Odour formation on Polyester

Transcription

1 Odour formation on Polyester Caroline Amberg, Daniel Faeh Swissatest testmaterials ag, St. Gallen, Schweiz Fulda, 16. October Sepawa Congress 2015 October Swissatest Testmaterialien AG, Mövenstrasse 12, CH-9015 St. Gallen, swissatest.ch

2 Odour formation on textiles: What s the problem? Known problem on synthetic fibers ( sweat odour ) Washing does not help to remove textile malodour Malodour accumulation old sweat maldour on textiles Daily life comport is reduced Lifecycle of the textile is decreased Higher costs and use of resources 2

3 Background: Malodour formation in the Axilla Significant relation between malodour and number oftotal aerobes respectivelytotal aerobiccoryneforms (James, Casey, Hyliandsand Mycock, 2004) Source: James, AG et al., 2013, FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 83, Key compounds (short chainandunusual medium chain Fatty acids, thioalcohols, androstenone): Key microorganism is Corynebacterium sp. subgroup A, besidestaphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid(3m2h) 3-methylobutanoic acid(isolvaleric acid) 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid Thioalcohol Androstenone 3

4 Sources of Malodour: Sweat and Sebum Apocrin Sweat and Sebum: Primary odourless and sterile, contains 1E+07 microorganisms/ml; is transformed into odorous substances mainly by some Staphylococcus sp., aerobic Corynebacteria, and Micrococci Other Sources: Dirty Laundry, Washing process, Detergent, Softener, Drying proczess Microbial transfer Adsorption of volatiles Microbial transfer and / or adsorption of volatiles Microbial transfer from skin / sweat to textile, attachment / biofilm formation and growth on textile, transformation of sweat / sebum in odorous substances Microorganisms on the skin produce volatile substances those were adsorbed on the textile fibers and release 4

5 Complexity of Odour accumulation Wear Staphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. transformsweat, sebumandintoshortchain/ branched chain fatty acids MALODOUR Wash Microorganisms from washing machine/ other laundry items Removed during washing process (ph -, T- dependent) Chemical adsorption and release over time Washing machine malodour/ detergent components/ Perfums 5

6 Complexity of odour accumulation Wear(second time) Interaction of microorganisms originating from sweat, skin, washing machine, air, dirty and wet laundry, with each other Interaction of volatile compounds from sweat, detergent and softener residues, fragrance, washing machine, dirty laundry, air with each other Interactions with the fiber, dye, residues 6

7 Microbial attachment and biofilm formation on textiles Comparable microbial numbers Higher survival rate on wool Higher adhesionon hydrophobic, non-polar surfaces (Fletcher, M. (1996) Bacterial adhesion. Wiley- Liss, USA) LowergrowthofStaphylococcussp. (JIS 1902) on hydrophilic fibers compared to hydrophobic fibers (Teufel and Redl, Lenzinger Berichte) Higher odour intensity on Polyester Comparable microbialnumberson wool, cotton and Polyester (McQueen et al., 2007) Higher survival rate of Microorganisms on wool than on Polyester even though malodourintensity is lower on wool (McQueen et al., 2007) Source : McQueen et al. (2007). Odour intensity on apparel Fabrics and the link with bacterial populations. Textile Research Journal, 77,

8 Uptake and release of volatiles by fiber types Polyester take up and release more fatty acids and aromatic compounds whereas Cotton, Viscose and Wool take up more Aldehydes (Prada et al., 2011) Source: Prada et al.(2011): The Evaluation of Human Hand Odor Volatiles on Various Textiles. Journal of Forensic Science, 56 (4),

9 Impact of washing process on textile malodour Fabric softener seems to enhance the odour problem on Polyester (Laitala et al.,2012) Lipase in detergents may have an impact on odour formation (Munk et al., 2000) Volatile substances(carboxylic acids) are faster removed in a washing process than microorganisms (Chung and Seok, 2012) Volatile substances are easier removed on Cotton than on Polyester (McQueen et al., 2013) Volatiles from washing machine contribute to laundry malodour (Stapleton at al., 2013) Source: Laitala et al. (2012). Troubles with the Solution: Fabric softeners and Odour Properties. Tenside Surf. Det. 49 (5),

10 Project: Development of novel non-biocidal textiles coatings reducing sweat odour accumulation(cooperation with EMPA and Sanitized) The aimofthestudy is, besidethedevelopment ofnew coatings, to understand the impact of micro-organisms and adsorption of volatile sweat compounds on textiles Preliminary Field study: 30 Probands wearing a half coated/ half uncoated shirt during a one hour sport session Odouraccumulationwas investigatedover10 wash&wear cycles Odour formation and quality was assessed by a panel of sniffers before and after washing Coated side Microbial load and microbial spectrum were determined before and after washing reference Antiadhesive coating has an odour-reducing effect 10

11 Conclusions and open questions The relationbetweenodour intensity andmicrobialnumbers / spectrum on textiles is still unclear 16s-rDNA Analysis of the microbial community on the textiles would bring a more comprehensive view than the identification of the culturable microorganisms Linda Teufel et al. (2010), Rachel McQueen et al (2007, 2012), Xuet al. (2013) statedthat microbial numbers do not necessarily correlate with the odour intensity(still unclear if the assessment of culturable bacteria is senseful and reliable) Caellewaert et al. (2014) stated that odour differences my be a result of a selective enrichment of certain odour forming bacteria However, no bacteria in the textile lead to a lower odour intensity The coating increases hydrophilicity of the polyester: Less microbial adhesion Less adsorption of volatile compounds generated in the axilla? Less/ Higher retention of volatile compounds? Remaining open questions: Role of microorganisms in odour formation/ role of microbial spectrum Impact of spinning oil/ production residues on odour formation Antimicrobial coatings and their correlation with odour prevention 11

12 Thank you for your attention Meetuson boothno. 352 CTI-Project PFNM-NM, Cooperation with Laboratory forbiointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material TestingandResearch, St. Gallen, Switzerland Dr. Philipp Stiefel Dr. Sabrina Schmidt-Emmrich Sanitized ag, Burgdorf, Switzerland Dr. Peter Stutte Dr. David Chaperon Dr. Roland Harbig Swissatest Testmaterialien AG, Mövenstrasse 12, CH-9015 St. Gallen, swissatest.ch 12