RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CODE FOR NEW BUILDINGS IN EGYPT
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1 RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CODE FOR NEW BUILDINGS IN EGYPT ABSTRACT George B. HANNA 1, Ph.D., MWERN This paper presents an energy analysis in support of Egyptian efforts to develop an Energy Code for New Residential Buildings. Energy efficiency of building is a major consideration in the architectural design. Therefore any saving in the building sector will appear in the industry sector. A computer simulation program (Excel) has been developed for energy analysis for New Residential buildings based on Egypt weather data and building materials and construction. The OTTV approach was used to develop appropriate criteria for building envelope for Egypt. For residential buildings the analysis shows that the exterior walls of a building should not exceed 30 W/m 2, and 22 W/m 2 for the roofs. KEYWORDS: Egypt Climate, Energy Profile, Insulation Code, EERBC, OTTV-Excel INTRODUCTION Solving the housing problem in Egypt is a tremendous task due to the rapid population growth. The housing construction rate in Egypt is not great enough to face the population growth. To solve this problem, 13 new urban communities were started. Seven new cities were started and established on the peripheries of Cairo as a part of the region's structural plan. Dwelling is essentially constructed to shelter people from uncomfortable weather conditions. In the last 10 years due to new building construction it has been possible to reduce the cooling energy demand by about 10% of the present cooling energy consumption. These improved building envelope thermal performance meaning that the new buildings are of a higher standard than required by law. Indoor temperature could be controlled passively by appropriate design of fenestration, shading device, insulation, color, and ventilation rates and timing. To determine the effect of the buildings envelop on the unconditioned and condition buildings, the present analysis are carried out for summer conditions, for Cairo, Alexandria and Aswan. Energy loads in new residential buildings are increased due to improper use of building materials; larger window area with aluminum frame without external shutters. In addition the roof are exposed without insulation or any shading device. As a result, these buildings have higher solar heat loads and additional utilization of air conditioning to offsets the resulting increase of cooling loads. The energy crises and the resulting increase in the fuel cost have led to investigate and publish the code and standard of thermal insulation of buildings in Egypt (Insulating standard 1998). Recently, a project had been signed between Egypt, [UNDP and JEF 1997], for about 3 years. One of the objectives is to study an important item, which is the Energy Efficient Design and Construction for New Residential and Commercial Buildings. 1 Prof. and Head, Department of Building Physics and Environment, Housing and Building Research Center, P. O. Box 1770, Cairo, Egypt. hannagb44@yahoo.com. Or hannagb44@hotmail.com
2 CLIMATE OF EGYPT Egypt is situated between latitude o N and 22 o N and Longitude 26 & 35 o E. It consists mainly of desert ( 94% of Egypt land) except for Northern and Eastern coast and Nile valley. Deserts are mainly plain except for the East mountain chain and Sinai Mountains. The hot arid climate predominates, since the impact of water surface is restricted to small area on the Nile sides. In this region, the over heating period is about 7 months duration and the peak shade temperatures reaches above 40 o C. Monthly and yearly averages were calculated for hourly direct and diffuse solar radiation for eight orientation and for horizontal surface where the Solar Factors and the Orientation Factors. The maximum and minimum daily temperatures were also given. The Outdoor Design temperature for Cairo (30.13 o N and 31.0 o E), Alexandria ( 31.2 o N, o E) and Aswan (24.95 o N, 32.7 o E) are respectively as follows; 38.5 o C, 32 o C & 44.5 o C. ENERGY IN EGYPT The main sources of energy used in Egypt natural gas, petroleum products and electricity. The electricity can be generated from either the high dam south of Aswan or from thermal power plants from primary energy sources (i.e. natural gas or fuel oil) or renewable energy (such as wind). As shown in table 1 buildings and commercial facilities are responsible 41.8% with respect to industry 38.5%. The increase in the overall energy demands has reached to about 60 Billion kwh. The sectors consumption of electricity increased from 52.9 TWh (Billion kwh) in 1998/ 1999 to 56.6 TWh in 1999/2000 (OEP 2000) with a growth rate of 6.84%. The two major consumers of electricity are households, representing 41.8 % of total electricity consumption and industry, representing 38.5%. Government and public utilities follow, representing 14.7%, and finally the agriculture sector, as just 3.9%. Electricity consumption has a positive growth rate in all economic sectors. Table (1) Energy Consumption in Egypt Energy Sources, Million TOE Total Energy Consumption (Million TOE) Electrical Energy Consumption TWh Natural Gas Consumption (Million TOE) Crude Oil (56.4%) Natural Gas 15.7 (36.1%) Total Energy Resources (100%) Industry Commercial & Residential (45.43%) 6.02 (19.5%) (38.5%) (41.8%) (27.78) 0.37 (2.36) 15.7 The residential sector consumes a large portion of electrical energy generated in Egypt. Without careful energy planning, this situation could have adverse impacts on the national economy through the increase energy demand. A previous study (Cairo University & OEP 2000) showed that the electrical energy is the most widely used form energy in Cairo. The share of Air Conditioning represents about 15.6% of the electrical energy consumption category at highest peak period. Typical energy consumption in commercial sector is 3.5% of total energy consumption of Cairo Governate: Lighting 36.1%, Air-conditioning 30.8% Refrigeration and cooking 20.5%, others 12.7%. Building Energy Codes are Effective In several countries, including the United States, new and/or updated efficiency programs are being developed as cost-effective means to reduce national energy consumption, protect the environment, and increase economic competitiveness. Since buildings consume a significant portion of the national energy resources in most countries, they are primary target of energy efficiency programs. For new buildings, energy conservation programs have been implemented with various degrees of success. From the 1970s many countries throughout the world introduced building regulations aimed at reducing energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings. Typically these regulations concentrate on - 2 -
3 aspects of heat loss through the structure with minimum levels of insulation required being stated. Worldwide these regulations range from simple perspective requirements stipulating a minimum resistance for individual opaque building elements to requirements for computer simulation energy tool to demonstrate that building, when constructed, will not consume more energy than the estimated energy budget. The simple prescriptive nature of most of the regulations reduces the need for complex calculation methods. It is recommended that the regulations to control the Energy Efficiency of New Residential Buildings in Egypt. The Egyptian Standards for thermal insulation efficiency of buildings which incorporate energy conservation requirement as part of the building bylaws, Ministry of Housing, declaration No.176, 1998, stated that the U-value for opaque part of the external is 1.0 W/m 2. o C while the roof U-vale is only 0.6 W/m 2. o C. Table (2) shows a comparison for U-vales for different countries. Table (2) Recommended Thermal Resistances and U - values for Different Countries (W/m 2 o C) [Robertson, 1998] Country Roof Walls Floors R U R U R U Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Egypt Finland France Jordon Kuwait Greece Holland Italy New Zealand Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey U K USA (various) West Germany EGYPTIAN ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODE The residential energy code that has been developed recently (EERBC 2003) is very innovative, for it s specifies minimum building requirements to improve both thermal and visual comfort in non-conditioned buildings as well as minimum energy efficiency requirements in conditioned buildings
4 This Code gives minimum performance standards for building windows and openings, natural ventilation and thermal comfort, ventilating and air conditioning equipment, natural and artificial lighting and electric power. A great effort has been made to ensure its applicability in our buildings in Egypt 2. The Residential Energy Code contains the following chapters as shown below: 1. SCOPE AND COMPLIANCE 2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3. BUILDING ENVELOPE 4. NATURAL VENTILATION AND THERMAL COMFORT 5. HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING 6. SERVICE EATER HEATING SYSTEM 7. LIGHTING 8. ELECTRICAL POWER 9. WHOLE BUILDING PERFORMANCE 10. DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS SOLAR AND ORIENTATION FACTORS AND SHADING COEFFICIENT The solar factor (SF) is the average hourly rate at which solar radiation incident upon vertical surface; it is expressed in W/m 2. Both diffuse and direct radiation is included in the solar factor. The vertical radiation is averaged over the time period 7:30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. The average solar factor over eight orientations is equal 270 W/m 2.The solar factor for Cairo, Alexandria and Aswan were calculated from a computer program developed specially for this study, see Table (4). The Window Orientation Factors (OF) were derived by normalizing the Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factors for June at Cairo, Alexandria and Aswan Latitude, see Table (3), (BECP 1990). The shading coefficient (SC) of the fenestration system is defined as a ratio of solar heat gain through the fenestration system having combination of glazing and shading device to the solar heat gain through un-shaded 3mm clear glass., see Table (7) for Glass Types Characteristics, ( ASHRAE 1997). SC=SHGC/0.87 The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is calculated as follows, see Table (7): For single glazing SHGC= τ +α U/h o = 0.87 (1) For double glazing SHGC= τ +α U/h o + [U/h o + U/h s ] (2) Where τ is the solar transmittance, α is the absorption coefficient of the glass, h o is the outdoor coefficient, h s is the inner coefficient of air between the glasses and U is the overall glass transmittance. THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE For the design and planning of energy efficient buildings, the overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) is one aspect of energy conservation. An OTTV is a measure of the energy consumption of a building envelope. Solar radiation and the outdoor air temperature are cyclic and varied during the day. The heat flow through the envelope may be calculated using the following equation: Where q = Ao U o TD eq (3) U o = Σ(A w U w + A g U w )/(Σ(A w + A g ) A o = Gross wall area (=A g + A w ), (m 2 ) A g = window area, (m 2 ) 2 The author is the technical coordinator for EEEBC and written the Ventilation Chapters in both codes
5 A w = Opaque wall area, (m 2 ) TD eqw = Equivalent indoor-outdoor temperature difference through the opaque wall and is calculated from the empirical formula = W t, W t = Σρ L (4) U g = thermal transmittance for windows, see Tables (6 & 7) U w = thermal transmittance of opaque wall, (W/m 2. o C) The cooling design criterion for the building envelope is known as the Overall Transfer Value OTTV. It is aimed to reduce heat gain by both conduction and solar radiation in order to reduce heat gain by both conduction and solar radiation to reduce the cooling load of the air conditioning system. The OTTV concept is based on five basic methods of heat gains through the external envelope of a building: 1. Heat conduction through the opaque walls/roof ceiling and floors. 2. Solar heat gain through opaque walls/roof. 3. Heat conduction through windows. 4. Solar radiation through windows. 5. Infiltration/Ventilation through windows. The total Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) for the building envelope should not exceed 30 W/m 2 for hot-arid climate such as Egypt. OTTV is a system performance criterion that allows trade-offs among opaque wall and window areas and their thermal and solar characteristics to achieve an overall minimum performance. OTTV is calculated for each individual façade and then for the building taking the weighted average of the individual façade OTTVs. The OTTV for an individual façade is calculated using following formula; where the infiltration/ventilation term is add by the author: OTTV i = (αa w OF U w (TD eqw -DT o ) + A w U w DT o +A g U g DT o + A g SF OF SC + C v DT o )/A o (5) Where the terms are defined as: C v = ventilation/infiltration conductance, ( W/ o C) 0.333* N*V (6) N = number of air change/hour, and is calculated using the following empirical equations: 2 = *V w for Infiltration or = *V w for Ventilation (7) OF = orientation factor of the windows, as given in Table (3) SF = solar factor, the average hourly value of solar energy on vertical windows, W/m 2.C, Table (4). SC = shading coefficient of the windows = SC e * SC i, as given in Tables (5&6) DT o = temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor temperature, ( o C), and is Negative for ventilation when Tai> Tao. V w = average wind speed of the city, (m/s) α = solar absorption of the exterior opaque wall, (non) As * OTTVs + Ae * OTTVe + Aw* OTTVw An * OTTVn OTTV w = As + Ae + Aw An (8) Where A s and OTTV s are the area and the OTTV for each exposed wall. The OTTV for mass opaque roof (without skylight) is calculated from the equation: OTTV r = α U r (TD eqr -DT o ) + U r * TD o (9) Where Ur = thermal transmittance for roof, (W/m 2.C) TD eqr = Equivalent indoor-outdoor temperature difference through the opaque roof and is calculated from the empirical formula,i.e. TD eqr = *U r /Tc-1.12( U r /T c ) 2, T c = ΣρC L (10) - 5 -
6 METHODOLOGY The OTTV equations for the walls and the roof were programmed into an Excel spreadsheet for the three cities namely Cairo, Alexandria and Aswan. For each city the outdoor climatic data were changed automatically when you select the city. Selection for the wall and roof constructions by name and the corresponding physical properties were automatically appeared on the corresponding cells to facilitate the input and output calculations. The selection for glass type, shading, color or any variables could done easy and the effect appears directly on the end. The output results was imported to another spreadsheet to store each run in a separate row for each city and the end results was imported to a table containing the selected cells and the final graph was drawn for comparison. Table (3) Orientation Factors (OF, W/m 2 ) for Egypt Orientation OF N OF NE OF E OF SE OF S OF SW OF W OF NW Cairo Alexandria Aswan Table (4) Solar Factors (SF, W/m 2 ) for Egypt Orientation SF N SF NE SF E SF SE SF S SF SW SF W SF NW SF RF Cairo Alexandria Aswan Orientation Table (5) External Shading Coefficient (Sc e ) Overhangs Nearby 0.6 m 1.2 m 2.0 m Buildings Trees North North East East South East South South West West North West Table (6) - 6 -
7 Internal Shading Coefficients (Sc i ) and U-value (U g ) for Windows, [ASHRAE 1997] Inside Shade Glass Type None Drapery, Venetian Blind Opaque Roller Shade Translucent Roller Shad SC Ug SC Ug SC Ug Single Double Heat-absorbing Triple STUDY CASE Six of October city is a New Urban Settlement situated 35 Km to the North West from center of Cairo. The ultimate target population is inhabitants by the year The City was planned to provide housing for workers of the city industrial area as well as other educational, health and social services. Housing project for young married youth has been stared It was aimed to provide affordable dwelling units in 15 New Cities in Egypt. The project was formulated to offer a wide range of floor spaces (100, 70, 62.m 2 ) in order to satisfy the needs of different house hold size. Every apartment building consists of five-story building of twenty apartments. Each floor has four apartments and has two external façade, nearly North West for this study. The walls were constructed from silt clay brick of 125mmm and cement plastered from both sides. No external shutters were provided. The Window Wall Ratio (WWR) is about 9%.The building has a floor area of 625 m 2 and each apartment has a floor area of 100 m 2. The study case named Muhammad Ramadan (MR). Fig.1 MR Apartment Table (7) Glass Types Characteristics [ASHRAE 1997] Name U SC SHGC TVIS - 7 -
8 Single Glazing_Clear Single Glazing_Blue Single Glazing_Grey Single Reflective (Class A) 1 Clear High Emissivity Single Reflective (A) Tint Medium Emissivity Double Glazing BronzeTint Double Glazing GreenTint Double Glazing Tint Low Emissivity Double Glazing, Reflective (A) Clear Medium Emissivity (IG) Double Glazing, Reflective (A)Tint, Medium Emissivity (IG) Class A, inner surface of exposed sheet 2 Insulated Glass Table (8) Thermo Physical Properties of the Building Construction Building Elements Thickness. Conductivity k, W/m. o C Density ρ,kg/m 3 Specific heat, Cp, KJ/ Kg. o C Silt brick, no mortar.12/ Mortar out/in Polystyrene Insulation.025/ Concrete Tiles & Sand No Table (9) Thermal Factors for the Building Components [Hanna 1983] Building Description U-Value W/m 2. o C DecrementTime-Lag factor,λ,% φ, hours Time Constant, t c, hours 1 Walls: Brick12-no mortar Walls: Brick12 with mortar Walls: Brick25-no mortar Walls: Brick 25 with mortar Walls : Brick 25 + mortar+ins Walls: Brick 25 + mortar +Ins Roof: Concrete 12-no mortar Roof: Concrete 12+ mortar Roof: Concrete 12+ mortar+ins Roof: Concrete 12+ mortar+ins RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table (8) shows the thermo physical properties used in this study. The thermal factors for the building element are given in table (9). These factors are calculated using a basic computer programmed - 8 -
9 developed the author. It is clear that increasing adding any layer on the external walls or roof decreases the thermal transmittance, decreases the decrement factor and increases the time lag and the time constant considerably. The OTTV is a system performance that allows trade-offs among opaque wall and window areas and their thermal and solar characteristics to achieve an overall minimum performance. Eleven different cases were studied as follows: 1) walls of 120mm silt clay brick without external plaster and the roof is 120mm RC with no tiles on the top; 2) the wall thickness has been increased to be 250mm and plastered both sides and adding tiles on the roof; 3) the walls were insulated by 25mm polystyrene in the middle; 4) the roof was insulated by 25mm polystyrene under the tiles; 5) increasing the roof insulation thickness to be 50 mm thick; 6) use light external color for the walls, i.e. the solar absorptivity is 0.3; 7) using double glazing window DUg ; 8) adding an external shading for the facade; 9) add internal shading of light venation blind; 10) decreasing the WWR by 25% and using single glazing; and 11) WWR has been doubled (13%) using double glazing. A microcomputer spreadsheets program can handle and varying 12 parameters calculated according to the above equations, i.e. is the roof is exposed/shaded to/from incident solar radiation, day/ night ventilation, type of external shading, as given in table (4) and internal shading as given in table (5), solar absorptivity (dark/medium/ light), kind of glazing (SNON, DNON, SGREY, SREF, and the same for double glazing.) The OTTV has been improved for the walls by increasing the wall thickness from 120mm to 250mm by 40% for CAI, 46% for ALX and 41% for ASW. If, we add 25mm polystyrene, the OTTV for the walls reaches to 16 W/m 2 for ALX which behaves thermally butter than CAI or ASW. For Cairo and Aswan climate which are much hotter needs to protect the windows by external and internal shading devise and overhangs. For hot arid climates, such as Egypt, light colors of low thermal absorptivity for walls and roof are recommended with external shading on the top roof. Lot of data could be obtained from the Excel program. Table (10) summarizes the recommended OTTV values for Egypt. The study shows that the recommended WWR is about 10%. Roof insulation is very important for air-conditioning apartment in the top floor, and the external shading gives a good thermal effect. During day-time the window shutter was closed, and air infiltration is included. During night hours when Tao < Tai, windows were opened and natural ventilation is occurred. For good Thermal Efficiency buildings, the recommended OTTV values for Cairo should less than 25 W/m 2. o C; 20 W/m 2 for Alexandria and 35 W/m 2 for Aswan. It is hard to enforcement the inhabitants to apply this, even by low, therefore the walls could have an average OTTV of 30 W/m 2. The OTTV for exposed roof should have 22 W/m 2 as reasonable performance as a beginning for the next five years. Table (10) Recommended values of OTTV for Egypt City OTTV Walls Roof U w U o U r Cairo Alexandria Aswan
10 CAIRO ALEXANDRIA ASWAN OTTV Uo Fig. 2 Relation between U o and OTTV CONCLUSION It has been proved that any decrease in U o, i.e. decreasing WWR or increasing thermal resistance of the building envelope decease the OTTV, i.e. increasing the thermal efficiency strongly. The Total Overall Thermal Transfer value (OTTV) for the exterior walls should not exceed 35 W/m 2, 25 W/m 2 and 20 W/m 2 for Aswan, Cairo and Alexandria, respectively. The average value for the three climatic regions could be taken as 30 W/m 2. The recommended value for the roof is 22 W/m 2 for the three cities. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper is a part of a project to develop an Energy Efficiency Code for New Residential Buildings in Egypt and is supported by the UNDP & JEF. The author wishes to acknowledge the Chair-Person of HBRC, Prof. Dr. Omaima A. S. El-Din for her support and Dr. Ibrahim Yassein, Technical Director, EEIGGR. REFRENCES ASHRAE (1997). Hand Book of Fundamentals, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA. Building Energy Code of Pakistan (1990). Ministry of Planning & Development, Pakistan. Egyptian Standards for Building Insulation (1998). Ministry of Housing, Ministerial declaration No.176. Energy Conservation Buildings in Warm Climates (1986). IABSE Structure C-39. Energy Efficiency Residential Building Code (2003), Ministry of Housing, HBRC, Egypt. Energy Efficiency Commercial Building Code of Vietnam (2002). Second Draft. Hanna G.B. (1983). Analyzing the Thermal Response of Office Buildings in Hot-Arid Climates International Journal of Ambient Energy, Vol.4, No.1, pp Residential Energy Survey and Environmental Indicators in Great Cairo (2000). Cairo University, (ECEP/DRTPC) and Organization Energy Planning (OEP) Robertson G.L. (1998). Residential Energy Code-A New Zealand Proposal, Proceeding Clean and Safe Energy Forever,VOL.2, pp UNDP & JEF, EGY/97/G31 & EGY/97/
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