CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY, Sep. 2005,16 (9) ( 1 , ; 2 , ) . ; . ;

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1 CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY, Sep 2005,16 (9) , ( 1, ; 2, ) 2002, ; ; (2005) Q154 4 A Economic values of nitrogen transformation in rice f ield ecosystems XIAO Yu 1,2, XIE Gaodi 1,LU Chunxia 1 ( 1 Institute of Geographical Science and N atural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China ; 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China) 2Chin J A ppl Ecol,2005,16 (9) : Based on the 2002 field experimental results in the Wusi Farm of Fengxian County in Shanghai and related stud2 ies,and by the methods of ecological economy and environmental economy,this article examined and estimated the nitrogen input and output,and the economic values of nitrogen transformation in rice field ecosystems The results indicated that the plot without N fertilization showed a deficit of nitrogen budget,while those with urea application showed a surplus The economic value of the plot without urea amendment was evaluated to be posi2 tive,while that of the plots with urea application was calculated to be negative The negative value of the plots with urea amendment resulted from the nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, nitrogen leaching and runoff,which had serious harmful impacts on environment and human society Therefore,only when some mea2 sures were taken to encourage and facilitate farmers to improve the efficiency of urea application and to mitigate the environment problems from N losses in the process of food production,the advantages of nitrogen transforma2 tion in rice fields could be promoted,and the sustainability of agriculture would become reality Key words Rice fields, Nitrogen transformation, Nitrogen budget, Economic value, Ecosystem services 1,,,,,,, [2,13,20,23,26 ],,,,,,,, 3 (CX10 G2E ) ( KZCX3SW333 ) ( , ) , , [17,27 ],

2 N 2 O,,,0 20 cm 018, g kg - 1, 3 (N) 6015 mg kg - 1, ( P) 2311 mg kg - 1, 311 ( K) 230 mg kg - 1,p H , ) : 511 g L [ ], [31,, ],, 1015 kg - 1 N ( ), 812 kg - 1 N ( ) [12 ] [ 6 ] kg hm - 2 (, 1) ; 1, : Table 1 Nitrogen input of rice paddy ecosystems ( kg hm - 2 ) 1) : N 2 Treatment Fertilization Precipitation Biological Irrigation Seeding Sum of, ;2) nitrogen fixation N input : N N ,, N ) : N ,, 3 N 2 Treatment N 2 was not included for lacking data The same below ;2) :,, 2) :2002 ;3) N 2 O : mm, N 2 O,, mg L - 1 [29 ] [21 ],, ;4) : 715 kg hm - 2,,, 3) : ;5) :,, ; [10 ],, ) : 30 kg hm - 2 [30 ] N 0 20 N N N N kg hm ) :,, 3, 3, kg hm - 2 [29 ] 9734, kg hm - 2, 5) :, ;2) 2125 kg hm - 2 [12 ] : ) : 4, , h ( 2) ;3) : 50 cm 1,,, 2, ( 0105, mg L mg L - 1 ) ;4) :, [14, 5890 ]

3 9 : 1747, 615 2) : kgn hm - 2, 2193 m 3 [19 ( ] [19 ], 25 m 2 ),, 112 %, [28 ( 2) ] :N 3, [16, 1012 kg ] hm % ( 30 % 55 %) ; N 1 3) : N 4 2 %( 2) [5 ] 40 cm,,, N H 3 ;, p H [29, ] [9, , ], mm,, [11 ( 2) ] (N 0 ) kg hm - 2 ; (N 0 ), ( 1), 360 kg hm - 2, 375 kg hm - 2 (N 3 ), [24 ] kg hm - 2, 1/ 7 4) N 2 O :,, N 2 O ( 2),, [25 ],, N H + 4,, NO - [30 2, N 2 O, ], [14 ] [4 5) : ], 2 Table 2 Nitrogen output of rice field ecosystems Ways of N output N 0 N 1 N 3 N 4 Biomass(kg hm - 2 ) N output by harvest Stalk N content ( %) N uptake (kg hm - 2 ) Biomass(kg hm - 2 ) Seed N content ( %) N uptake (kg hm - 2 ) Sum of N uptake (kg hm - 2 ) N concentration of surface water in field(mg L - 1 ) N loss by drainage Depth of draining water (mm) N loss by drainage (kg hm - 2 ) Depth of leaching water (mm) N loss by leaching N concentration of leaching water (mg L - 1 ) N loss by leaching(kg hm - 2 ) N 2 O N 2 O flux(mg m - 2 h - 1 ) N 2 O emission N 2 O N 2 O emission(kg hm - 2 ) Ratio of NH 3 volatilization to N fertilization ( %) NH 3 volatilization N loss by NH 3 volatilization (kg hm - 2 ) Sum of N output (kg hm - 2 )

4 Fig 1 Balance of nitrogen budget of rice paddy ecosystems , [18 ] ; [12 ], t - 1, 46 % 3134 kg = 5195 Protein content = pure N 1USD = yuan ( ) ; A :, wheat ;B : Hard red winter wheat N 4 ( 4), N 0, ( 3) 3 Table 3 Economic values of nitrogen input in rice field ecosystem ( yuan hm - 2 ) Treatment Fertilization Precipitation Biological nitrogen fixation Irrigation Seeding Sum of N input N N N N kg - 1, 4 Table 4 Economic values of nitrogen output of rice field ecosystems ( yuan hm - 2 ) Treatment N 0 N 1 N 3 N 4 N output by harvest Stalk Seed N loss by leaching N 2 O N 2 O emission N loss by drainage NH 3 volatilization Sum of N output Table 5 Marginal price of wheat protein in June of 2004 Region 3 Variety of Marginal price of Marginal price the wheat wheat protein of N of wheat (USD kg - 1 ) (yuan kg - 1 ) Great Lake Area A Mexico Bay A B A Northwest part of the Pacific B Average [22 ] ; Hard red spring, 375 kg hm - 2,,, 2) : [2, ] ;, [7 ] Berntsen [2 ] 913 g - 1 ( ) ) 619 g - 1 ( ), :, 225 kg hm g - 1, kg - 1 ( 1 = 2 ; , ), Berntsen, ( 4),,, ( U nited States Wheat Associ2, N 4 ates) 3, ( 4), 3) N 2 O :, N 2 O ( 5), [3 ]

5 9 : 1749 N 2 O ( GWP) 320 [8 ], CO 2,, (11245 kg - 1 ) ( kg - 1 ) [15 ], N 2 O N 2 O ( 4) 4) :, Turner [23 ] SEK kg - 1, 3013 SEK kg - 1, SEK kg - 1, kg - 1 (1 SEK = , ), ecosystems 4,,, ; ( 4) 5) :,,, [2,23 ],,, Turner [23 ] ; kg - 1, ( 4), 31213, (N 0 ), hm - 2,,, [1 3 ( ) ], ( 2) N 4,,,,, 2 Fig 2 Integrated economic values of nitrogen transformation by rice field hm - 2,,,,, [27, ],

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