Overview on Thermal Storage Systems

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1 Overview on Thermal Storage Systems Ulf Herrmann, Michael Geyer Dave Kearney FLABEG Solar Int. GmbH Kearney & Associates Workshop on Thermal Storage for Trough Power Systems February 20-21, 2002 FLABEG Solar International GmbH

2 Why storage? Cost reduction for solar generated electricity Improve availability of solar power plants

3 Tasks of Storage Buffering during transient weather conditions Dispatchability or time-shifting Increase of annual capacity factor More even distribution of electricity production Achieve full load operation of the steam cycle at high efficiency

4 Technical Requirements for Storage Systems High energy density (per-unit mass or per-unit volume) in the storage material Good heat transfer between heat transfer fluid (HTF) and the storage medium Mechanical and chemical stability of storage material Chemical compatibility between HTF, heat exchanger and/or storage medium Complete reversibility for a large number of charging/discharging cycles Low thermal losses Ease of control

5 Design Criteria: Cost The cost of the storage material itself The heat exchanger for charging and discharging the system The cost for the space and the enclosure for the TES

6 Storage Mechanism Sensible heat storage (solid of liquid) Latent heat storage Chemical Storage

7 Solid Storage Materials Storage Medium Temperature Cold Hot ( C) ( C) Average density (kg/m³) Average heat conductivity (W/mK) Average heat capacity Volume specific heat capacity (kwh t /m³) Media costs per kg Media costs per kwh t (US$/kWht) (kj/kgk) (US$/kg) Solid media Sand-rock-mineral oil , Reinforced concrete , NaCl (solid) , Cast iron , Cast steel , Silica fire bricks , Magnesia fire bricks 200 1,200 3,

8 Concrete Storage tested at small scale low cost long-term stability?

9 Process Integration of Concrete Storage

10 Liquid Material Storage Medium Temperature Cold Hot ( C) ( C) Average density (kg/m³) Average heat conductivity (W/mK) Average heat capacity Volume specific heat capacity (kwh t /m³) Media costs per kg Media costs per kwh t (US$/kWht) (kj/kgk) (US$/kg) Liquid media Mineral oil Synthetic oil Silicone oil Nitrite salts , Nitrate salts , Carbonate salts , Liquid sodium

11 Mineral Oil Storage SEGS I HTF: Mineral Oil 2-Tank Mineral Oil Storage Max. Temp.: 307 C Capacity:115 MWh

12 Process Scheme of SEGS I

13 Molten Salt Storage 2 Tank Molten Salt Nitrate Salt Mixture Salt was also HTF Max. Temp. 565 C Capacity: 105 MWh

14 Process Scheme for SEGS plant with 2 Tank TES

15 Process Scheme: Option 2

16 Next Step Thermocline Storage

17 Phase Change Material Storage Medium Temperature Cold Hot ( C) ( C) Average density (kg/m³) Average heat conductivity (W/mK) Average heat capacity Volume specific heat capacity (kwh t /m³) Media costs per kg Media costs per kwh t (US$/kWht) (kj/kgk) (US$/kg) Phase change media NaNO , KNO , KOH 380 2, Salt-ceramics (NaCO 3 -BaCO 3 /MgO) , NaCl 802 2, Na 2 CO ,

18 Phase Change Material Experiments N 2 -inert gas superposition V = 0,3-3 m /h Thermal oi Demineralized Water Nitrogen T max 400 C P max 20 bar ,5 kwh Storagecapacity in the range from 280 C to 360 C Cooling- Cooling HE max. 100kW only lab scale experiments

19 Process Scheme for SEGS with PCM-Storage Steam Turbine Solar Superheater G HTF Heater Steam Generator Condenser Thermal Energy Storage Solar Preheater Solar Field Deaerator Low Pressure Preheater Solar Reheater Module n Module 2 Module 1 Expansion Vessel

20 Chemical Storage Solar dis s ociator (endothermic) Electric dissociator (endothermic) Balancing separator QC:NDIR PI Synthesizer (exothermic) 20 m 2 Solar Dish Counterflow He at Exchangers N 2 Le ve l detectors 20 litre Separation and Storage Separator Nitrogen backed Ammonia Accumulator NH 3 - supply 10 litre Buffer FC only lab scale experiments or for different applications (Dish)

21 Specific Cost of Storage Concepts 150 Spec. Costs [US$/kWh] Installation and balance of system Storage Material Heat Exchanger Oil 25 0 Concrete Solid Salt 2-Tank Liquid Salt Thermocline Liquid Salt LUZ 5 PCM INITEC 5 PCM SGR 3 PCM

22 Summary Three storage options offer favourable cost Salt Storage (2-Tank and Thermocline) Concrete (or compound material) Phase change material No reliable information available about cost of chemical storage 2-Tank molten salt storage seems to be most advanced system and ready for realization

23 Overview on Current European Work 2-Tank Molten Salt Storage AndaSol-Project Herrmann/Geyer/Kistner Concrete or Compound Material Update on the European concrete TES program Tamme Phase Change Material Phase Change Storage/Storage for DISS Tamme/Pitz-Paal Paal

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