Inventaire des installations de climatisation solaires en Europe Inventory of solar cooling installations in Europe

Transcription

1 Inventaire des installations de climatisation solaires en Europe Inventory of solar cooling installations in Europe Edo Wiemken Fraunhofer Institute for Solare Energy Systems ISE COFORT D ÉTÉ ET CLIMATISATION SOLAIRE SUMMER COMFORT AND SOLAR COOLING Lyon, France, 28 th April 2005 Survey of installations! IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (Task 25: Solar-assisted airconditioning in Buildings)! EU project Solar Air- Conditioning in Europe (SACE); TU Delft! EU project Promoting Solar Air-Conditioning; RAEE Example: distribution of installations (Promoting Solar Air- Conditioning) 1

2 Survey of installations 53 installations! Data base: Promoting Solar Air Conditioning <= no. of installations Survey of installations! aprrox. 70 (known) plants in Europe! total cooling capacity about 6.3 MW! total collector area about m 2 (different reference areas - absorber, aperture, gross)! average collector area per cooling capacity " 3 m 2 /kw for water chillers " 10 m 2 per 1000 m 3 /h for desiccant systems Germany Greece Spain Portugal Italy Austria France Netherlands Israel Turkey Serbia (Kosovo) 2

3 Used technologies desiccant, liquid 0.6% 1.5% 4.3% collector area cooling capacity number of systems desiccant, rotor 8.4% 13.4% 23.2% adsorption 11.6% 25.1% 31.4% absorption 59.5% 59.9% 59.4% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Example: Air-conditioning of a factory! site: Inofita Viotias (appr. 50 km north-east of Athens)! flat plate collector field: 2700 m 2! 2 adsorptions chillers with 350 kw each! 3 compression chillers with 350 kw each! air conditioning of the production facilities in a cosmetics factory # largest system today # interesting system concept: electricity saving by solar cooling 3

4 Example: Public library building! site: Mataro/Spain (Catalunya)! 105 m² solar air collectors and preheating by PV-facade! Desiccant cooling system; m³/h! air conditioning of audiovisual area of the library (2130 m³) # system works properly; still some control problems Example: Air-conditioning of a seminar room! site: Freiburg, Germany! solar air collector as only heat source for cooling: 100 m 2! desiccant cooling system ( m 3 per hour) with silica gel rotor! air-conditioning of the seminar room and the cafeteria in the building of the chamber for trade & commerce # simple solar system with simple integration into the air-conditioning plant # no back-up for cooling, no storage # promising concept for buildings with a high similarity of cooling loads and solar gains 4

5 Example: Hotel air-conditioning! site: Dalaman (mediterranean coast Turkey)! parabolic trough collector produces heat at 180 C: 180 m 2 aperture area! double effect absorption chiller (cooling capacity 116 kw, 4 bar saturated steam; COP > 1.2)! air-conditioning of a hotel and steam supply for the hotel laundry! LPG-fired back-up steam boiler # first system with double effect chiller # high overall conversion efficiency # interesting concept for sites with high direct radiation New developments - Example DHW storage gas burner Refrigerant: water! 8 kw adsorption heat pump (water, silica gel): Sortech in Halle/Germany! solar cooling in summer buffer storage adsorption heat pump heating/ cooling system! solar heating in winter with a gas driven heat pump as back-up! ground used as seasonal low temperature storage ground tube EU-project MODESTORE 5

6 New developments - Example Refrigerant: water! 10 kw absorption chiller (water, lithium-bromide): Phönix Sonnenwärme, Berlin; ZAE Bavaria; Technical University Berlin! driving temperature: C! favourable part-load behaviour, compact design! prototypes in operation New developments - Example Open cycles! liquid sorption integrated in indirect evaporative cooling sytems Company Menerga, Germany! driving temperature: C! high density energy storage, decoupling in time of cooling and regeneration! pilot plant in operation Regenerator regeneration air Absorber supply air Q H concentrated solution Q M driving heat rejected heat LiCl/water solution storage diluted solution 6

7 Some general experiences from existing installations! Many plants operate below their technical potential (complex hydraulic scheme, nonoptimised control)! In general a higher effort for system design and planning is necessary due to the higher complexity compared to conventional plants! Actually, little information is available on achieved primary energy savings! Layout of peripherical components (e.g., pumps) has to be done with caution in order to minimize electricity consumption! Electricity consumption for solar circuit pumps often contributes to the overall consumption to a little amount only! A comprehensive commissioning and a continous system monitoring is mandatory in order to detect malfunctions or control problems Some general experiences from existing installations! Despite the optimisation problems, many systems work reliable! several technologies are market available for using solar thermal energy for airconditioning of (large) buildings! near future: thermally driven cooling equipment in the small power range (about 20 kw and below) ==> new market segments accessible (e.g. solar combi-systems with cooling)! optimal use of solar thermal energy by combination of solar assisted cooling, solar assisted heating and solar assisted domestic hot water production Thank you for your attention! 7