Impacts of mainstream dams on fisheries and mitigation options - Current status of knowledge
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1 Mekong Fisheries Impacts of mainstream dams on fisheries and mitigation options - Current status of knowledge Chris Barlow Fisheries Programme Mekong River Commission
2 Three parts to this presentation 1. Mekong fisheries, migration, and dams 2. Mitigation conclusions from existing knowledge 3. Mitigation technologies in other countries
3 The Mekong has the world s largest inland fishery million tonnes per annum (calculation in 2000 was 2.6 million Lower Mekong Middle Mekong tonnes) Upper Mekong 1-1.3million tonnes million 60,000 tonnes tonnes Lower Mekong system Middle Mekong system Upper Mekong system
4 Mekong fisheries are valuable Economic value Estimated at US$ 2-3,000 million per annum Employment and Income Tonle Sap - 80% of people fish Lao PDR > 50% fish; 80% in south (20% household income) Nutrition Fish main source of animal protein (49-82%), Vit A and calcium
5 Migration is a key feature of the life history of many Mekong species Between 40-70% of total fish catch in the lower Mekong basin is dependent on long distance migrants (upper end, > 1.3 million tonnes worth >US$2 billion)
6 Mitigation conclusions from existing knowledge 1. Dams are a barrier to fish migration 2. More fish downstream and in bigger rivers 3. Therefore dams located downstream have greater impact on fisheries production than dams located upstream
7 Mitigation conclusions from existing knowledge Existing technology for fish passages cannot cope with high biomass and species biodiversity as found in the lower Mekong North America and Europe 5-8 species (Salmonids) strong upstream swimmers, defined seasonal migrations Mekong approx. 50 species and 100x biomass migration of different species all year
8 Mitigation conclusions from existing knowledge Fish movement at Khone Falls from Baran 2006 Fish migration triggers in the LMB and other tropical freshwater systems
9 Mitigation learning from technologies in other countries Columbia River, USA Spillway Passage Downstream Turbine Passage Downstream Bypass Fish Ladder Upstream
10 Mitigation fish ladder low dams only
11 Mitigation rock-ramp fishway low dams
12 Mitigation fish lock low-medium dams
13 Mitigation fish lift or elevator potentially high dams
14 Mitigation nature-like bypass
15 Mitigation combination Itaipu dam in Sth America
16 Mitigation learning from technologies in other countries Fish ladders, passage, upstream and downstream Upstream - Fish ladders for low dams (<6-10 m); fish locks and lifts for higher dams but technology is in its infancy Downstream - Number of species high + biological information low = target species or multiple strategies = high flow volumes by-passing turbines + multiple routes Tailor to: fish species, location, dam design and turbine type Understand fish biology, especially behaviour Integrate mitigation and flexibility into dam design at start
17 Mitigation learning from technologies in other countries Reservoir fisheries Reservoir fisheries generally do not compensate for lost river fisheries Aquaculture Aquaculture not a full replacement for capture fishery (added costs, different beneficiaries)
18 Mitigation learning from experience in other countries Lessons from the Columbia River Dams now managed for fish 1 st priority - electricity 2 nd priority Williams 2008 review over last 30 years >US$7 billion on mitigation ($ million per year) - result = stopped species becoming extinct, but not saved biomass, which is now <25% historical fishery Lessons from Fraser River Decision s not to put dams on mainstream - result = comparatively healthy fish stocks (>50% historical fishery) Lessons from Parana River fish elevators Passed 10,000 fish per day but this is only 2% of migratory fish biomass
19 Summary Mekong fisheries - critically important (nutrition + economy) 40-70% of benefit (>US$2 billion) - dependent on mainstream migration Dams - block migration reduce production economic loss + social deprivation Current knowledge existing mitigation technologies cannot handle scale of Mekong migration (6-10x species and 100x biomass), nor high dams dams upstream and in tributaries have comparatively less impact than dams downstream Can use existing concepts but need to adapt for every dam
20 Some on-going MRC Fisheries Programme work Improving understanding - modelling impacts of dams on mainstream - defining important spawning sites on mainstream - reviewing reservoir fisheries - guidelines for impact assessment and forecasting - options for mitigation - assessing socio-economic impact of reduction of migratory fish yield Expert group for fish passage - available for advice on Mekong issues biologists and engineers Briefing governments, planners and developers
21 Thank you
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