Nuclear Fission Energy Systems to be explored for the Future NPO Nuclear Salon Representative Director Yoichi Fuji-ie

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Nuclear Fission Energy Systems to be explored for the Future NPO Nuclear Salon Representative Director Yoichi Fuji-ie"

Transcription

1 International Symposium on Present Status and Future Perspective for Reducing Radioactive Wastes ~ Challenge for the Relief in the Next-generation ~, February 17, 2016 Nuclear Fission Energy Systems to be explored for the Future NPO Nuclear Salon Representative Director Yoichi Fuji-ie

2 A Wide Perspective on Nuclear Energy What has Civilization required from Science & Technology? 1

3 A Wide Perspective on Nuclear Energy Evolution of Natural Science in Civilizational theory Urban society of energy dependency CO 2 concentration in atmosphere 280 ppm in 1750 (Before Industrial Revolution) 400 ppm in 2014 Manifestation of the environmental problems caused by fossil fuel use Annual Resource Consumption Annual Waste Production CO 2 6 million tons SO x 1.2 million tons Coal 2.2 million tons Ash 0.05 million ton CO 2 5 million tons Oil 1.4 million tons SO x 0.04 million tons Nuclear Oil & LNG Coal Watermill & Windmill Firewood & Cattle Di Fi Natural Uranium Once-through LWR Spent fuel 30 tons 170 ton-hm Pu use in LWR Vitrified HLW 5 tons 90 ton-hm FBR Cycle Vitrified HLW 5 tons 1 ton-hm From Environment- to Energy-dominated In cases where a plant of 1GWe is operated for one year society 2

4 A Wide Perspective on Nuclear Energy Requirements for Science & Technology in the 21 century R&D philosophy Shifting from Utilization to Harmonization Industrial Revolution Diversification of resources Mass consumption of energy By-Products : NOx, SOx, etc. Global warming by CO 2 emission Turning Point of Fossil Fuel Based Civilization Restricting Unlimited Use of Fossil Resources Ethics based on harmonization Regulation Technical countermeasures Requirements for Future Science & Technology Will it be a balanced and comprehensive science & technology? to provide new knowledge to the human society to develop new fields of science and technology to accept and support the civilization to harmonize with the environment and society 3

5 A Wide Perspective on Nuclear Energy -To equate a big space and a small space Space from quark: Nuclear energy is connecting the world (Micro-world and Macro-world) Space and Galaxy ( m) Solar system (10 14 m) Earth (10 7 m) DNA (10-9 m) Protein (10-8 m) Cell (10-5 m) (1m) Crystal (10 3 m) Nucleon (10-15 m) (Proton, Neutron) Molecule (10-9 m) Atom (10-10 m) Nuclide (10-14 m) Quark (<10-17 m) Lepton (Electron, Neutrino) 4

6 A Wide Perspective on Nuclear Energy -To equate a big space and a small space Cosmic time and human race time ~ Decades, Centuries and Millennia on Nuclear Utilization ~ Radioactive Waste Disposal Partitioning & Transmutation Accelerator FR Cycle System Fusion Energy Application Industrial Application Medical Application 5

7 Why did Japan choose nuclear energy? Securement of long-tem stable energy resources is indispensable as a basis of the existence of the country Japan s geographical fate (limited resources and small land) The reflection of the tragic history: The Pacific War in search of resources The conclusion of Atomic Bomb Rescue and Relief Report by Dr. Takashi Nagai Adoption of nuclear energy as a technology-oriented nation (A science and technology oriented nation) The Atomic Energy Basic Act (1955) Necessary for Japan, which experienced the tragedy of the atomic bombing, to declare the strong will to oppose atomic bombs and to commit to the peaceful use of nuclear energy when it embarked for the unknown world of nuclear fission reaction Gradual shift from the civilization based on chemical reactions to one based on nuclear energy (Nuclear energy should develop as a comprehensive science and technology that produces and provides human civilization not only with energy but also with materials, technologies and even information) 6

8 Excerpt from Conclusion of Atomic-bomb rescue and relief report (Oct., 1945) Immediately after the atomic bomb was dropped in Nagasaki on Aug. 9, 1945, Associate Professor, Nagasaki Medical University Takashi Nagai who had rescued the victims as captain of the 11 th Medical Corps, reported the President of the Nagasaki Medical University Atomic-bomb rescue and relief report (August-October 1945)." The following sentences come from the conclusion of the report. Dr. Takashi Nagai Everything was finished. Our mother land was defeated. Our university had collapsed and classrooms were reduced to ashes. We, one by one, were wounded and fell. The houses we lived in were burned down, the clothes we wore were blown up, and our families were either dead or injured. What are we going to say? We only wish to never repeat this tragedy with the human race. We should utilize the principle of the atomic bomb. Go forward in the research of atomic energy contributing to the progress of civilization. A misfortune will then be transformed to good fortune. The world civilization will change with the utilization of atomic energy. If a new and fortunate world can be made, the souls of so many victims will rest in peace. 7

9 Atomic Energy Basic Law (Enacted on December 19, 1955) Objective of this Law (Atomic energy development): 1) to secure energy resources in the future, 2) to achieve the progress of science and technology and the promotion of industries by fostering the research, development and utilization of atomic energy, and 3) thereby to contribute to the welfare of mankind and to the elevation of the national living standard. Basic policy: The research, development and utilization of atomic energy shall be 1) limited to peaceful purposes, 2) aimed at ensuring safety, 3) obliged to contribute to international cooperation. 8

10 Issues to be addressed in Nuclear Development and Promotion Looking back the past 70 years, how much progress did we make in solving issues and what are challenged left in light of the purpose of Atomic Energy Basic Act and it s basic policies? We should think about how we take the following issues in today s term. 1) Commercialization of light water reactors (LWRs) 2) Establishment of nuclear fuel cycles using fast reactors 3) Recommendation on how nuclear energy system should be and development of next-generation nuclear energy systems 4) Aiming for the civilization based on nuclear energy 5) To what extent has nuclear energy been developed to be able to contribute to society and personal life? 6) What has Japan achieved for the objectives of the Atomic Energy Basic Law? What has been appealed to the world? 7) Can we say with confidence that safety has been assured in nuclear use? How about severe accident measures and re-criticality free concept? 8) What is international cooperation? How about the relationship between the developed countries like Europe and the United States in nuclear energy and Japan? What is the role of Japan as a developed country in Asia in nuclear energy? 9

11 Nuclear Fission Energy Systems to be explored for the Future Self-Consistent Nuclear Energy System (SCNES) Uranium Energy (Electricity or chemical energy) Fuel fabrication Energy Fast Reactor Energy/fuel production and radionuclide transmutation by neutron reaction Neutron balance Energy balance Nuclear fuel cycle System Boundary Safety (Elimination of recriticality issues) Spent fuel Reprocessing Recovering of recycle materials Stable elements Zero release of radioactive wastes Fuel resources (Fuel recycling) Long-lived FPs Accelerator, Laser 10

12 Nuclear Fission Energy Systems to be explored for the Future Five functions required for Nuclear Energy System Should be realized simultaneously Effective use of the resources 2. Fuel Fuel production (Full use of natural resources) 1. Energy (Electric energy, hydrogen energy, etc.) Environmental protection Nuclear transmutation of radioactive wastes (Zero release of radioactive wastes) (Re-criticality free core, blanket-less of depleted uranium) 4. Safety assurance 3. Wastes management 5. Non-defense use Plutonium Denaturalization (Non-proliferation) 11

13 Nuclear Fission Energy Systems to be explored for the Future Phased approach toward SCNES U+Pu+MA Recycle(99.99%) +all RadioactiveFP(99.99%)Recovery Transmutation ---> In 100 years radioactivity in wastes will be about the same with natural U. U+Pu+MA Recycle(99.9%) +5 LLFP (99%)Recovery Transmutation ---> In several hundred years radioactivity in wastes will be about the same with natural U. Monju Once-through LWR U+Pu Recycle LWR Current Status SCNES Step 2 Metal Fuel Pyro Process U+Pu+MA Recycle Fast Reactor U+Pu Recycle Fast Reactor Ohma(Full MOX) Ultimate Objectives SCNES Step 3 Laser Isotope Separation SCNES Step 1 U+Pu+MA Recycle(99.9%) +5 LLFP(99%)Recovery & Storage (same reduction of radioactivity in wastes with Step 2) MA:minor actinide(tru except for Pu) 5LLFP:5 species of Long-Lived Fission Products (Tc-99, I-129, Cs-135, Zr-93, Sn-126) All radioactive FP: Half life > 1 year(28fp) 12

14 From Phenix to Monju Speech at the closing ceremony for the Phenix reactor on Sep. 12, 2009 Electric output: 280MWe Prototype FR Phenix in France Electric output: 250MWe Operation period: Prototype FR Monju in Japan 13

15 Message to the World at the Closing Ceremony of French Prototype Fast Reactor Phenix (Sep. 2009) I never believe and agree that Phenix is phased out of our nuclear community. Phenix, you will surely come back because you are Phenix, a world famous fire bird who is reborn. In this occasion I would like to ask you to fly over to the continent to Japan where Monju is waiting to welcome you. You can take a rest and make a nap for a while on a shoulder or hand of Monju Bosatsu. Monju Bosatsu is the bodhisattva of wisdom. She will do her best to bring the Monju to achieve criticality again and return to operation in this fiscal year (May 2010) and lead the Japanese fast reactor program asking bilateral collaboration between France and Japan as well as international collaborations. After years on the shoulder or hand of Monju Bosatsu, you will wake up again and find sufficient data accumulated for the commercialization of fast reactors. Phenix, when you fly back to France, you take such a plenty of data with you and then drop such data to the countries involved in the Monju project on the way. The purpose of Japan s nuclear R&Ds lies in abolishing nuclear weapons and focusing entirely on the peaceful use. We can engage in this kind of international collaboration because we commit to the peaceful use of nuclear energy. 14

16 Prototype Fast Reactor Monju 15

17 Restart of Monju (1/2) Fast reactors and related nuclear fuel cycles (fast reactor cycle) has significance in the next step after the commercialization of LWRs and their nuclear fuel cycles. The importance of nuclear energy is increasing in terms of energy security at the initial stage of development and even in terms of global environment conservation in recent years. The energy (incl. nuclear) self-sufficiency of Japan, a resource poor country, was about 20% before the TEPCO s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, but it is about 6%, the lowest in the developed countries, in 2012; The food self-sufficiency is about 40% (calorie basis), which is low but higher by an order of magnitude. Japan can get over its geographic fate of small land with poor resources only if the fast reactor cycle is realized, which allow us to ensure the stable energy supply with high ratio of uranium utilization, reduce the volume and radiotoxicity of radioactive wastes and shorten the time of exposure to their risk. 16

18 Restart of Monju (2/2) The fast reactor cycle is vital for securing resources and saving the environment simultaneously and Monju is a linchpin of the R&Ds. We should make efforts not only for our generation but also for further generations; putting off or freezing the policy decision means making further generations to pay a price as well as being dependent on R&Ds efforts made by other countries. Countries and international organizations engaged in fast reactor R&D activities have a keen interest in the restart of Monju. With cooperation from Academia, Electric utilities, manufacturers, and so on formerly involved in Monju, JAEA should attain the early restart of Monju and lead to international R&Ds as an international research center for technological development such as reducing the amount and toxic level of radioactive waste and technologies related to nuclear nonproliferation, which is described in the Strategic Energy Plan (Cabinet approval on Apr. 11, 2014). This effort should be achieved since Japan has to pursue a science- and technology-oriented nation. 17

19 Nuclear Energy as Comprehensive Science and Technology Mobilization of cutting-edge science and technology is essential for innovative nuclear development. Light science and particle science are leading key technology in the 21st century. Cutting-edge Nuclear Science Self-Consistent Nuclear Energy System (SCNES) Synthesize with Conventional Technology Energy, Material, Information, Technology Radiation Application LWR Pu use in LWR Fast Reactor Laser, Accelerator Fusion Reactor Chicago Pile (1942) X Ray (1895) Radioactivity (1896) Oklo Natural Reactors (2 billion-years ago) 18

Current Status and Future Challenges of Innovative Reactors Development in Japan

Current Status and Future Challenges of Innovative Reactors Development in Japan Innovation for Cool Earth Forum 2017, Tokyo, Japan, October 4-5, 2017 Current Status and Future Challenges of Innovative Reactors Development in Japan 5 October, 2017 Yutaka Sagayama Assistant to the President

More information

IAEA/JAEA INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP

IAEA/JAEA INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP IAEA/JAEA INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP TOKAI-MURA, november 2007 NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE 21th CENTURY: MAIN TRENDS AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS IN FRANCE Bernard BOULLIS Program Director for fuel cycle technologies

More information

Development of FBR Fuel Cycle Technology in Japan

Development of FBR Fuel Cycle Technology in Japan International Conference on Fast Reactors And Related Fuel Cycles: Development of FBR Fuel Cycle Technology in Japan December 8, 2009 H. FUNASAKA, T. KOYAMA, T. NAMEKAWA and T. NAGATA Advanced Nuclear

More information

What happened on Nuclear Energy during these years? OHE, Toshiaki TOKAI University

What happened on Nuclear Energy during these years? OHE, Toshiaki TOKAI University What happened on Nuclear Energy during these years? OHE, Toshiaki TOKAI University Outline of the presentation 1. Recent issue happened during 1995 to 2004 is presented and the influence of accidents or

More information

MEXT Nuclear Energy R&D

MEXT Nuclear Energy R&D Tokyo, 1 th November 2011 MEXT Nuclear Energy R&D Masaaki NISHIJO Director, Office for Nuclear Fuel Cycles, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) 1 Future Nuclear Energy

More information

White Paper on Nuclear Energy Summary

White Paper on Nuclear Energy Summary White Paper on Nuclear Energy 2016 Summary 1. Background The White Paper on Nuclear Energy has been published on a continuous basis since the launch of the Japan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC) in 1956

More information

Useful applications of radioactivity and nuclear energy Power for good... and evil

Useful applications of radioactivity and nuclear energy Power for good... and evil Useful applications of radioactivity and nuclear energy Power for good... and evil Nuclear power: environmental The greatest environmental threat is perceived to be global warming the build-up of greenhouse

More information

Physics 171, Physics and Society Quiz 1 1pm Thurs Sept 14, 2017 Each question has one correct answer, or none (choose e on the clicker). 1.

Physics 171, Physics and Society Quiz 1 1pm Thurs Sept 14, 2017 Each question has one correct answer, or none (choose e on the clicker). 1. Physics 171, Physics and Society Quiz 1 1pm Thurs Sept 14, 2017 Each question has one correct answer, or none (choose e on the clicker). 1. Maria is riding her bicycle on a flat road at 10 mi/hr. Then

More information

Dynamic Analysis of Nuclear Energy System Strategies for Electricity and Hydrogen Production in the USA

Dynamic Analysis of Nuclear Energy System Strategies for Electricity and Hydrogen Production in the USA Dynamic Analysis of Nuclear Energy System Strategies for Electricity and Hydrogen Production in the USA L. Van Den Durpel, D. C. Wade, H. Khalil, A. Yacout Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National

More information

Fast and High Temperature Reactors for Improved Thermal Efficiency and Radioactive Waste Management

Fast and High Temperature Reactors for Improved Thermal Efficiency and Radioactive Waste Management What s New in Power Reactor Technologies, Cogeneration and the Fuel Cycle Back End? A Side Event in the 58th General Conference, 24 Sept 2014 Fast and High Temperature Reactors for Improved Thermal Efficiency

More information

Nuclear Energy. Weston M. Stacey Callaway Regents Professor Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program Georgia Institute of Technology

Nuclear Energy. Weston M. Stacey Callaway Regents Professor Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program Georgia Institute of Technology Nuclear Energy Weston M. Stacey Callaway Regents Professor Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program Georgia Institute of Technology NAE Symposium The Role of Alternative Energy Sources in a Comprehensive

More information

Closing the fuel cycle and Managing nuclear waste

Closing the fuel cycle and Managing nuclear waste Atomic Energy & Alternative Energies Commission CEA Closing the fuel cycle and Managing nuclear waste Walid BENZARTI walid.benzarti@gmail.com Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010,

More information

Nuclear Energy in France Current Trends and Impact on the Bilateral Ties with Japan

Nuclear Energy in France Current Trends and Impact on the Bilateral Ties with Japan 1 Nuclear Energy in France Current Trends and Impact on the Bilateral Ties with Japan Dr Sunil Félix Nuclear Counsellor French Embassy in Tokyo Seminar on Nuclear Power Industry and WNE April 25, 2017

More information

FUTURE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLES: GUIDELINES

FUTURE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLES: GUIDELINES ATOMS FOR FUTURE PARIS, 8-9 november, 2011 FUTURE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLES: GUIDELINES Bernard BOULLIS, CEA, Nuclear Energy Division Program Director, Nuclear Fuel Cycle Back-end ATOMS FOR FUTURE PARIS, 8-9

More information

The UK and nuclear reprocessing: beating a retreat

The UK and nuclear reprocessing: beating a retreat The UK and nuclear reprocessing: beating a retreat Presentation given at the Carnegie International Nonproliferation Conference Washington, DC, 26-27 June 2007 by William Walker University of St Andrews

More information

Composition of Spent Nuclear Fuel (Standard PWR 33GW/t, 10 yr. cooling)

Composition of Spent Nuclear Fuel (Standard PWR 33GW/t, 10 yr. cooling) Spent fuel and radiotoxicity 1/3 Composition of Spent Nuclear Fuel (Standard PWR 33GW/t, 10 yr. cooling) 1 tonne of SNF contains: 955.4 kg U 8,5 kg Pu Minor Actinides (MAs) 0,5 kg 237 Np 0,6 kg Am 0,02

More information

Energy from nuclear fission

Energy from nuclear fission Energy from nuclear fission M. Ripani INFN Genova, Italy Joint EPS-SIF International School on Energy 2014 Plan Figures about nuclear energy worldwide Safety Reaction products Radioactive waste production

More information

The FutureS of Nuclear Energy

The FutureS of Nuclear Energy The FutureS of Nuclear Energy Adrien Bidaud, Sylvain David, Olivier Méplan Groupe Physique des Réacteurs Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Corpusculaire IN2P3/CNRS Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Physique

More information

Nuclear Waste Policy: A New Start? Part I: Nuclear Waste 101

Nuclear Waste Policy: A New Start? Part I: Nuclear Waste 101 Nuclear Waste Policy: A New Start? Part I: Nuclear Waste 101 Eric Loewen, Ph.D. President American Nuclear Society 2011 Charlotte Engineering Conference November 9, 2011 Charlotte, NC Return to the Jungle

More information

Japanese Nuclear Energy Policy and Fusion Energy Research. Shunsuke KONDO, Dr. Chairman Japan Atomic Energy Commission

Japanese Nuclear Energy Policy and Fusion Energy Research. Shunsuke KONDO, Dr. Chairman Japan Atomic Energy Commission Japanese Nuclear Energy Policy and Fusion Energy Research Shunsuke KONDO, Dr. Chairman Japan Atomic Energy Commission 1 Contents Energy challenges Japanese nuclear energy policy Impacts of major nuclear

More information

Japan s Nuclear Power Program -Trends and Issues-

Japan s Nuclear Power Program -Trends and Issues- Japan s Nuclear Power Program -Trends and Issues- Asia Energy Security Workshop Beijing, May 12-17, 2005 Tatsujiro Suzuki Senior Research Scientist Central Research Institute of Electric Power Company

More information

The Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

The Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle The Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Results* and Personal Observations Charles W. Forsberg Executive Director MIT Nuclear Fuel Cycle Study Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering cforsber@mit.edu

More information

Reprocessing versus Direct Disposal of Spent CANDU Nuclear Fuel: A Possible Application of Fluoride Volatility. D. Rozon and D. Lister January 2008

Reprocessing versus Direct Disposal of Spent CANDU Nuclear Fuel: A Possible Application of Fluoride Volatility. D. Rozon and D. Lister January 2008 NWMO DISCUSSION PAPER Reprocessing versus Direct Disposal of Spent CANDU Nuclear Fuel: A Possible Application of Fluoride Volatility D. Rozon and D. Lister January 2008 (Final draft as discussed at the

More information

Going Underground: Safe Disposal of Nuclear Waste

Going Underground: Safe Disposal of Nuclear Waste Going Underground: Safe Disposal of Nuclear Waste Burton Richter Pigott Professor in the Physical Sciences, Emeritus Stanford Energy Seminar January 23, 2012 Nuclear Energy Issues It is too expensive It

More information

PLUTONIUM UTILIZATION IN REACTOR FUEL

PLUTONIUM UTILIZATION IN REACTOR FUEL Second Moscow International Nonproliferation Conference PLUTONIUM UTILIZATION IN REACTOR FUEL A. Zrodnikov Director General State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute for Physics and Power

More information

Advanced Fuel Cycle System R&D Activities at KAERI

Advanced Fuel Cycle System R&D Activities at KAERI IFR Symposium, Tokyo Advanced Fuel Cycle System R&D Activities at KAERI - Pyroprocessing and SFR. May 28, 2014 In-Tae Kim* Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology Development * E-mail : nitkim@kaeri.re.kr Outline

More information

Position regarding Nuclear Energy 1

Position regarding Nuclear Energy 1 Date: 17 th April 2011 www.worldwithoutwars.org Position regarding Nuclear Energy 1 "Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal." Albert Einstein The unfolding disaster

More information

EM 2 : A Compact Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor for the 21 st Century. Climate Change and the Role of Nuclear Energy

EM 2 : A Compact Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor for the 21 st Century. Climate Change and the Role of Nuclear Energy EM 2 : A Compact Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor for the 21 st Century Presented at the Canon Institute for Global Studies Climate Change Symposium Climate Change and the Role of Nuclear Energy By Dr. Robert W.

More information

NUCLEAR POWER. Rahul Edirisinghe, David Levy, Bennett Parmington, Joshua Stillman, Elise Van Pelt, Cainaan Webb

NUCLEAR POWER. Rahul Edirisinghe, David Levy, Bennett Parmington, Joshua Stillman, Elise Van Pelt, Cainaan Webb NUCLEAR POWER Rahul Edirisinghe, David Levy, Bennett Parmington, Joshua Stillman, Elise Van Pelt, Cainaan Webb What is Nuclear Power? Nuclear Power is the energy, generally electric, that is produced through

More information

European Vision in P&T. Advances in Transmutation Technology

European Vision in P&T. Advances in Transmutation Technology European Vision in P&T Advances in Transmutation Technology Prof. Dr. Hamid Aït Abderrahim SCK CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium haitabde@sckcen.be or myrrha@sckcen.be Copyright 2010 SCK CEN 1 After

More information

ANICCA CODE AND THE BELGIAN NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

ANICCA CODE AND THE BELGIAN NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE ANICCA CODE AND THE BELGIAN NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE TECHNICAL WORKSHOP : DYNAMIC NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 06-08 July, 2016 Ivan Merino Rodriguez Contents ANICCA Introduction Structure General Input The Belgian Nuclear

More information

Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore

Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore NU CL EAR ENERGY For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources,

More information

French R&D program on SFR and the

French R&D program on SFR and the PRESENT STATUS OF FRENCH PROGRAM ASTRID JAPAN FRANCE COOPERATION EXPECTATIONS ON MONJU MONJU ASTRID ALAIN PORRACCHIA DIRECTOR FOR INNOVATION AND INDUSTRIAL SUPPORT CEA/DEN French R&D program on SFR and

More information

Transmutation of Transuranic Elements and Long Lived Fission Products in Fusion Devices Y. Gohar

Transmutation of Transuranic Elements and Long Lived Fission Products in Fusion Devices Y. Gohar Transmutation of Transuranic Elements and Long Lived Fission Products in Fusion Devices Y. Gohar Fusion Power Program Technology Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439,

More information

Chapter 24 Issues of HLW Disposal in Japan

Chapter 24 Issues of HLW Disposal in Japan Chapter 24 Issues of HLW Disposal in Japan Kenji Yamaji Abstract Concerning the disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in Japan, the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO) has been

More information

Status of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology Development

Status of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology Development Hitachi Review Vol. 55 (2006), No. 3 99 Status of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology Development Tetsuo Fukasawa, Dr. Eng. Shusaku Sawada Kikuo Okada Masashi Shimizu OVERVIEW: The Japan Framework for Nuclear

More information

Importance of materials for sustainable nuclear energy

Importance of materials for sustainable nuclear energy Common EESC-EERA Event / EUSEW 2012 Brussels, 18 June 2012 Importance of materials for sustainable nuclear energy L. Malerba - SCK CEN Joint Programme Nuclear Materials SubProgramme coordinator (on behalf

More information

RADIATION LEVEL IN CHINA AND PROTECTION STANDARDS

RADIATION LEVEL IN CHINA AND PROTECTION STANDARDS RADIATION LEVEL IN CHINA AND PROTECTION STANDARDS PAN ZIQIANG CHINESE SOCIETY OF RADIATION PROTECTION The 5th asian regional conference on the evolution of the system of radiological protection Chiba,

More information

Strategy for the International Cooperation. (Unofficial Translation)

Strategy for the International Cooperation. (Unofficial Translation) Strategy for the International Cooperation (Unofficial Translation) March 2017 Japan Atomic Energy Agency Strategy for the International Cooperation Table of Contents 1. Adoption of the Strategy for the

More information

October, National Report of JAPAN for the Fifth Review Meeting

October, National Report of JAPAN for the Fifth Review Meeting National Report of JAPAN for the Fifth Review Meeting Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management October, 2014 ministry of Foreign Affairs

More information

THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE Getting to the Core of THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE From the mining of uranium to the disposal of nuclear waste @ Getting to the Core of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle The various activities associated with the production

More information

Sustainability of Nuclear Power

Sustainability of Nuclear Power Sustainability of Nuclear Power Dave Torgerson Senior Technical Advisor (emeritus) AECL Carleton Sustainable Energy Research Centre Seminar Series 2011 March 28 UNRESTRICTED / ILLIMITÉ 1 The drivers for

More information

Effects of Repository Conditions on Environmental-Impact Reduction by Recycling

Effects of Repository Conditions on Environmental-Impact Reduction by Recycling Effects of Repository Conditions on Environmental-Impact Reduction by Recycling Joonhong Ahn Department of Nuclear Engineering University of California, Berkeley OECD/NEA Tenth Information Exchange Meeting

More information

Nuclear Power Reactors. Kaleem Ahmad

Nuclear Power Reactors. Kaleem Ahmad Nuclear Power Reactors Kaleem Ahmad Outline Significance of Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fuel Cycle Nuclear Power Reactors Conclusions Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center Key

More information

U.S. Nuclear Energy and Its Future

U.S. Nuclear Energy and Its Future Office of Nuclear Energy U.S. Nuclear Energy and Its Future Ray Furstenau Associate Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Office of Nuclear Energy U.S. Department of Energy January 23, 2018 INMM Spent Fuel

More information

FUEL CYCLE OF BREST REACTORS. SOLUTION OF THE RADWASTE AND NONPROLIFERATION PROBLEMS

FUEL CYCLE OF BREST REACTORS. SOLUTION OF THE RADWASTE AND NONPROLIFERATION PROBLEMS FUEL CYCLE OF BREST REACTORS. SOLUTION OF THE RADWASTE AND NONPROLIFERATION PROBLEMS A.G. Glazov, A.V. Lopatkin, V.V. Orlov a, P.P. Poluektov, V.I. Volk b, V.F. Leontyev c, R.S. Karimov d a Research and

More information

Impact of partitioning and transmutation on nuclear waste management and the associated geological repositories

Impact of partitioning and transmutation on nuclear waste management and the associated geological repositories Impact of partitioning and transmutation on nuclear waste management and the associated geological repositories Enrique M. González-Romero CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain Summary Recent Eurobarometers show that

More information

Emerging Nuclear Power Front End Arrangements

Emerging Nuclear Power Front End Arrangements ROSATOM STATE ATOMIC ENERGY CORPORATION ROSATOM Emerging Nuclear Power Front End Arrangements NPP construction in the world is going on despite the Fukushima accident More than 20 countries declared their

More information

Partitioning and Transmutation Studies at JAEA

Partitioning and Transmutation Studies at JAEA Partitioning and Transmutation Studies at JAEA Toshinobu Sasa J-PARC Center Japan Atomic Energy Agency Fuel Cycle with Minor Actinides - Homogeneous / Heterogeneous / Double Strata - Management of High

More information

World Energy Sources, Fossil Fuel Power Production, and Nuclear Power. By Henry Aoki, Nathan Carroll, Cameron Fudeh and Casey Lee-Foss

World Energy Sources, Fossil Fuel Power Production, and Nuclear Power. By Henry Aoki, Nathan Carroll, Cameron Fudeh and Casey Lee-Foss World Energy Sources, Fossil Fuel Power Production, and Nuclear Power By Henry Aoki, Nathan Carroll, Cameron Fudeh and Casey Lee-Foss Part 1: World Energy Sources and Fossil Fuel Power Production Different

More information

Last Twenty Years Experiences with Fast Reactor in Japan. Kazumoto Ito and Tsutomu Yanagisawa Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)

Last Twenty Years Experiences with Fast Reactor in Japan. Kazumoto Ito and Tsutomu Yanagisawa Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) Last Twenty Years Experiences with Fast Reactor in Japan Kazumoto Ito and Tsutomu Yanagisawa Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) 1 Fast Reactor Winter FBR project terminations - The U.S.: Clinch River Breeder

More information

Work, Energy and Power.

Work, Energy and Power. Work, Energy and Power. Work - Definition Of Work Work is the transfer of energy. If you put energy into an object, then you do work on that object. If an object is standing still, and you get it moving,

More information

Transportation of Radioactive Materials

Transportation of Radioactive Materials Transportation of Radioactive Materials CRESP Short Course August 2009 Mark Abkowitz Department of Civil & Env Eng Vanderbilt University mark.abkowitz@vanderbilt.edu Types of Radioactive Shipments Uranium

More information

Approx 9% US energy from NP. 104 Nuclear Reactors in US

Approx 9% US energy from NP. 104 Nuclear Reactors in US Approx 9% US energy from NP 104 Nuclear Reactors in US World Energy Consumption Terawatts History of Nuclear Power 1934 Enrico Fermi experimentally achieved nuclear fission showering Uranium with neutrons

More information

Development of Advanced Reprocessing Technologies

Development of Advanced Reprocessing Technologies Development of Advanced Reprocessing Technologies A. Introduction Currently about 10 500 thm (tonnes of heavy metal) of spent fuel are discharged annually from nuclear power reactors worldwide. Although

More information

Nuclear Energy: Prospects and Market Effects.

Nuclear Energy: Prospects and Market Effects. In the book Global Nuclear Markets: Changes in the Strategic Landscape. Published in 2012 by The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. Abu Dhabi, UAE Pages 119-151. Nuclear Energy: Prospects

More information

DEVELOPMENT OF PYROPROCESSING AND ITS FUTURE DIRECTION

DEVELOPMENT OF PYROPROCESSING AND ITS FUTURE DIRECTION DEVELOPMENT OF PYROPROCESSING AND ITS FUTURE DIRECTION TADASHI INOUE * and LOTHAR KOCH 1 * Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, CRIEPI 2-11-1, Iwato-Kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan

More information

Balancing Risks. Nuclear Energy and Climate Change. Alexander Glaser Princeton University

Balancing Risks. Nuclear Energy and Climate Change. Alexander Glaser Princeton University Balancing Risks Nuclear Energy and Climate Change Alexander Glaser Princeton University Second Annual Great Issues in Energy Symposium: The Nuclear Option Dartmouth College, April 9, 2010 Revision 7 Nuclear

More information

Watching Brief on Advanced Fuel Cycles

Watching Brief on Advanced Fuel Cycles (2016 Update) Watching Brief on Advanced Fuel Cycles The (NWMO) developed the Adaptive Phased Management (APM) approach after an extensive study and engagement with Canadians coast-to-coast during 2002

More information

Alternative Energy. 1. Solar 2. Biofuels (biomass) 3. Nuclear. 4. Fuel Cells 5. Wind 6. Hydroelectric 7. Geothermal 8. Tidal (wave power)

Alternative Energy. 1. Solar 2. Biofuels (biomass) 3. Nuclear. 4. Fuel Cells 5. Wind 6. Hydroelectric 7. Geothermal 8. Tidal (wave power) Alternative Energy 1. Solar 2. Biofuels (biomass) 3. Nuclear a. Fusion b. Fission 4. Fuel Cells 5. Wind 6. Hydroelectric 7. Geothermal 8. Tidal (wave power) Solar Energy Solar energy uses energy from the

More information

Mathematical Modelling of Regional Fuel Cycle Centres

Mathematical Modelling of Regional Fuel Cycle Centres Mathematical Modelling of Regional Fuel Cycle Centres by Leonard L. Bennett and Larry D. Reynolds The concept of Regional Fuel Cycle Centres (RFCC) has attracted wide interest as a possible approach towards

More information

Energy from nuclear fission

Energy from nuclear fission Energy from nuclear fission M. Ripani INFN Genova, Italy Joint EPS-SIF International School on Energy 2017 Plan Figures about nuclear energy worldwide Safety Fuel resources Fuel cycle Radioactive waste

More information

Development of technologies for the processing and disposal of radioactive waste

Development of technologies for the processing and disposal of radioactive waste Development of technologies for the processing and disposal of radioactive waste International Experts' Symposium on the Decommissioning of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 1-41 March

More information

Long term trends in nuclear production technologies. Noel Camarcat

Long term trends in nuclear production technologies. Noel Camarcat Long term trends in nuclear production technologies Noel Camarcat Generation and Engineering Direction 1 EDF NUCLEAR FLEET IN FRANCE Nuclear electricity production plants Flamanville Brennilis 900 MW 1

More information

1.JAEA s Strategy for the International Cooperation (Overview)

1.JAEA s Strategy for the International Cooperation (Overview) Basic policy 1.JAEA s Strategy for the International Cooperation (Overview) reference Significance of international cooperation Efficient promotion of R&D and maximization of the results using resources

More information

Thorium in de Gesmolten Zout Reactor

Thorium in de Gesmolten Zout Reactor Thorium in de Gesmolten Zout Reactor 30-1-2015 Jan Leen Kloosterman TU-Delft Delft University of Technology Challenge the future Reactor Institute Delft Research on Energy and Health with Radiation 2 1

More information

Modelling nuclear energy system: Extending the analysis using MESSAGE

Modelling nuclear energy system: Extending the analysis using MESSAGE Modelling nuclear energy system: Extending the analysis using MESSAGE Presented by G. Fesenko Place of MESSAGE tool in an holistic NES assessment Developing energy strategies and identification of nuclear

More information

CURRENT AND FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD

CURRENT AND FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD CURRENT AND FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD The World s energy supply sources The World s energy supply sources for the year 2008 and projected supply for the year 2035 are shown in the figures below.

More information

IAEA-TECDOC Spent Fuel Reprocessing Options

IAEA-TECDOC Spent Fuel Reprocessing Options IAEA-TECDOC-1587 Spent Fuel Reprocessing Options August 2008 IAEA-TECDOC-1587 Spent Fuel Reprocessing Options August 2008 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Fuel Cycle

More information

New Energies for the Future of Mankind. Carlo Rubbia

New Energies for the Future of Mankind. Carlo Rubbia Nuclear Disarmament, Non-Proliferation and Development Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Scripta Varia 115, Vatican City 2010 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/sv115/sv115-rubbia.pdf New Energies for

More information

OVER VIEW OF ACCIDENT OF FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NPSs AND FUTURE PLANNING TOWARD D&D

OVER VIEW OF ACCIDENT OF FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NPSs AND FUTURE PLANNING TOWARD D&D OVER VIEW OF ACCIDENT OF FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NPSs AND FUTURE PLANNING TOWARD D&D 16 NOVEMBER, 2011 Hiroshi RINDO JAPAN ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY Table of Contents 1. What s happened at Fukushima Dai-Ichi NPSs

More information

International Thorium Energy Conference 2015 (ThEC15) BARC, Mumbai, India, October 12-15, 2015

International Thorium Energy Conference 2015 (ThEC15) BARC, Mumbai, India, October 12-15, 2015 International Thorium Energy Conference 2015 (ThEC15) BARC, Mumbai, India, October 12-15, 2015 Feasibility and Deployment Strategy of Water Cooled Thorium Breeder Reactors Naoyuki Takaki Department of

More information

NUCLEAR ENERGY. Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Nuclear Energy by Dr. Lana Aref

NUCLEAR ENERGY. Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Nuclear Energy by Dr. Lana Aref NUCLEAR ENERGY Prepared by Engr. JP Timola Reference: Nuclear Energy by Dr. Lana Aref How is Nuclear Energy Produced? Nuclear energy is produced when an atom's nucleus is split into smaller nuclei by the

More information

Decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi Site: Status and Continuing Work

Decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi Site: Status and Continuing Work Decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi Site: Status and Continuing Work William D. Magwood, IV Director-General Nuclear Energy Agency Fukushima Decontamination and Decommissioning 61 st IAEA General

More information

Application of CANDLE Burnup to Block-Type High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor for Incinerating Weapon Grade Plutonium

Application of CANDLE Burnup to Block-Type High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor for Incinerating Weapon Grade Plutonium GENES4/ANP2003, Sep. 15-19, 2003, Kyoto, JAPAN Paper 1079 Application of CANDLE Burnup to Block-Type High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor for Incinerating Weapon Grade Plutonium Yasunori Ohoka * and Hiroshi

More information

Section 1. Electricity and Your Community. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes

Section 1. Electricity and Your Community. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes Chapter 7 Earth s Natural Resources Section 1 Electricity and Your Community What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Compare energy resources used to generate electricity in the United

More information

WM2014 Conference, March 2 6, 2014, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

WM2014 Conference, March 2 6, 2014, Phoenix, Arizona, USA Release Behavior of Radioactive Materials at a Boiling Accident of High Active Liquid Waste in Reprocessing Plants - 14079 G. UCHIYAMA *, S. TASHIRO *, Y. AMANO *, H. ABE *, Y. YAMANE *, K. YOSHIDA *,

More information

Topics on Current Nuclear Regulation in Japan

Topics on Current Nuclear Regulation in Japan Topics on Current Nuclear Regulation in Japan Commissioner Toyoshi Fuketa Nuclear Regulation Authority(NRA 26 th Annual Regulatory Information Conference Bethesda North Marriott Hotel & Conference Center

More information

A Nuclear Renaissance in the Middle East?

A Nuclear Renaissance in the Middle East? Milano, October 2008 A Nuclear Renaissance in the Middle East? Massimo Zucchetti Full Professor, Nuclear Power Plants Politecnico di Torino, Italy Adjunct Professor, Nuclear Engineering University of Shiraz,

More information

The European nuclear industry and research approach for innovation in nuclear energy. Dominique Hittner Framatome-ANP EPS, Paris, 3/10/2003

The European nuclear industry and research approach for innovation in nuclear energy. Dominique Hittner Framatome-ANP EPS, Paris, 3/10/2003 The European nuclear industry and research approach for innovation in nuclear energy Dominique Hittner Framatome-ANP EPS, Paris, 3/10/2003 Contents The EPS and MIT approach The approach of the European

More information

Metal Casks Storage Schedule of Recyclable Fuel Storage Center in Mutsu

Metal Casks Storage Schedule of Recyclable Fuel Storage Center in Mutsu Metal Casks Storage Schedule of Recyclable Fuel Storage Center in Mutsu November 2010 Tatsuki Takamatsu (RFS) Contents 1. Corporate Overview 2. Necessity of Commercial Operations 3. History of Major Developments

More information

Fusion-Fission Hybrid Systems

Fusion-Fission Hybrid Systems Fusion-Fission Hybrid Systems Yousry Gohar Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 Fusion-Fission Hybrids Workshop Gaithersburg, Maryland September 30 - October 2, 2009 Fusion-Fission

More information

A Low Carbon Future The Nuclear Option

A Low Carbon Future The Nuclear Option A Low Carbon Future The Nuclear Option Gregg Butler, Director IDM and Professor of Science in Sustainable Development, University of Manchester Nuclear The Potential Technologies Present and Future NOW

More information

14 August 08

14  August 08 We vegotthepower After thirty years treading water, the nuclear power industry in the US is undergoing a renaissance. Paul Hinnenkamp, vice president of nuclear business development for Entergy Corporation,

More information

Japan s Activities for Environmental Remediation after Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Japan s Activities for Environmental Remediation after Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Japan s Activities for Environmental Remediation after Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Radioisotope Association Kenkich ISHIGURE 1. Situation at Fukushima Daiichi NPP 2. Environmental Remediation

More information

Limerick Power Plant. Click on PA and open the PDF file. 2. How many nuclear power plant locations are in Pennsylvania? How many total reactors?

Limerick Power Plant. Click on PA and open the PDF file. 2. How many nuclear power plant locations are in Pennsylvania? How many total reactors? Name: Nuclear Power: A WebQuest The discovery of the fission chain reaction first lead to the creation of nuclear weapons. More recently, the energy produced in nuclear fission reactions has been used

More information

The Thorium Fuel Cycle. An independent assessment by the UK National Nuclear Laboratory

The Thorium Fuel Cycle. An independent assessment by the UK National Nuclear Laboratory The Thorium Fuel Cycle An independent assessment by the UK National Nuclear Laboratory August 2010 Position Paper The Thorium Fuel Cycle An independent assessment by the UK National Nuclear Laboratory

More information

Sixth Grade Energy and Conservation Unit Parent Background Information

Sixth Grade Energy and Conservation Unit Parent Background Information Sixth Grade Energy and Conservation Unit Parent Background Information WHAT IS ENERGY? The nature of energy is very complex, but it is best described by these characteristics: energy is the ability to

More information

NUCLEAR FISSION. In 1938, Lisa Meitner, Otto Hahn, and her nephew Otto Frisch discovered

NUCLEAR FISSION. In 1938, Lisa Meitner, Otto Hahn, and her nephew Otto Frisch discovered Erin Balduff February 20, 2006 IDS 102 NUCLEAR FISSION What is nuclear fission? In 1938, Lisa Meitner, Otto Hahn, and her nephew Otto Frisch discovered nuclear fission (9). Nuclear fission is when uranium

More information

The NEA Initiative on Fukushima Daiichi Waste Management

The NEA Initiative on Fukushima Daiichi Waste Management The NEA Initiative on Fukushima Daiichi Waste Management Hiroshi Rindo Vice-Chair of the NEA Expert Group on Fukushima Waste Management and Decommissioning R&D ICRP Workshop on Surface Disposal on Radioactive

More information

Lessons to be learnt from the French nuclear program

Lessons to be learnt from the French nuclear program Lessons to be learnt from the French nuclear program From dreams to promises... of disillusions Yves Marignac, MSc. Director of WISE-Paris Main author of Global Chance s report, Nov. 2008 1 / 34 Context

More information

Where do we start? ocreate the Universe oform the Earth and elements omove the elements into their correct positions obuild the atmosphere and oceans

Where do we start? ocreate the Universe oform the Earth and elements omove the elements into their correct positions obuild the atmosphere and oceans Where do we start? ocreate the Universe oform the Earth and elements omove the elements into their correct positions obuild the atmosphere and oceans 1 The BIG BANG The Universe was created 13.8 billion

More information

Synergistic Energy Conversion Processes Using Nuclear Energy and Fossil Fuels

Synergistic Energy Conversion Processes Using Nuclear Energy and Fossil Fuels Synergistic Energy Conversion Processes Using Energy and Fossil Fuels Masao Hori Systems Association, Japan Email: mhori@mxb.mesh.ne.jp ABSTRACT This paper reviews the methods of producing energy carriers,

More information

it is transmitted easily over distance, through electricity cables it can be used in many ways, for example electric lamps, heaters, motors etc

it is transmitted easily over distance, through electricity cables it can be used in many ways, for example electric lamps, heaters, motors etc 1 of 12 1/24/2013 9:01 AM Science Generating electricity Electricity is a convenient source of energy and can be generated in a number of different ways. You will need to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages

More information

D3SJ Talk. The Latest on the Thorium Cycle as a Sustainable Energy Source. Philip Bangerter. 4 May 2011

D3SJ Talk. The Latest on the Thorium Cycle as a Sustainable Energy Source. Philip Bangerter. 4 May 2011 D3SJ Talk The Latest on the Thorium Cycle as a Sustainable Energy Source Philip Bangerter 4 May 2011 About the Speaker Philip Bangerter Process Engineer of 30 years experience Mining industry Sustainability

More information

Inventory estimation of 137 Cs in radioactive wastes generated from contaminated water treatment system in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

Inventory estimation of 137 Cs in radioactive wastes generated from contaminated water treatment system in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station E-Journal of Advanced Maintenance Vol.7-2 (2015) 138-144 Japan Society of Maintenology Inventory estimation of 137 Cs in radioactive wastes generated from contaminated water treatment system in Fukushima

More information

Commercial Nuclear Fuel Leasing The Relationships to Nonproliferation and Repository Site Performance

Commercial Nuclear Fuel Leasing The Relationships to Nonproliferation and Repository Site Performance Commercial Nuclear Fuel Leasing The Relationships to Nonproliferation and Repository Site Performance D.L. Pentz The Pentz Consulting Company, Inc. 4062 S. Beach Dr., Freeland, WA 98249 USA R.H. Stoll

More information

Feasibility of Thorium Fuel Cycles in a Very High Temperature Pebble-Bed Hybrid System

Feasibility of Thorium Fuel Cycles in a Very High Temperature Pebble-Bed Hybrid System Atom Indonesia Vol. 41 No. 2 (2015) 53-60 Atom Indonesia Journal homepage: http://aij.batan.go.id Feasibility of Thorium Fuel Cycles in a Very High Temperature Pebble-Bed Hybrid System L.P. Rodriguez 1*,

More information

FBNR Nuclear Reactor for Developing Countries

FBNR Nuclear Reactor for Developing Countries The first Arab conferfence on the prospects of nuclear Power for electricity generation and sea water desalination Hammamet Tunisia 23-25 June 2010 FBNR Nuclear Reactor for Developing Countries An innovative

More information