Design and Analysis. Fundamentals of 4HEEE SMART GRID WILEY. James Momoh IEEE PRESS A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Transcription

1 SMART GRID Fundamentals of Design and Analysis James Momoh PRESS ^^^^^^^^ 0N POWER ENGINEERING Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Series Editor 4HEEE IEEE PRESS WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 CONTENTS Preface xiii 1 SMART GRID ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS Introduction Today's Grid versus the Smart Grid Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: Rationale for the Smart Grid Computational Intelligence Power System Enhancement Communication and Standards Environment and Economics Outline of the Book General View of the Smart Grid Market Drivers Stakeholder Roles and Function Utilities Government Laboratory Demonstration Activities Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) Research Institutes Technology Companies, Vendors, and Manufacturers Working Definition of the Smart Grid Based on Performance Measures Representative Architecture Functions of Smart Grid Components Smart Devices Interface Component Storage Component Transmission Subsystem Component Monitoring and Control Technology Component Intelligent Grid Distribution Subsystem Component Demand Side Management Component 14 v

3 vi CONTENTS 1.14 Summary 15 References 15 Suggested Readings 15 2 SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY Communication and Measurement Monitoring, PMU, Smart Meters, and Measurements Technologies Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) Smart Meters Smart Appliances Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) GIS and Google Mapping Tools Multiagent Systems (MAS) Technology Multiagent Systems for Smart Grid Implementation Multiagent Specifications Multiagent Technique Microgrid and Smart Grid Comparison Summary 27 References 27 3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN Introduction to Load Flow Studies Challenges to Load Flow in Smart Grid and Weaknesses of the Present Load Flow Methods Load Flow State of the Art: Classical, Extended Formulations, and Algorithms Gauss-Seidal Method Newton-Raphson Method Fast Decouple Method Distribution Load Flow Methods Congestion Management Effect Load Flow for Smart Grid Design Cases for the Development of Stochastic Dynamic Optimal Power Flow (DSOPF) DSOPF Application to the Smart Grid Static Security Assessment (SSA) and Contingencies 43

4 CONTENTS VII 3.8 Contingencies and Their Classification Steady-State Contingency Analysis Performance Indices Sensitivity-Based Approaches Contingency Studies for the Smart Grid Summary 49 References 50 Suggested Readings 50 4 STABILITY ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID Introduction to Stability Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Voltage Stability Analysis Tools Voltage Stability Assessment Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse Classification of Voltage Stability Static Stability (Type I Instability) Dynamic Stability (Type II Instability) Analysis Techniques for Dynamic Voltage Stability Studies Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques Voltage Stability Indexing Analysis Techniques for Steady-State Voltage Stability Studies Direct Methods for Detecting Voltage Collapse Points Indirect Methods (Continuation Methods) Application and Implementation Plan of Voltage Stability Optimizing Stability Constraint through Preventive Control of Voltage Stability Angle Stability Assessment Transient Stability Stability Application to a Practical Power System Boundary of the Region of Stability Algorithm to Find the Controlling UEP Process Changes in Design of DSA for the Smart Grid State Estimation Mathematical Formulations for Weighted Least Square Estimation Detection and Identification of Bad Data Pre-Estimation Analysis 86

5 Viii CONTENTS Postestimation Analysis Robust State Estimation SE for the Smart Grid Environment Real-Time Network Modeling Approach Dynamic of the Smart Grid to State Estimation 95 State Estimation Summary 98 References 98 Suggested Readings 98 5 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN Introduction to Computational Tools Decision Support Tools (DS) Analytical Hierarchical Programming (AHP) Optimization Techniques Classical Optimization Method Linear Programming Nonlinear Programming Integer Programming Dynamic Programming Stochastic Programming and Chance Constrained Programming (CCP) Heuristic Optimization Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Expert Systems (ES) Evolutionary Computational Techniques Genetic Algorithm (GA) Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Ant Colony Optimization Adaptive Dynamic Programming Techniques Pareto Methods Hybridizing Optimization Techniques and Applications to the Smart Grid Computational Challenges Summary 119 References PATHWAY FOR DESIGNING SMART GRID Introduction to Smart Grid Pathway Design Barriers and Solutions to Smart Grid Development 122

6 CONTENTS ix 6.3 Solution Pathways for Designing Smart Grid Using Advanced Optimization and Control Techniques for Selection Functions General Level Automation Reliability Stability Economic Dispatch Unit Commitment Security Analysis Bulk Power Systems Automation of the Smart Grid at Transmission Level Fault and Stability Diagnosis Reactive Power Control Distribution System Automation Requirement of the Power Grid Voltage/VAr Control Power Quality Network Reconfiguration Demand-Side Management Distribution Generation Control End User/Appliance Level of the Smart Grid Applications for Adaptive Control and Optimization Summary 138 References 138 Suggested Reading RENEWABLE ENERGY AND STORAGE Renewable Energy Resources Sustainable Energy Options for the Smart Grid Solar Energy Solar Power Technology Modeling PV Systems Wind Turbine Systems Biomass-Bioenergy Small and Micro Hydropower Fuel Cell Geothermal Heat Pumps Penetration and Variability Issues Associated with Sustainable Energy Technology Demand Response Issues Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids 151

7 X CONTENTS 7.6 PHEV Technology Impact of PHEV on the Grid Environmental Implications Climate Change Implications of Climate Change Storage Technologies Tax Credits Summary 159 References 159 Suggested Reading INTEROPERABILITY, STANDARDS, AND CYBER SECURITY Introduction Interoperability State-of-the-Art-Interoperability Benefits and Challenges of Interoperability Model for Interoperability in the Smart Grid Environment Smart Grid Network Interoperability Interoperability and Control of the Power Grid Standards Approach to Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Smart Grid Cyber Security Cyber Security State of the Art Cyber Security Risks Cyber Security Concerns Associated with AMI Mitigation Approach to Cyber Security Risks Cyber Security and Possible Operation for Improving Methodology for Other Users Summary 174 References 174 Suggested Readings RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND TRAINING FOR THE SMART GRID Introduction Research Areas for Smart Grid Development Research Activities in the Smart Grid 178

8 CONTENTS XI 9.4 Multidisciplinary Research Activities Smart Grid Education Module 1: Introduction Module 2: Architecture Module 3: Functions Module 4: Tools and Techniques Module 5: Pathways to Design Module 6: Renewable Energy Technologies Module 7: Communication Technologies Module 8: Standards, Interoperability, and Cyber Security Module 9: Case Studies and Testbeds Training and Professional Development Summary 183 References CASE STUDIES AND TESTBEDS FOR THE SMART GRID Introduction Demonstration Projects Advanced Metering Microgrid with Renewable Energy Power System Unit Commitment (UC) Problem ADP for Optimal Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Automation Case Study of RER Integration Description of Smart Grid Activity Approach for Smart Grid Application Testbeds and Benchmark Systems Challenges of Smart Transmission Benefits of Smart Transmission Summary 198 References EPILOGUE 200 Index 203