Energy Balances Overview

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Energy Balances Overview"

Rosalind Roberts
6 years ago
Views:

1 Energy Balances Overview Energy Statistics Training IEA, Paris, 29 February 4 March 2016 Remi Gigoux Energy Balances

2 Energy balances What is an energy balance? Why calculate an energy balance? How to calculate energy balances? IEA energy balance layout Using energy balances

3 What is an energy balance?

Energy balance: compact source of information Totals Supply Transformation and energy industries own use Final consumption Comparable information for all products

4 Energy balance: compact source of information Totals Supply Transformation and energy industries own use Final consumption Comparable information for all products Comparable energy units (Mtoe) Industry Transport Global picture of energy situation in a country Other final consumption Non-energy use Electricity and heat output

5 Energy balance as a Sankey chart

6 Why calculate an energy balance?

7 Why calculate an energy balance? To compute and monitor Total energy supply and consumption + patterns for whole energy market Weight of different energy sources in mix Consumption across sectors of economic activity Energy intensity, dependence on energy imports and other socio-economic indicators Data quality (e.g. efficiency in transformation sector as a quality indicator)

8 How to calculate an energy balance?

9 Flow of data processing in IEA Annual Questionnaires OR National publications, websites Commodity Statistics Energy balances Coal Oil Natural gas Renewables Electricity & Heat

10 For discussion. What do you need to move from commodity statistics (energy statistics) to energy balances? 2. Density 3. Calorific values 4. Carbon content

11 From energy statistics to energy balance: How? Balances by product X Calorific values Format change = Energy balance A calorific value: is the amount of heat obtained from one unit (mass or volume) of the fuel. is the only way to convert a fuel quantity from natural units (mass or volume) into energy units (e.g. ktoe)

12 Calorific values: key to data quality Commodity balances Production 100 Import 20 Export 40 Supply 80 Statistical differences Input to Electricity Final consumption. Bituminous coal kt Product 2 m3 Net Calorific Values Production 23 Import 25 Export 22.5 Input to Electricity Final consumption. Bituminous coal TJ/kt Product 2 TJ/m3 Energy balance (excerpt) Production 2300 Import 500 Export 900 Supply 1900 Statistical differences Input to Electricity Bituminous coal TJ Product 2 The need to collect good quality Final data by 600 type of product for both physical quantities consumption & calorific values TJ

13 Energy balance methodological choices 1. Choice of common unit 2. Net vs. Gross calorific value approach 3. Choice of calorific values by product 4. Choice of primary energy form for energy that is not derived from combustion 5. Physical energy content vs. Partial substitution method

14 1. Which energy unit? Btu Watt-hours toe Joules IEA opted for: toe

15 2. Net vs. Gross Calorific Values? Difference between NCV and GCV is the latent heat of vaporisation of the water produced during combustion 5% 5% 10% IEA uses Net Calorific Values (NCVs)

16 3. Choice of Calorific values by product for Coal, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Oil products Calorific values vary: over time, can be different each year from commodity to commodity (e.g. coal oil products) from country to country from flow to flow (in some cases, e.g. trade consumption)

17 4a. How to determine primary equivalents for non-combustible sources? Combustible sources are fired into a power plant measurable input to transformation But how about nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, wave? The output is clear (electricity, heat) But what is the input????

18 4b. Choice of primary energy form for non-combustible sources First energy form downstream for which multiple energy uses are practical Heat for: nuclear electricity geothermal (heat and electricity) solar thermal heat Electricity for: hydro wind wave/ocean solar photovoltaics

19 5a. Choice of method for calculating the primary energy equivalent (non-combustible sources) Physical energy content method IEA opted for Input = Physical energy content of the primary energy source. Implied efficiencies are: When primary energy form = heat nuclear 33% geothermal 10% (electricity) 50% (heat) When primary energy form = electricity Solar PV, hydro, wind, etc. 100%

20 IEA energy balance layout

21 Key structural features of the IEA energy balance SUPPLY AND Coal Crude Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Geotherm. Combust. Electricity Heat Total CONSUMPTION oil products solar renew. etc. & waste Production Imports Supply Exports Intl. marine bunkers Refined - products - and Intl. aviation bunkers electricity - are secondary Stock changes energy: production = 0 to TPES Transfers avoid double - counting Statistical differences Electricity plants CHP plants Heat plants Blast furnaces Transformation TPES Gas works Negative value represents Coke/pat.fuel/BKB/PB plants Oil refineries an input, - positive - value - - supply Petrochemical plants represents an output Liquefaction plants Other transformation Transformation losses Total primary energy Energy industry own use Losses appear - in the - Total column TFC as negative - figures INDUSTRY TRANSPORT OTHER NON-ENERGY USE

22 For discussion. Which country s energy balance is shown below? 2. Norway 3. France 4. Saudi Arabia

23 Uses of energy balances

24 Using the energy balance with economic indicators Population GDP Energy Production/TPES Net Oil Imports/GDP TPES/GDP TPES/Population Oil Supply/GDP Oil Supply/Population Electricity Consumption/GDP Electricity Consumption/Population

25 Energy intensity: TPES/GDP GDP (billion 2005 USD using PPPs, left axis) Total primary energy supply (Mtoe, left axis) TPES/GDP (toe per thousand 2005 USD PPP, right axis)

26 0.6 TPES/GDP, 2013 (toe/thousand 2005 USD) Source: IEA World Energy Balances (2015 edition)

27 TPES/Population, 2013 (toe/capita) Source: IEA World Energy Balances (2015 edition)

28 160% Self-sufficiency: Production/TPES Example: China Total Coal Oil Gas 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% Source: IEA World Energy Balances (2015 edition)

29 600% Self-sufficiency, % 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% Source: IEA World Energy Balances (2015 edition)

30 Using balances to estimate CO 2 emissions Annual Questionnaires OR National publications, websites Coal Commodity Energy balances balances CO 2 emissions Oil Natural gas Renewables Electricity & Heat

31 Joint manuals help data collection In 2004/2005 the IEA and Eurostat prepared a joint manual to help countries collect and submit energy data. The IEA is in the process of updating the manual. The UN has also completed International Recommendations on Energy Statistics (IRES), and they are working on an Energy Statistics Compiler s Manual (ESCM)

32 In conclusion, good energy balances: Are a compact source of energy information (convenient!) Require good quality statistics (data, calorific values) Enable accurate checks of energy statistics (efficiencies ) Are the foundation for basic energy indicators, energy accounts and for CO 2 emissions estimates BALANCES@iea.org Thank you!

From Basic Energy Statistics to Energy Balances. Workshop on Energy Statistics. Karen Tréanton. International Energy Agency

International Energy Agency Karen Tréanton IEA Energy Statistics Division Head of Energy Balances, Prices and Emissions Section From Basic Energy Statistics to Energy Balances International Workshop on