Starting in 1975, the Flat-Plate Solar Array project was begun and NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) organized a series of purchases of PV

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3 Starting in 1975, the Flat-Plate Solar Array project was begun and NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) organized a series of purchases of PV modules from manufacturers designated as JPL Block Buys I through V. All modules were crystalline silicon. Based on field experience and failure analysis of degraded modules, each of the five block buys generally placed increasingly stringent accelerated stress tests on the modules through additional tests, altered test parameters, and varied test durations to reach the current IEC qualification tests.

4 ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ IEC ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ IEC UL 1703 ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ IEC IEC 62716

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6 Contamination (e.g. improper cleaning of the glass) Environmental Factors (Temperature and Humidity) Performance loss due to decoupling of the encapsulant from the cells Moisture accumulation and possibility of corrosion failures in metallic contacts

7 Inadequate choice of additives and/or their concentrations As a result of a problem in module To produce acetic acid with UV exposure, which corrodes solder bonds and electrical contacts To decrease EVA adhesion and shear strength

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9 Poor soldering in the PV module production process of the connection between cell interconnect ribbon and string interconnect is the most important reason for disconnections Physical stress during PV module transportation, thermal cycle, and/or hot spots by partial cell shading during long-term PV system operation

10 The current IEC tests have been fairly successful in weeding out poor modules. The degradation rates reported by Jordan and Kurtz (Jordan & Kurtz, 2012) indicate that the tests have been quite successful in identifying and eliminating module types that suffer large degradation rates early in their lifetime.

11 Fraunhofer ISE PI Photovoltaik-Institut Berlin TÜV Rheinland UL Int. Germany

12 AT4 wireless, S.A. FUNDACIÓN CENER -CIEMAT Eurofins Product Testing Italy S.r.l. Kiwa Cermet Italia S.p.A.

13 TUV Rheinland (India) Pvt. Ltd. UL India Pvt Ltd. Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) Telecom Technology Center Communication and Photovoltaic Laboratory China TÜV Rheinland Taiwan Ltd. CCIC Southern Electronic Product Testing (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. CCIC-CSA International Certification Co., Ltd Kunshan Branch China Photovoltaic Product Test Center (CPTC) Intertek Testing Services Shanghai LCIE CHINA Company limited National Centre of Supervision and Inspection on Solar Photovoltaic Products Quality Photovoltaics Test Laboratory, Center for Measurement Standards, ITRI QSTC (Quality Supervision and Testing Center) TÜV Rheinland Shanghai Co. Ltd UL-CCIC Company Limited Yangzhou Opto-Electrical Products Testing Institute (YOT)

14 IEC Electroluminescence of photovoltaic modules IEC Photovoltaic (PV) modules - Cyclic (dynamic) mechanical load testing IEC Non-uniform snow load testing for photovoltaic (PV) modules IEC Photovoltaic (PV) modules -Test methods for the detection of potential- induced degradation IEC Photovoltaic devices - Part 11: Measurement of initial light-induced degradation of crystalline silicon solar cells and photovoltaic modules IEC IEC Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 1-6: Encapsulants Test methods for determining the degree of cure in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Measurement procedures for materials used in photovoltaic modules - Part 7-2: Environmental exposures - Accelerated weathering tests of polymeric materials

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16 To differentiate between products that may have long and short lifetimes To address failure mechanisms for all climates and system configurations To identify and quantify wear-out mechanisms To quantify lifetime for the intended application/climate

17 ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻤﭙﻞ ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ

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22 To address the gap between IEC qualification tests addressing infant mortality and longer term performance/durability/reliability testing, a number of global research and standards development activities are currently underway. One of the principal efforts currently underway to address PV durability, performance, and reliability was initiated through a cooperative effort between NREL in the United States, the European Commission s JRC, and Japan s National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

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24 ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﮊﻭﻝ ﻓﺘﻮﻭﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﮏ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﮊﻭﻝ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ

25 ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﮊﻭﻝ ﻓﺘﻮﻭﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﻚ ) (IEC61215 ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ