Definition separation of unstable and destabilized suspended solids from a suspension by the force of gravity

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1 SEDIMENTATION-1 TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH Definition separation of unstable and destabilized suspended solids from a suspension by the force of gravity 1

2 Applications in Wastewater Treatment grit removal suspended solids removal in primary clarifier biological floc removal in activated sludge (secondary clarifier) Settling of particles from suspension depends on: 1. Characteristics of the Particles Discrete Particle: particles whose size, shape and specific gravity do not change with time. Flocculating particles: particles whose surface properties are such that they aggregate upon contact. Thus, changing in size, shape, and perhaps specific gravity with each contact 2

3 Settling of particles from suspension depends on: 2. Concentration of Particles in Suspension: Dilute suspension: suspensions in which the conc. of particles is not sufficient to cause significant displacement of water as they settle or in which the particles will not be close enough for velocity field interference to occur Concentrated Suspension: suspensions in which the conc. of particles is too great to meet the conditions mentioned for dilute suspensions Basic Theory of Settling F G F D p w gvp C d A v p 2 w p 3

4 Velocity of Settling v p g( ) d p 18 w 2 p Coefficient of drag as a function of Reynolds Number 4

5 SETTING VELOCITY VS PARTICLE DIAMETER Settling in a Tank 5

6 Discrete Settling in 3 types of Basin GRIT REMOVAL Sandy material, mostly inorganic, is grit Mostly between 0.05 and 1 mm in diameter Considered to be non-sticky particles, but are mostly sticky particles. Coated with fats, oils and grease in the sewers, increasing buoyancy (upward force) Need to know true grit size to determine the settling velocity wet sieving versus dry sieving If not removed in grit tanks, ends up in digesters Grit characteristics change with flow rates to the plant 6

7 HORIZONTAL-FLOW GRIT CHAMBER The flow passes through the chamber in a horizontal direction and the straight-line velocity Flow is controlled by the dimensions of the unit, an influent distribution gate, and a weir at the effluent end. Horizontal-flow Rectangular Square HORIZONTAL-FLOW GRIT CHAMBER 7

8 Typical design information for horizontal-flow grit chamber Unit Range Typical Detention Time s Horizontal Velocity m/s Settling velocity for removal of 0.21 mm material m/min mm material m/min Headloss in control section as percent of depth in channel % Added length allowance for inlet and outlet turbulence % Aerated Grit Chamber Nominally designed to remove 0.21-mmdiameter or larger, with 2-to-5-minute detention periods at the peak hourly rate of flow. Air is introduced along one side of a rectangular tank to create a spiral flow pattern perpendicular to the flow through the tank. The heavier grit particles that have higher settling velocities settle to the bottom of the tank. Lighter, principally organic, particles remain in suspension and pass through the tank. 8

9 Typical Section Through on Aerated Grit Chamber 9

10 Helical Flow Pattern in An Aerated Grit Chamber Aerated grit chamber with traveling-bridge type grit removal system 10

11 Typical design information for aerated grit chamber Unit Range Typical Detention time at peak flow rate min Dimensions: Depth min 2-5 Length min Width min Width-depth ratio ratio 1:1-5:1 1.5:1 Length-width ratio ratio 3:1-5:1 4:1 Air supply per unit of length m 3 /m.min Grit quantities m 3 /10 3 m

12 VORTEX GRIT CHAMBER Used in small plants and these require lesser area Grit is removed with vortex flow pattern Due to inertia the grit particle will remain in the chamber and liquid free from grit will only escape 1. The rotating turbine maintains constant flow velocity, and its adjustable pitch blades promote separation of organics from the grit. 2. The action of the propeller produces a toroidal flow path for grit particles. 3. The grit settles by gravity into the hopper in one revolution of the basin's contents. 4. Solids are removed from the hopper by a grit pump or an airlift pump. 5. Grit removed by a grit pump can be discharged to a hydro-clone for removal of the remaining organic material. 6. Grit removed by an airlift may be dewatered on a wedge wire screen. 12

13 Typical design for Vortex grit chamber Unit Range Typical Detention time of average flow rate s Diameter Upper chamber m Lower chamber m Height m Removal rates 0.3 mm % mm % mm %

14 Next week Primary sedimentation tanks Design calculation for all sedimentation tanks. 14

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