RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

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1 Region 5 Renewable Energy Study Summary August 2009 Conservation is the first step. Renewable energy is wasted without energy conservation efforts like insulation, caulking, and energy efficient lighting or windows. Some renewable energy resources are not addressed by this report such as landfill methane, hydropower, or new technologies. Land Base: Study area encompasses 3,522,295 acres of Cass, Crow Wing, Todd, Wadena, Benton counties. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (A) Wind, Solar, and geothermal Wind: Solar: Geothermal: Ratings increase across the region as you go south and west. Solar radiation potential is consistent across the region. Many commercial and residential applications. Some areas limited by access to ground water, site space, or zoning regulations. Unlimited resource potential but there is some restricted availability. Each is site specific. Feasibility of projects on a commercial scale for a utility company is limited due to current low cost electricity in the Midwest. Feasibility for individuals or companies is site specific.

2 Solar energy for thermal vs. electrical applications have different efficiencies and ROI s. Most ROI s are longer term (> 5 years). Job growth area. Transmission of electrical energy feasibility or efficiency is site specific. Parameters are related to proximity to high KV transmission lines and line characteristics (load, diameter, phase, etc). Regional Smart Grid discussions are addressing transmission issues. (B) Animal waste Practical at individual farm level with anaerobic digester. An industrial scaled collection system is expensive because of water weight. High moisture content is a problem for combustion and must be supplemented with drier feedstocks like wood chips. Lowest total Btu s from the renewable energy sources. (C) BIOMASS Biomass platforms: 1. Electrical generation. Direct burn biomass to replace coal or other fuels. The feasibility is questionable with low regional electricity costs except by government mandates (20/25). Feedstock must be low cost. 2. Pelletization. Dry wood chips and pelletize for residential or briquettes for industrial applications. Several methods like the torrefaction process have been developed. 3. Cellulosic Ethanol through a biochemical process. 4. Biomass gasification with or without a MTG platform to produce syngas, or gasoline & diesel plus other by products. The excess heat is used as heat/electricity generation for the process and can be up to 70% efficient.

3 Biomass energy potential: Excellent potential for job growth. Purchase Power Agreements from local governments or energy industry would secure long term stability for a large capital investment. High initial capital costs example: $265 MM for a 50 million GPY biomass gasification plant. (Biofuels feasibility study U of MN) Existing Bio fuel feasibility study for Pine/Isanti/Chisago counties by the U of MN Infancy of the technology. (1) Ag crop residue, grass, & brush biomass Efficient collection and transportation of low weight material is an obstacle. Crop plantings seasonally variable Btu availability changes. CRP and public land acres are not currently available for biomass harvesting. Access to some lands is seasonally restricted. There is concern of soil mining if all agricultural cropland residues are collected annually. Complex variables such as crop type and soil type determine a sustainable harvest level. (2) Woody biomass The 6 county LOGGING RESIDUE biomass availability is 300,000 tons or 3.08 trillion Btu/ yr (excludes northern Cass Co.) Estimated TOTAL TREE biomass available in the 6 county area is 1 MM tons annually or trillion BTU's/ yr Challenges: Competition for the timber resource and a limited supply.

4 Largest volume of the timber resource is in northern tier of the state. Transportation costs become a limiting factor for some applications. Large amounts of Logging residue biomass are available only if there is a strong pulpwood market. A large biomass facility (>75,000 ton) would have to pay the higher roundwood log prices to source the plant if solely dependent on forest biomass feedstocks. Not all potential volume is available for numerous reasons. Opportunities: Recent collapse in Minnesota of the forest products industry leaves an excess of 1 MM 1.25 MM tons of supply vs. demand. Less than 1% of the state s forest acres are harvested annually. The Region 5 area minimal biomass potential is 10 trillion Btu s or 1 MM tons. Additional volumes are also available in Morrison, Mille Lacs, and Kanabec Counties. Each dollar spent on timber returns $41.60 to the state economy. Notes: Some data on energy use is several years old and updated information would be important to a potential energy developer for determining local demand. This is especially important if there is a large local industrial energy consumer. Energy (primarily gas and electricity) consumption information is not publicly accessible. Local regional economic development personnel are encouraged to ascertain accurate and updated information for their locations.

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