Unit III Nutrients & Biomes

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1 Unit III Nutrients & Biomes

2 Nutrient Cycles Carbon Cycle Based on CO 2 cycling from animals to plants during respiration and photosynthesis. Heavy deposits are stored in wetland soils, oceans, sedimentary rocks. under right conditions, can become fossil fuels Released by combustion and volcanic activity. Returns to the soil from the atmosphere through rainfall Carbonic Acid + H 2 0 = Rain with a ph of ~5.4

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4 Nitrogen Cycle Nutrient Cycles Nitrogen Fixation Nitrification Passed on to animals.

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6 Nutrient Cycles Phosphorous Cycle Based on phosphate ions (PO 4 3- ) usually found in rock formations and ocean sediments. Released by weathering and volcanic activity.

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8 Sulfur Cycle Nutrient Cycles Most sulfur found in rocks, minerals, and ocean sediments. Sulfur enters atmosphere through weathering, sea spray, and volcanic activity (H 2 S, SO 2 ).

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10 Hydrologic Cycle Nutrient Cycles (aka) Water Cycle Evaporation and Transpiration Condensation and Precipitation Infiltration and Percolation Runoff

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12 Atmosphere Troposphere inner layer of the atmosphere physical properties include: Stratosphere

13 Winds Global air circulation patterns are affected by:

14 What is the Earth s tilt? 23.5º

15 Warm Fronts Winds leading edge of a mass of warm air converging on a mass of cool air

16 Cold Fronts Winds leading edge of a mass of cool air converging on a mass of warm air

17 Highs Pressure High Low High Lows Low High Low High

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19 Ocean Currents Created by same reasons as winds. Distributes heat, nutrients, and DO. Upwellings

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21 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Trade winds normally blow warm water off the coast of South America and California (creates upwellings). When winds fail, weaken, or change direction, the waters warm and stagnate. Causes less productivity and possibly red tide. As the Pacific surface temperature becomes warmer, global weather patterns are disrupted First seen with wetter weather in eastern Pacific.

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23 Climate Climate and Weather Winds

24 Rain Shadow Effect AKA: Orographic Uplift warm air rises and releases moisture on windward side of mountain. air on leeward side is cooler and dry. creates a distinctive microclimate on either side of mountain.

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26 Vegetation Microclimate Factors affects humidity, winds, and creates shadows. warmer in winter, cooler in summer. Cities buildings, asphalt, and vehicles raise temperatures and create haze and smog.

27 Plate Boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform

28 Biome Biomes A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with a similar climate soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where it occurs in the world Typically determined by:

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31 Tundras Treeless biome in the far north with harsh, cold winters and extremely short summers Precipitation Temperature

32 Tundras Nutrient poor soils with little organic material Low species richness Low primary productivity

33 Boreal Forests A region of coniferous forests in the northern hemisphere Growing Season Precipitation

34 Boreal Forests Soils are acidic and mineral poor Vegetation comprised of drought resistant conifers Mostly small animals Aka:

35 Temperate Rainforests Coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog and high precipitation Precipitation Temperature

36 Temperate Rainforests Soils are nutrient-poor, but high in organic material (dropped needles) Dominant Vegetation Variety of cool climate animal life Very high species richness Heavily logged

37 Temperate Deciduous Forests Forest biome that occurs in temperate areas with a moderate amount of precipitation Precipitation Temperature

38 Temperate Deciduous Forests Topsoil is rich in organic material and underlain by clay Vegetation is primarily deciduous Animals Most of this biome land area has been regenerated after farming & timber harvest

39 Grasslands Grasslands with hot summers, cold winters and too little precipitation to support trees Precipitation 90% of this biome has been lost to farmland

40 Grasslands Soil has thick, organic material rich organic horizon Periodic fires keep the dominant vegetation Animals

41 Grasslands North America South America Europe/Asia Africa

42 Chaparrals Also called a Mediterranean Climate Temperature Frequent fires

43 Chaparrals Soil is thin and often not fertile Vegetation Animals

44 Deserts Biome where lack of precipitation limits plant growth Temperature Precipitation

45 Deserts Soils low in nutrients and high in salts Sparse vegetation Animals are very small to regulate temperature

46 Savannas Tropical grassland with widely scattered trees Temperature Precipitation

47 Savannas Soil low in nutrients due to leaching Vegetation Animals

48 Tropical Rainforests Lush, species-rich biome that occurs where climate is warm and moist throughout the year Precipitation Very productive biome Most species-rich biome

49 Tropical Rainforests Ancient, weathered, nutrient-poor soil Nutrients tied up in vegetation, not soil Vegetation Animals

50 Freshwater Biomes Freshwater comprises 1% of the world s water but has 40% of the world s fish species. Two basic types: Watershed/Drainage Basin

51 Lotic Water Source Zone Transition Zone Flood Plain Zone

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53 Littoral Zone Limnetic Zone Profundal Zone Lentic Water

54 Lentic Water Thermal Stratification Fall & Spring Turnovers Summer Months

55 Thermocline Lentic Water

56 Oligotrophic Lakes Lentic Water Eutrophic Lakes Mesotrophic Lakes

57 Marshes and Swamps Lands that shallow, fresh water covers for at least part of the year Were once regularly filled in

58 Estuaries Where freshwater and saltwater mix Highly variable environment Highly productive

59 Oceans: Marine Biomes Limiting Factors:

60 Marine Biomes Coastal Zones Sandy/Rocky Beaches Intertidal Zone

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62 Coral Reefs Highest biodiversity in the ocean Oasis of the ocean Very sensitive to rising sea levels and temperatures Coastal development and other human activities are destroying reefs

63 Open Ocean Overall, lowest productivity of any other ecosystem Euphotic Zone Bathyl Zone Abyssal Zone

64 Ocean Pressures ~40% of the world s population lives within 100km of a coast Development has destroyed >50% of coastal wetlands and 1/3 of mangroves. Fishing has damaged or destroyed habitats and severely decreased populations of fishes. Global warming has had an immense impact on beach erosion and reef destruction.

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