Engineering Hydrology. Class 16: Direct Runoff (DRO) and Unit Hydrographs
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1 Engineering Hydrology Class 16: and s
2 Topics and Goals: 1. Calculate volume of DRO from a hydrograph; 2. Complete all steps to develop a. Class 14: s? HG? Develop Ocean
3 Class 14: s? HG? Develop
4 Timing parameters Class 14: s tc? HG? - Duration of rainfall excess (D): time from start to finish of rainfall excess - Lag time (L or t p ) : time from the center of mass of rainfall excess to the peak of the hydrograph - Time of rise (T R ) : time from the start of rainfall excess to the peak of the hydrograph - Time of concentration (tc) : time for a wave (of water) propagate from the most distant pt in the watershed to the outlet. One estimate is time from the end of net rainfall to the inflection pt. - Time base (T b ) : total duration of the DRO hydrograph Develop
5 Class 14: s? HG? Assume linear response Develop
6 Constructing the Class 14: s From your text (BHV, p. 117):? HG? Develop
7 Separating Baseflow Class 14: s? HG? Develop
8 Volume (depth) of DRO? Class 14: s From BHV, p. 117:? HG? Develop
9 In-Class Exercise: Volume (depth) of DRO? Use DRO hydrograph to calculate volume of DRO; one approach is the trapezoidal rule -- see E2-1(d) in handout (posted) Class 14: s? HG? For a 2600-acre basin, what is the amount (depth) of DRO? Hints: (a) sum up the total volume in cfs-hour; (b) 1 cfs = 1 ac-in / hour Develop
10 Net Rainfall (Excess Rainfall) = DRO Class 14: s From BHV, p. 117:? HG? Develop
11 Net Rainfall (Excess Rainfall) = DRO Class 14: s? HG? Develop The phi-index is an assumed uniform and constant infiltration rate. It s calculated by finding the loss difference between gross precipitation and observed surface runoff.
12 Net Rainfall (Excess Rainfall) = DRO If the phi-index of the storm is 0.5 inches per hour for 5 hours, then what is the net rainfall? Class 14: s? HG? Develop
13 Net Rainfall (Excess Rainfall) = DRO If the phi-index of the storm is 0.5 inches per hour for 5 hours, then what is the net rainfall? Class 14: s? HG? Develop
14 Net Rainfall (Excess Rainfall) = DRO If the phi-index of the storm is 0.5 inches per hour for 5 hours, then what is the net rainfall? Class 14: s? HG? Develop
15 Net Rainfall (Excess Rainfall) = DRO Class 14: s DRO = Excess rainfall is the cumulative rainfall minus rainfall abstractions; estimates runoff volume (important for storage design) Influencing factors: rain amount, drainage area, soil type, ground cover Curve Number approach developed by Soil Conservation Service (now Natural Resources Conservation Service, or NRCS) to estimate daily excess rain amount from daily rain amount (we ll tackle this in week 8)? HG? Develop
16 Constructing the Class 14: s From your text (BHV, p. 117):? HG? Develop
17 Constructing the Class 14: s From your text (BHV, p. 117):? HG? Develop
18 Constructing the Class 14: s From your text (BHV, p. 117):? HG? Develop
19 Class 14: s The is a depiction of the hydrograph (discharge) that would result from 1.0 inch of rainfall. The upshot: you normalize an observed hydrograph to produce the UH.? HG? Develop
20 Constructing the Class 14: s 1) Use DRO hydrograph to calculate total DRO ( trapezoidal rule ) 2) Convert DRO hydrograph to hydrograph: in this example, because total volume of DRO is 2 inches (2 inches x watershed area = volume), divide the ordinate (y-axis) values of discharge by 2, to normalize the values to a set of values that would produce only 1 inch of DRO -- this becomes the unit hydrograph.? HG? Develop
21 Class 14: s In-Class Exercise: Development? HG? Develop
22 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph:
23 In-Class Exercise: Development For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph: This example problem is example #2-1 on page 108 (Ch. 2) of Bedient...
24 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph: A ~100 cfs baseflow is evident.
25 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph: A ~100 cfs baseflow is evident - use constant discharge method.
26 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph:
27 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph: See spreadsheet for calculations...
28 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph:
29 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph: For a phi-index of 0.5 in/hour, subtract that from the hyetograph.
30 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph: For a phi-index of 0.5 in/hour, subtract that from the hyetograph. This yields a net excess rainfall of 1 in/hour for 2 hours = 2 inches.
31 For an 1850-acre watershed with a phi-index of 0.5 inches/hour, convert the following hydrograph into a 2-hour unit hydrograph: Net Rainfall = 2.0 DRO = 2
32 Net Rainfall = 2.0 DRO = 2
33 Net Rainfall = 2.0 DRO = 2
34 Net Rainfall = 2.0 DRO = 2 Based on the UH, what are (a) Tb, (b) tp, and (c) tc?
35 Net Rainfall = 2.0 DRO = 2 Based on the UH, what are (a) Tb, (b) tp, and (c) tc?
36 Timing parameters tc - Duration of rainfall excess (D): time from start to finish of rainfall excess - Lag time (L or t p ) : time from the center of mass of rainfall excess to the peak of the hydrograph - Time of rise (T R ) : time from the start of rainfall excess to the peak of the hydrograph - Time of concentration (tc) : time for a wave (of water) propagate from the most distant pt in the watershed to the outlet. One estimate is time from the end of net rainfall to the inflection pt. - Time base (T b ) : total duration of the DRO hydrograph
37 Based on the UH, what are (a) Tb, (b) tp, and (c) tc? Net Rainfall = 2.0 DRO = 2 tc
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