SCI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 1

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1 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 1 Name: ate: 1 Which of the following would most reduce current U.S. reliance on foreign oil imports? Switching to energy-efficient lightbulbs ontinuing to raise the fuel efficiency standards for all vehicles sold in the United States Replacing any dishwasher or refrigerator more than 10 years old with new energy-efficient models Turning computers and lights off when not in use 2 Instead of only generating more electricity, rising energy demands may also be met by. switching from natural gas to coal switching from coal and natural gas to windmills and solar technologies increasing the efficiency of energy consumption using more nuclear power instead of fossil fuels 3 One way to reduce energy use is to find more efficient ways to provide electricity. bout what percentage of the energy in coal is lost during the generation and transmission of electricity? 20% 30% 50% 70% 4 Which of the following sectors is most heavily dependent on oil? Industrial Residential Transportation ommercial 5 Which of the following best exemplifies a decentralized power generation system? The Hoover am hot water heater solar panel on a house windfarm 6 s a source of energy, developed countries rely on the most, while developing countries rely more heavily on. coal; oil and natural gas wood and other biofuels; fossil fuels fossil fuels; nuclear power oil and natural gas; coal

2 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 2 7 What does a hybrid car have that a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle lacks? n electric motor n internal combustion engine battery or batteries rakes 8 You visit a small village during a trip to Haiti. While there, you learn that a large number of villagers suffer from respiratory problems. Which of the following is the best explanation for this phenomenon? The villagers are exposed to a great deal of air pollution from urban traffic. The villagers are exposed to a great deal of air pollution from fuels used for cooking. The villagers are allergic to your body spray. Many of the villagers have had malaria, and lung damage is a permanent effect of the disease. 9 ll of the following are secondary energy sources except. gasoline electricity batteries coal 10 oth a hydroelectric power plant and a fossil fuel power plant require in order to generate electricity. steam a water pump a turbine fuel 11 Which of the following energy sources is an example of a traditional biomass fuel? Nuclear energy ow poop oal Hydropower 12 Which one of the following is the most cleanly burning fossil fuel? ituminous coal nthracite coal Natural gas Oil

3 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 3 13 If you were exploring the modern world for fossil fuels, which of the following pieces of information would be most useful to you? current climate conditions whether an area is underwater or not the location of modern swamps and marshes the geologic history of the area 14 Fossil fuels represent. plants and algae buried millions of years ago natural deposits of organic materials that formed long before life on Earth evolved the remains of fossil animals that lived a few thousand years ago sustainable sources of energy that are underused today 15 Why would a fossil fuel production company want to use a technique like three-dimensional seismic surveying before setting up an oil or natural gas drilling operation? to ensure that no underground pipelines or electricity lines are hit during the drilling to identify the easiest path through the rock for the drilling equipment to make sure there is no possibility of groundwater contamination during drilling to identify pockets of natural gas or oil underground prior to drilling 16 Which combination below represents an environmental benefit and environmental drawback of natural gas compared to other fossil fuels? (benefit; drawback) cheaper; less air pollution less air pollution during gas combustion; water and air pollution during production less air pollution; greater O2 emission no O2 emission; ground water pollution 17 Why is fractional distillation used on crude oil? to partially remove the solids from crude oil to take out contaminants from oil to separate out hydrocarbons into different useable forms to turn oil into natural gas 18 What is likely to be the main factor that limits growth of coal use in upcoming decades? oal use has a large environmental impact oal reserves are expected to last only for a few more decades, and it is unlikely that there are any more coal deposits to find. oal resources are not evenly spread across the world. oal is currently being phased out in favor of nuclear energy.

4 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 4 19 The process of hydraulic fracturing involves using. explosives to fracture layers of rock that contain natural gas the energy from "fractured" water molecules to create a flow of electrons coal as a chemical reactant for producing natural gas high-pressure fluids to fracture rock layers that contain natural gas 20 Fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable sources of energy because. they are used more quickly than they can naturally be replaced they release carbon dioxide when they are burned people are cutting down too many forests to allow trees to turn into coal carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are too high to allow fossil fuels to form 21 t the current rates of use, the United States has enough coal to last the next years years years years 22 Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable? E Fossil fuel energy Sunlight (solar) energy Geothermal energy Tidal energy Wind energy 23 The world's most abundant fossil fuel is. E biodiesel coal oil natural gas methane 24 can be isolated from crude oil through the process of fractional distillation. Natural gas Oil shale Vegetable oil Gasoline

5 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 5 25 uring the 1900s, the United States saw a transition from coal to natural gas furnaces, and today, few homes are directly heated with coal. ll of the following are benefits of this transition except. less truck traffic bringing fuel to homes a decrease in acid precipitation a switch to a fuel that is much more abundant a decrease in the release of greenhouse gases 26 Which fossil fuel generally contains the greatest concentrations of pollution-causing contaminants? oal Oil Natural gas Uranium 27 ompared to the use of fossil fuels, wind energy. is more consistent requires no investment produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change is not renewable 28 Passive solar is used in the design of. photovoltaic solar panels houses water heaters solar cars 29 In order to make a rapid transition to renewable energies, countries like the United States will have to. reduce subsidies to the fossil fuel industry reduce subsidies to renewable energy development to create economic parity manufacture smaller, more fuel efficient cars and trucks strengthen its ties and involvement with the Middle East 30 Every winter morning when the sun is shining bright, a man living in Montana pulls back the drapes on a large south-facing window. In this way, he helps heat his home using. conductive solar heating active solar heating radioactive solar heating passive solar heating

6 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 6 31 Which of the following is most likely to be powered by photovoltaics? lawn mower lighthouse calculator n automobile 32 home in Oklahoma is built into a hillside such that only the south-facing side of the home, with many large windows, is exposed to the outside. Such construction of a home takes advantage of. biomass heating and geothermal cooling active geothermal heating and cooling passive solar heating and geothermal cooling passive solar heating and active biomass energy 33 geothermal heat pump can be used for which of the following purposes? Warming a home in the winter Producing electricity Producing hot water ooling a home in the winter 34 Unlike solar, hydropower plants. can be constructed quickly can be added to gradually as demand grows can consistently generate electricity at night do not pose a great safety risk 35 One of the advantages of solar power over the use of fossil fuels is that solar power. can work equally well anywhere in the world generates electricity every hour of the day uses less expensive technology is sustainable 36 The cost of solar electricity is. comparable to the cost of electricity produced from fossil fuels comparable to the cost of hydropower comparable to the cost of wind power more than three times as expensive as electricity produced from fossil fuels

7 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 7 37 ompared to concentrated solar thermal power facilities and hydroelectric dams, wind farms. cause less habitat disturbance can be placed anywhere do not involve the use of turbines are very expensive to build 38 lthough hydroelectric dams generate electricity without directly producing greenhouse gases, they. are short-lived structures that have to be rebuilt about every 20 years contribute only about 5% of global electricity production produce as much other air pollutants as coal-fired power plants eliminate wildlife habitats and affect the temperature of waterways 39 lthough they have tremendous advantages, wind turbines. cause thousands of bird and bat deaths each year are known to dry out the soil in the surrounding region make the surrounding region unsuitable for farming or ranching generate greenhouse gases when producing electricity 40 oal would not be considered a renewable source of biomass energy because. it was not formed from living organisms it releases carbon dioxide when burned it does not contain organic material the organisms that formed the coal lived millions of years ago 41 Which of the following involves the use of biomass energy? urning coal to produce electricity Using natural gas to heat a home urning logs in a fireplace to heat a cabin urning oil in a kerosene lantern 42 One of the main motivations for using corn-based ethanol in the United States is. that all new vehicles can use both ethanol and gasoline as fuel that by doing so, we reduce our reliance on imported oil that we have excess crops available for fuel production the generation of biodiesel as a by-product of ethanol production

8 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 8 43 What is the difference between primary and secondary energy sources? Primary sources are transformed to make secondary sources. Primary sources are used in cars and secondary in homes. Primary sources have one organic compound and secondary energy sources have two. Primary sources are always fossil fuels and secondary is a broader term that includes renewable or other sources. 44 You are the chief executive officer (EO) of a large bus company that transports passengers long distances across the United States. You want to be environmentally "friendly" and are considering replacing your older buses with those that run on hydrogen fuel. However, your executive board dislikes the idea. Which one of the following arguments is valid and could be used by the board to dissuade you from adding hydrogen-fueled buses to your fleet? Hydrogen vehicles are unsafe and have been known to spontaneously combust when rear-ended. It may be difficult along some bus routes to find gas stations that sell hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen vehicles are actually more polluting than gasoline-powered buses, so the environmentally friendly thing to do would be to add gasoline-powered buses to the fleet. Hydrogen vehicles have a range of only around 50 miles, and they take hours to refuel, so hydrogen buses would not be a wise choice for vehicles traveling across the country. 45 Why are today's electric cars usually not "emission-free"? ecause batteries emit air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. ecause electric cars burn gasoline in an internal combustion engine. ecause most electric cars actually run on electricity produced by coal. Electric cars are currently only in the design stage, so they technically do not yet exist. 46 What is the major difference between decentralized and centralized electricity generation? ost Proximity of electricity production to electricity use One uses a smart grid; the other does not Reliability

9 SI181 exam 2 test #3 Page 9 47 What sequence of steps occurs inside a power plant? No one knows because the process is protected by intellectual property laws. primary source of energy is cooled and as the substance contracts it creates negative pressure in a chamber than can then be used to do work. primary source of energy is used to turn a turbine, usually through the production of steam, to make electricity. primary source of energy is burned and the resulting heat runs through the power lines. 48 What is the difference between first- and second-generation biomass fuels? First-generation biomass fuels are made from corn, whereas second-generation fuels are made from sugar cane. First-generation biomass fuels are made from plant materials that can also be used as food, whereas second-generation fuels are made from non-food plant materials. First-generation biomass fuels are better for the environment than second-generation fuels. First-generation biomass fuels are burned directly (like wood), whereas second-generation fuels have to be chemically extracted from plants. 49 In what ways do government policies inhibit the widespread use of solar and other renewable energy sources? The presidential candidates do not find solar to be marketable in campaigns. Policies allow for only a limited number of solar panels to be purchased by a single individual or business. Some states refuse to allow solar panels to be installed. urrent policies are build around a fossil fuel energy system. 50 What is the difference between renewable energy and sustainable energy? Renewable energy includes wind and solar and sustainable energy is fossil fuels. Renewable energy resources cannot be used up, whereas sustainable energy can meet current and future needs without impacting future generations. Renewable and sustainable are terms that can be used interchangeably. Sustainable energy is any form of energy that can be used forever. Renewable refers to where the energy comes from.

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