Control of pollutants in flue gases and fuel gases

Transcription

1 Control of pollutants in flue gases and fuel gases Ron Zevenhoven Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland Pia Kilpinen Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland sponsored / funded by The Nordic Energy Research Programme Solid Fuel Committee Ås, Norway Helsinki University of Technology Espoo, Finland Espoo/Turku, Finland June 2001 (1 st ed.) April 2002 (2 nd ed.)

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3 Zevenhoven & Kilpinen TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Chapter 1 Preface / introduction 1.1 Background Objective and scope About the authors Acknowledgements Chapter 2 Flue gases and fuel gases 2.1 Introduction Flue gases and fuel gases: combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, incineration and other processes Combustion and gasification technologies for heat and power Waste incineration and waste-to-energy processes Cement plants Emission standards and exhaust gas composition References Chapter 3 Sulphur 3.1 Introduction Sulphur in fuel Formation of sulphur compounds during combustion and gasification Emission standards for SO Options for sulphur emissions control Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) 1: Non-regenerable processes Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) 2: Renewable processes In-duct sorbent injection at low temperatures High temperature SO 2 capture by furnace sorbent injection Costs related to FGD High temperature SO 2 capture during fluidised bed combustion H 2 S control at low temperatures H 2 S control by the Claus process High temperature H 2 S control by regenerable sorbents Sulphur emissions from transport vehicles References

4 Zevenhoven & Kilpinen TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 4 Nitrogen 4.1 Introduction Nitrogen in fuels Emission standards for NOx Nitrogen oxides: thermodynamics versus chemical kinetics Nitrogen oxide formation mechanisms during burner combustion Nitric oxide decomposition during burner combustion Formation and decomposition of NO 2 during burner combustion Low NOx technology Flue gas treatment for NOx reduction Costs for NOx control technologies Chemistry of nitrogen oxides at atmospheric fluidised bed combustion Reaction of nitrogen oxides at pressurised combustion Reactions of nitrogen compounds in gasification processes Removal of nitrogen compounds from gasifier product gas Nitrogen oxides formation and reduction in gas turbines Nitrogen oxides formation and reduction in (transport vehicle) engines References Chapter 5 Particles 5.1 Introduction Ash-forming elements in fuels Particulate emissions standards Options for particulate emissions control Gravity settlers Cyclones Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) Filter systems Wet scrubbers Cost comparison ESP, filter, cyclone High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) particulate control Particulate emissions control for vehicles References Appendix

5 Zevenhoven & Kilpinen TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 6 VOCs, PAHs, soot, tar, CO 6.1 Introduction Emission standards for (non-halogenated) organic compounds Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ground-level ozone Control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Soot Tar CO References Chapter 7 Halogens, dioxines/furanes 7.1 Introduction Halogens in fuels and waste streams Emission standards for halogens and dioxines/furanes Chlorine-related corrosion Hydrogen chloride (HCl) emissions control Formation of dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) Control of dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) Other halogen compounds (HF, HBr, PBDD/Fs) References Chapter 8 Trace elements, alkali metals 8.1 Introduction Trace elements in fuels Trace elements in flue gases and fuel gases Emission standards and gas turbine specifications for trace elements Trace elements emissions control (excl. mercury) Mercury emissions control Alkali in fuels Alkali in flue gases and fuel gases Alkali control in hot gases: aluminosilicate sorbents References

6 Zevenhoven & Kilpinen TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 9 Greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting gases 9.1 Introduction Carbon dioxide emissions reduction, capture and storage Emission control for greenhouse gases other gases than CO Emission control for ozone-depleting gases References Chapter 10 Cross-interacting effects of control methods 10.1 Introduction Gas clean-up for power plants Gas clean-up for flue gases from waste incineration and cement plants Clean-up of fuel gases Cross-effects between gas clean-up processes References List of abbreviations