THE INTERACTION OF HERBICIDES AND NEMATlClDES ON PLANT CANE GROWN IN WEAK SANDY SOILS

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1 Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association - June 98 7 THE NTERACTON OF HERBCDES AND NEMATlClDES ON PLANT CANE GROWN N WEAK SANDY SOLS By R. A. DONALDSON and P. E. T. TURNER South Afvican Sugar Association Experiment Station, Mount Edgecombe Abstract Methods Experiments were conducted in trays and in the field to de- Details of the trials are given in Table. termine the cause of leaf chlorosis and ooor esowth of olant cane on the weak sandy soils along the ~atal north coast: The results indicated that the herbicide was responsible for these symptoms in the variety and the severity of its effect appeared to be related to the clay content, organic matter %, moisture % and ph of the soil. When these factors promoted' the uptake of by the plant severe damage was evident. Damage to cane was most severe when was used with the nematicide. t is suggested that alternative preemergent herbicides be used in cane grown in very weak sands. ntroduction Several reports of chlorosis and stunted growth in the early stages of plant crops of varieties NCo 76 and particularly on Recent Sands were received from the Mtunzini area on the north coast of Natal. These symptoms were apparently related to the application of nematicides, agricultural limestone, potassium and, either alone or in combination. The variety suited to weak sandy soils is because it is evidently able to tolerate parasitic nematodes. The variety has narrow and erect leaves which means that the crop canopy takes a comparatively long time to cover the ground completely. Hence, particularly effective methods of weed control are necessary. Where is planted in weak sandy soils the rows are usually spaced as little as m apart which means that the crop foliage is likely to intercept more of the post-emergent herbicides. Pre-emergent herbicide treatments are therefore preferable because, and also N, are very sensitive to herbicides (Turner8). Both good weed control and control of nematodes are essential for satisfactory yields to be obtained on the sandy soils. The inherently low nutrient status of these soils makes it necessary to apply large amounts of fertilizer, particularly potassium chloride:dolomitic or calcitic lime may also be required to raise the low calcium and magnesium status. Between 9 and 98, experiments were conducted in the field at Empangeni, Felixton and Emoyeni, while at Mount Edgecombe an experiment was conducted in trays. The objective of the trials was to determine which practices, if any, contribute to chlorosis and poor growth of plant cane in sandy soils. Field experiments A randomised block design was used and the treatments were replicated at least four times. The five or six cane rows in each plot were 8 to m long. The outer two rows and one metre at the end of every row in each plot were discarded when the plot was harvested and the mass of the remaining cane was determined. The quality of the cane was determined from stalks taken at random from each plot. n Experiment, nematicide granules were placed in a mm deep furrow along one side of the cane rows in some plots and on both sides of the rows in other plots. n Experiments and, the granules were spread evenly over the setts in the planting furrow and covered immediately with soil. The setts were dipped in a Benlate fungicide solution before being planted. Herbicides were applied by means of a lever-operated knapsack sprayer fitted with a Spraying Systems TK,O floodjet which delivered about! of the spray solution per hectare. The pre-emergent herbicide treatments were applied directly over the cane rows within three days of planting. Post-emergent herbicide sprays were directed across the interrow and away from the cane foliage. Plots which were not treated with a herbicide or in which the herbicide treatments were not effective, were weeded by hand and with hoes. Varieties and N/8 were used in the experiment and the cane was fertilized according to recommendations of the Fertilizer Advisory Service of the South African Sugar Association Experiment Station. Additional fertilizer treatments were applied in Experiments and. Tray experiment Soil for this experiment was collected from a field near Mtunzini where chlorosis and stunted growth had been reported. Ten single-budded setts of varieties and NCo 76 were selected, dipped into a solution of Benlate fungicide and planted directly into trays ( mm X mm X mm), which had been filled with light sandy soil (% clay) or very light sandy soil (% clay). Fertilizer was applied before and after planting in the form of a nutrient solution. Limestone was incorporated lightly into the soil. TABLE Details of the experiments Experiment Crop Age at harvest (months) Site series Clay % - mm PH - mm OM % - mm Rainfall On "OP Variety Ratoon, Empangeni, 7 N/8 Plant,6 Mt Edgecombe 6 66,,lO mgated daily & NCo 76 Plant, Felixton 6,7 96 Plant,O Emoyeni 6,s,

2 8 Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologisrs' Association - June 98 (metribuzin) was applied to some trays by means of a gas-operated knapsack sprayer fitted with a Spraying Systems 8-E fanjet. The spray solution was applied directly over the cane foliage eight weeks after planting when the cane was about mm tall. Chlorosis was assessed visually at intervals after spraying. The height of the stalks from the level of the soil to the top visible dewlap of the main shoot was recorded and the tillers and shoots were counted on several occasions and when the cane was harvested at the age of,6 months. The aerial parts of the plant and the roots were weighed when they were harvested. The physical and chemical characteristics of soil Samples, taken before planting and at the time of harvesting, were determined; results are shown in Table. Very light TABLE Characteristics of the two soils used in Experiment CHEMCAL PHYSCAL Light, 8 Experiment at Empangeni: This experiment was established in ratoon cane. Responses to in the previous crop which had also been treated with and diuron were small and it was suspected that and had interacted. Temik (aldicarb) and (carbofuran) were applied about six weeks after the previous crop was harvested. Herbicides and nematicides were applied on the same day and after four weeks and diuron were applied to some plots for the second time. The treatments and rates at which chemicals were applied were as follows: Treatment. (no nematicide) + diuron. (one side of row) with. + diuron. (one side of row) with. (both sides of row) with. Temik (one side of row) with, Experiment in trays at Mount Edgecombe: Rates of application kg or B ai or ae/ha, +, +, +, +,6 +, +,6 +, +,6 +, to were applied to trays containing very light sandy soil (% clay) and treatments to were applied to trays containing light sandy soil (% clay). n an observation trial, a separate set of treatments which was replicated twice only, was applied to variety which was planted in very light sandy soil to test the possible effects of applying KC fertilizer in some treatments. Chemicals were applied at the same rates as in treatments to. KC fertilizer was applied at the equivalent of kglha. in the observation trial were: () - only standard fertilizer () KC (additional) () () KC + () KC + (6) KC + + (7) KC + + lime (8) KC + + lime + The treatments and rates at which chemicals were applied were: Treatment. - only standard fertilizer. - 8 weeks after planting. - at planting. Temik - at planting. Limestone 6. Limestone + 7. Limestone + 8. Limestone Temik. - only standard fertilizer.. Limestone Lime tons/ha Experiment at Felixton: This experiment was conducted on a site which had been fallowed for some time and where a dense sward of Panicum maximum had to be ploughed and disced repeatedly to produce a fine tilth before planting. The treatments and rates at which chemicals were. applied were: :, Rates of application kg ai or ae/ha,,o,, +,O, +,O, +,O $, +,O, +,O () (no KC) () KC () KC + () KC + + filtercake () KC + + limestone (6) KC + Temik + limestone (7) KC filtercake (8) KC limestone (9) KC +' + + limestone + filtercake () + + limestone Rates of application: KC : kg/ha Lime :, tons/ha :, kg ai/ha : kg ai/ha Temik : kg ai/ha Filtercake : tonsha The KC was placed in the planting furrow and then Temik or and filtercake were applied over the setts of variety. Limestone was broadcast on the surface a day after planting. was applied to some plots on 6 November, six weeks after planting when the cane had about three leaves and was between and mm tall. Experiment at Emoyeni: The site for this experiment was selected because of its very low soil clay and organic matter contents. The yield from variety NCo 76 in this field had been less than tons cane per

3 Proceedings of The South Afn'can Sugar Technologists' Association - June 98 9 hectare and the field was therefore ploughed for replanting. Variety 'was planted on 7 December 98 and the treatments and rates at which chemicals were applied were: : () with Dual + atrazine - pre-emergent () Temik with Dual + atrazine - pre-emergent () with Dual + atrazine - pre-emergent () Temik with - pre-emergent () Temik with - post-emergent (6) with - pre-emergent (7) with - post-emergent Rates of application as kg ai or ae/ha for all treatments: Temik :,O :,O :, Dual :,8 Atrazine :,O Temik and were applied over the setts in the furrow immediately before they were covered with soil. Pre-emergent herbicide treatments were applied across the planted furrow three days after planting while the pre-emergent herbicide treatments were applied days after planting when the cane had three or four leaves. The spray was directed across the interrow and away from the cane foliage. Results Experiment at Empangeni: Because crop growth measurements (Table ) taken when the crop was.. and 7 months old showed that there had been no response to treatment with nematicides, the yields in this experiment were not recorded. t appeared that cane growth was not affected by the herbicides which were applied. with + diuron TABLE Growth characteristics resulting from treatments applied in Experiment Stalk counts x~o-'-~. Stalk heights, 7, 7 months months months months months months (one side) t + diuron Curaten(one with 6 88 Lasso + atrazlne (both sides) with 9 TemikOnesidewith 9 86 Mean 8 99 ::: / The low rainfall which occurred at Empangeni during the course of this experiment may have nullified any benefits which might otherwise have, been gained from treatment with nematicides. Experiment in trays at Mount Edgecombe: The results (Table ) indicate that and Temik both stimulated growth of NCo 76 and resulted in an increase in the production of tillers, and in fresh mass of the aerial parts of the plant and the roots. n shoot growth was not affected, but root mass was substantially decreased by these chemicals. had no effect on the growth and yield of NCo 76 but it caused chlorosis, stunting and reduced yields in. There was a small response to limestone in NCo 76 in terms of shoot 8 TABLE Visual ratings of leaf chlorosis and the effect of treatments on yield and crop characteristics at,6 months of age of cane grown in trays (Experiment ) Variety NCo 76 Soil Very light Light Very light Light Temik Limestone Limestone + Limestone + Limestone Temik Limestone Temik Limestone Limestone + Limestone + Limestone Temik Limestone Chlomsis Note: The ratings of chlorosis are based on a to 9 scale where = no effect and 9 = complete chlorosis Ez: Germination O/o at harvest Shoot length :; mass

4 Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association - June 98 and root production but growth was slightly suppressed in. When and limestone were applied together to NCo 76, the yields did not appear to decrease more than when they were applied separately but when they were applied to chlorosis increased and growth decreased. Applying with limestone resulted in depressed growth compared with the untreated control in both NCo 76 and. The damage caused by was marginally greater than that due to and limestone combined in but not in NCo 76. shown in Table 6. The severe negative effect of on the growth of was evident, as was the increased effect of on when it was applied with limestone. The negative effect of and limestone applied at the same time was more evident on NCo 76 because the response to alone was strongly positive and when limestone was applied alone it had no effect on this variety. Experiment at Felixton: and applied together had phytotoxic effects Germination was retarded in plots where KC alone was on NCo 76 whereas with, the effect applied in the furrow but gemination was not affected where On growth was to that caused by it was applied with either limestone, Ntercde or a nemaficide The response of NCo 76 to Temik was negated by the addition of whereas the effect or a combination of these treatments (Table 7). The poor gerof Temik with on was similar to that of alone.,ination of setts in the pmence of KCl alone resulted in re- The effects of all the chemicals were greater on cane grown in duced stalk populations for most of the growing period, but at the very light soil (% clay) than in the light soil (% clay). The results of the separate observation experiment are shown in Table and they confirm those of the main tray experiment. The response to KC in terms of yield was substantial even though KC caused slight chlorosis. The benefit from KC alone was reduced by the addition of. The adverse effects of with Curatemwere not lessened by the addition af KC or of KC and limestone. As in the main trial, alone had the effect of decreasing the fresh mass of the aerial parts and the roots. The positive and negative effects of each treatment on chlorosis, the fresh mass of the aerial parts and the roots, tiller numbers and shoot length have been integrated and rated, as TABLE TABLE 6 An integrated rating showing positive or negative effects of treatments on cane growth and yields of NCo 76 and Temik Limestone Limestone + Limestone + Limestone Temik NCo Visual ratings of leaf chlorosis and the effect of treatments on yield and crop characteristics of variety in an observation trial with KC (Experiment ) Variety Soil Very light TABLE 7 The effect on leaf chlorosis, vigour of growth, final yield and crop characteristics of'treatments applied to cane in Experiment - no KC KC KC + KC + + filtercake KC + limestone + KC + limestone + Temik KC + limestone + + filtercake KC + limestone + + KC + limestone filtercake Limestone + + cv % LSD (P =,) LSD (P =,Ol) KC KC + KC + KC + + KC + limestone + KC + limestone + + * Note: The ratings of chlorosis are based on a to 9 scale where = no effect and 9. = complete chlorosis Note: Ratings of leaf chlorosis were on a to 9 scale where = no chlorosis and 9 = complete chlorosis. Vigour ratings were done on a to scale where = very poor growth and = excellent growth. Cane t-hs , 7,O Yield components % cane,,s,6,l,o,,8,s,8,7 7,9,o, Chlorosis * t.ha $9,9 7,s 7, 6,8 7,,8,o, Fresh Crop measurements Stalk length (cm) , 9,8 Germination % Stalk popln. x -.h" 9 6, 9, Tilliers at harvest Chlorosis Shoot lengh Fresh mass 8 Vigour days days days

5 Proceedings of The South Afican Sugar Technologists' Association - June 98 harvest yield was increased by tons canehectare. Growth increased due to treatment with nematicides at an early stage and this led to an increase in cane yields. Three days after was applied the leaves became very chlorotic but the - effect disappeared after five weeks. The adverse effects that KC had on growth were not increased by. The highest yields were obtained where a nematicide, KC and limestone had been applied. Where either or filtercake was applied to cane treated with, KC and limestone, yields were reduced by tons cane/ha and where and filtercake were applied in addition to this combination, yields decreased by tons/ha. This may be due to some of the being adsorbed by the organic matter in the filtercake and less being absorbed through the roots of the sugarcane. Experiment at Emoyeni: Both pre- and post-emergent sprays of caused leaf chlorosis which was more evident in cane treated with than in cane treated with Temik. No chlorosis was observed in cane treated with Dual and atrazine. Stunted growth was associated with chlorosis and was less severe in cane treated with Temik. The effects of the various treatments on the height and population of stalks are shown in Figure while their effects on yield and cane quality are given in Table 8. CURATERR STALK HEGHT / Dual + atrazine - f -, J F M A M J J A S J F M A M J J A S STALK POPULATON (X ha) -=.... *..-' Dual + atrazine (pre) - Dual + atrazine -6 J F M A M J J A S Months -6 - J F M A M J J A S Months FGURE Growth responses to treatments shown as differences from,control (no nematicide and treated with Dual + atrazine) in experiment. TABLE 8 The effect of different combinations of nematicides and herbicides on cane and sucrose yields in Experiment with Dual + atrazine Temik with Dual + atrazine ane t-ha Temik with - pre-emergent Temik with - post-emergent with - pre-emergent with - ~ost-emeczent 7 LSD (P =-,) LSD (P =.) suc % cane Pre-emergent sprays Growth responses to Temik and where Dual plus atrazine had been applied as a pre-emergent treatment, were obvious within three months from time of planting. Yields of cane were increased by about 6 and tons/ha (equivalent to increases of 8% and 7%) following treatment with Temik and Curaten; respectively. The response to Temik was reduced by about % where was applied as a pre- or postemergent spray. Stalk populations and to a lesser extent, stalk heights of cane treated with and sprayed with were severely reduced within three months of planting during which time growth was poorer than where no nematicide had been applied and Dual and atrazine had been used. During the ensuing nine months, new tillers emerged and appeared to be

6 Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association - June 98 less affected. The heights and populations of the stalks of cane treated with and were greater at the time of harvesting than those of cane which was not treated with a nematicide but which was sprayed with Dual and atrazine. Cane treated with and (pre-emergent) yielded about % (P =,Ol) less than cane treated with and Dual and atrazine. Post-emergent sprays Six weeks after spraying the post-emergent treatment of onto cane which had been treated with, stalk populations were similar to those of cane which had not been treated with a nematicide but had been sprayed with Dual and atrazine. At the time of harvesting, however, the stalk population was slightly higher than that of untreated cane sprayed with Dual and atrazine. Stalks of cane treated with and sprayed with (post-emergent) were consistently longer than those of cane sprayed with Dual and atrazine only. The yields of cane treated with and sprayed with (post-emergent) were about 7% (P =,Ol) less than yields of cane treated with and sprayed with Dual and atrazine. Discussion and Conclusions Abdellatif et all have shown that the uptake of the active ingredients of Temik (aldicarb) and (carbofwn) is greatest in sandy soils. Bhirid and Pitre showed that the moisture content of the soil influenced the availability of the active ingredients to the plant and also that the activity of these pesticides were dependent on the organic matter content of the soil; activity decreased with an increase in the organic matter content. Getzin (cited by Homeyer-) indicated that the degradation of was greatest in alkaline soils (ph 7,8). Savage7 and Ladlie et apv6 have shown that the availability of the herbicide (metribuzin) is influenced by the clay content, the organic matter content and ph of the soil. Ladlie et UP also showed that leaching of metribuzin increases with increasing soil ph. The low clay content, higher soil moisture content, relatively low organic matter content and the application of lime in Experiments and may have increased the availablity of the nematicides and herbicides to the plants. Cane treated with was damaged much more where had been applied than where Temik had been applied. ::amond reported that and various soil insecticides caused similar damage to soybean. The results indicate that the herbicide (metribuzin) and the nematicide (carbofuran) interact in soils with low organic matter and clay contents and the resulting phytotoxicity has a severe effect on the growth of plant cane. Where and Temik (aldicarb) were used, the damage to plant cane was slight. The herbicides Dual and atrazine appeared to have no effect on the growth of sugarcane and it is expected that Lasso and atrazine will also be safe as pre-emergent treatments for sugarcane. The results from two trials confirm that lime may reduce the efficacy of nematicides (Getzin cited by Homeyer-) if it is applied shortly before nematicides are applied. Acknowledgements The co-operation of the cane growers on whose farms field experiments were conducted is gratefdly acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the technical staff of the Agronomy department and the staff of the Chemistry and Biometry departments of the South African Sugar Association Experiment Station. We would also like to acknowledge the valuable discussions held with the staff of Bayer South Africa.. Abdellatif, M. A., Hermanson, H. P. & Reynolds, H. T. (9). Effect of soil clay and organic matter content upon systemic efficacy of two Carbamate insecticides. J Econ Entomol6: -... Bhirid, K. M. & Pitre, H. N. (). nfluence of soil class and soil moisture on bioactivity of carbofuran and disulfoton in corn in greenhouse tests: Relationship to leafhopper vector control and corn stunt disease incidence. J Econ Entomol6: -9.. Hammond, R. B. (98). Pesticide interactions on soyabeans. Ohio Report : -.. Homeyer, B. ()., a broad spectrum root-systemic insecticide and nematicide. Pflanzenschutz Nachrichten Buyer-Leverkusen 8: -.. Ladlie, J. S., Meggitt, W. F. & Penner, D. (6). Effect of ph on metribuzin activity in the soil. Weed Sci Vol : Ladlie, J. S., Meggitt, W. F. & Penner, D (6). Role of ph on metribwin dissipation in field soils. Weed Sci Vol : Savage, K. E. (6). Adsorption and mobility of metribwin in soil. Weed Sci Vol : Turner, P. E. T. (98). The sensitivity of some South African sugarcane varieties to herbicides. Proc S Afi Sug Techno Ass 6: -.

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