The siphon can be started using a syringe to suck some of the water from the Reservoir into the plastic Peel Water Story, Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department, Region of Peel 3

4 tubing. When the plastic tubing is full, let the water flow into the tub representing the HOMES. By keeping the tubing lower than the reservoir, water will always flow. This demonstrates how the reservoir can supply water to the homes using gravity. 9. Now talk about the importance and reliability of the water system to our daily lives. Without the wonderful water system that exists today, we would have to carry water to our homes to wash, cook, clean, bathe and drink. And without a constant water supply, homes could be in danger of burning to the ground. **Also try the Peel Water Story activity Water Distribution in Peel Using GIS Adapted from the Peel Children s Water Festival by the Region of Peel s Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department, Public Education & Outreach. Contents of this publication may be photocopied provided the source is acknowledged on every page by including the following Peel Water Story, Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department, Region of Peel Not to be adapted or reprinted without written permission of the Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department of the Regional Municipality of Peel. 10 Peel Centre Drive, Brampton, Ontario L6T 4B9 Peel Water Story, Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department, Region of Peel 4

5 Streetsville Water Tower above ground reservoir Caledon Village Reservoir underground reservoir Peel Water Story, Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Department, Region of Peel 5

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