CURRENT STATUS OF WATER-RELATED SANITATION CONDITIONS IN HUE CITY, VIETNAM

Transcription

1 CURRENT STATUS OF WATER-RELATED SANITATION CONDITIONS IN HUE CITY, VIETNAM Pham Khac Lieu, D.Eng. Department of Environmental Science College of Sciences, Hue University, Vietnam

2 Contents 1. Hue city at a glance 2. Water resources and supply in Hue 3. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue 4. Threats to water-related sanitation improvement 5. Concluding remarks

3 1. Hue City at a glance HUE CITY We are here. Coordinates: E 107 o o 38, N 16 o o 24'

4 1. Hue City at a glance Hue City Area: 71 km 2 Population: 339,000 (2010) Ancient capital of Vietnam (18 th ~first-half 20 th centuries) A World Cultural Heritage (since 1993 by UNESCO) Famous destination for tourists, a festival city of Vietnam The Citadel The King s Tomb

5 1. Hue City at a glance Land use (2010 data) Residential 29.1% Unused 1.8% Agriculture 22.5% Agroforestry 1.3% Economic activities (2009 data) Industry & construction 28.5% Forestry 5.4% Specially used 41.2% Services & tourism 70.2% (Source: Hue City s Statistical yearbook, 2010, 2011)

6 1. Hue City at a glance Geographical features flat land of the downstream basin of the Huong River rather low elevation Climate hot and wet average annual temperature: 25 o C average annual rainfall: 2,500 mm Hue City

7 2. Water resources and supply in Hue Plentiful water resources Surface water is major: Huong river and its branches Lakes and canal system Huong River catchment area: 2,830 km 2 average flow: 160 m 3 /s lowest flow: 25 m 3 /min irregular flow distribution: 70-75% of annual quantity in Oct.- Dec.

8 2. Water resources and supply in Hue Water quality Mainstream of Huong river Generally good for domestic supply, irrigation, recreation, etc. Slightly organic and pathogenic pollution (in dry season) Highly turbid (in flood season) River s branches, lakes and canal Moderate organic pollution and eutrophication (dry season)

9 2. Water resources and supply in Hue Huong river water is clear in dry season but becomes highly turbid in rainy season.

10 2. Water resources and supply in Hue Example: Water quality of Huong river and branches in (our monitoring data) Sample ph DO, mg/l COD, mg/l BOD 5, mg/l SS, mg/l NO 3 -N, mg/l NH 4 -N, mg/l PO 4 -P, mg/l RW RW RW RW RW Average A1 National regulation * A *National Technical Regulation for Surface Water Quality (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT): A1-applied for surface water able to use for domestic supply without treatment. A2-applied for surface water able to use for domestic supply with appropriate treatment

11 2. Water resources and supply in Hue Water use in Hue city Public piped water is main use Tap water coverage: 100% city area (HUEWACO, 2010) Average per capita consumption: liters/day 1% 2% 97% Public piped water Drilled wells Dug wells Distribution of domestic water use by households (Center for Preventive Medicine, 2010)

12 2. Water resources and supply in Hue Water supply by HUEWACO (Water Supply & Construction Co.Ltd.) 16 plants with total capacity of 142,000m 3 /d for the whole province 3 plants located in Hue city with 114,500 m 3 /d Quang Te 1 Plant: 20,000m3/d Quang Te 2 Plant: 82,500m 3 /d Da Vien Plant: 12,000 m 3 /d

13 2. Water resources and supply in Hue Tap water quality Meets all requirements by National Technical Regulation on Drinking Water Quality Turbidity always 10 times lower than standard value (0.2 NTU vs. 2.0 NTU) Declared Water Safety Plan in 2008 (one of three companies in South-East Asia recognized by WHO) Water tariff in Hue: Basic price + VAT + WW fee + PES 4,100 VND VND + 40 VND = 4,550 VND/m 3 (0.22 USD/m 3 ) (PES: Payments for Forest Services)

14 3. Wastewater management in Hue Wastewater generation Domestic wastewater is major, industrial wastewater in minor Domestic WW: 32,400 m 3 /d Industrial WW: 2,000 m 3 /d (our estimation, 2009) Urban sewerage network Coverage: only 30% (population based), 35-40% (area based) Combined system (both storm water and WW)

15 3. Wastewater management in Hue Domestic wastewater characteristics Parameter National regulation COD, mg/l N.A BOD 5, mg/l SS, mg/l T-N, mg/l (NO 3 -N) T-P, mg/l Data source Hop et al., 1997 HEPCO, 2007 HEPCO, 2007 Our survey QCVN 14:2008/ BTNMT Domestic WW in Hue is not so strongly polluted in terms of organic and nutrient contents.

16 3. Wastewater management in Hue Domestic wastewater At present No collection system and treatment plant in Hue Discharged into environment (rivers, lakes, ) with some pretreatment or without treatment. On going project Hue City Water Environment Improvement (loaned from Japan) 1st phase ( ): construction of a MWWTP with capacity of 20,000 m 3 /d. (HEPCO, 2007; Thua Thien Hue PPC, 2009).

17 % 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue 4.1. Household sanitation practices Having acccess to toilet Not having access to toilet Sanitary toilets Unsanitary toilets Average data on household sanitation practices in Hue city. Data source: Provincial Center for Preventive Medicine, 2010, 2011

18 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue Sanitary toilets Unsanitary toilets Not having access to toilet 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Phu Binh Kim Long Huong Long Phu Thuan Thuan Hoa Thuan Thanh Thuan Loc An Hoa Huong So Tay Loc Phu Hoa Phu Hiep Phu Hau Phu Cat Vy Da Xuan Phu Wards Phu Hoi Phu Nhuan Vinh Ninh An Cuu An Dong An Tay Phuong Duc Phuoc Vinh Truong An Thuy Xuan Thuy Bieu Data on access to toilet by wards in Data source: Provincial Center for Preventive Medicine

19 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue On-site treatment facilities (% of total households) Treatment facilities Septic tank Cesspool (seepage pit) Double vault latrine Ventilated pit latrine Others Sum (having access to toilet) Data source: Provincial Center for Preventive Medicine, 2011

20 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue Cistern flush toilet with septic tank 3-6 L water Excretion Cistern flush toilet Septic tank Suction truck Waste landfill site Single mode: 6 L/flush Double mode: 6 L/big flush 3 L/small flush

21 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue Pour flush toilet with septic tank ~ 3 L water Excretion Pour flush toilet Septic tank Suction truck Waste landfill site

22 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue Discharge ways of septic tank s effluent (or black water): To the public sewer after a soak pit 46% Soil percolation after a soak pit 16% Directly into surrounding river, pond, canal, etc 38% To public sewer Mixed Soak with pit grey water Black water Source: Our survey data, 2011

23 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue 4.2. Personal hygienic practices Hand washing: 68% always and 32% occasionally wash hands before eating. 83.5% always and 16.5% occasionally wash hand after defecation. Anal cleaning: Paper use: 59.3% Both paper and water use: 32,2% Water use: 8,5% Source: Our survey data, 2011 Tissue paper Water for anal cleaning

24 4. Water-related sanitation facilities in Hue Poor sanitation practices in the slum at Phu Binh ward: 115 households with 783 persons only 12 public toilets located closely to outer canal of Citadel Source: Our survey data, 2011

25 4. Water-related sanitation practices in Hue Waterborne diseases in Hue city ( ) (cases of patient) Disease Cholera Typhoid Dysentery Diarrhea (Source: Provincial Center for Preventive Medicine, 2010) No outbreak in recent years

26 5. Threats to sanitation improvement in Hue SWOT analysis of water-related sanitation in Hue Strengths City size is not too big Plentiful water resources and good water supply system Land availability for improvement Special concerns of local government Opportunities People s income increases International cooperation and ODA Weaknesses Lack of financial & skilled human resources Lack of waste control technology Lack of an integrated plan Low participation of stakeholders Threats Low altitude Complicated weather and natural disasters in the city Effects of upstream works Future expansion of the city Climate change

27 5. Threats to sanitation improvement in Hue Example: Flooding Huong river: unequal distribution of flow (> 70% annual flow in 4 months of rainy season flood often occurs Increase in health risk during flood A heavy flood in 2007 The historical flood in 1999

28 Some pictures of the flood on 5 November 2011

29 5. Threats to sanitation improvement in Hue Example: Upstream dams and reservoirs - possible impacts: Changes in flooding regime/duration Changes in water quality increase health risk Huong Dien Reservoir Dam height = 82.5 m Dam length = 180 m Storage capacity = 820 Mm 3 Binh Dien Dam Dam height = 83.6 m Dam length = 362.8m Storage capacity = 424 Mm 3 Ta Trach Reservoir Dam height = 56 m Dam length = 1,112m Storage capacity = 646 Mm 3

30 Concluding remarks Current status of water-related sanitation in Hue city: Good water supply practice: plentiful source, reliable supply system, safe water planning, etc. Inadequate drainage and sewerage system: low coverage, no sewage treatment, etc. Good basic household sanitation but some problems remained: Uncontrolled discharge of septic tank s effluent? Weak linkage between household and public sanitation systems. Not good personal hygienic practices: low awareness of a significant number of people Some threats to the improvement of sanitation in Hue

31 Expectations Expectations for collaboration from the International Network on Health Risk Assessment in Urban Area? Baseline and comprehensive data on waterrelated sanitation conditions; Analysis of constraints and factors of sanitation improvement; Health risk assessment under inundation condition; Planning and solutions for a sustainable sanitation system; etc.

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