Global Energy Interconnection Development Index

Transcription

1 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218 Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization March 218

2 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218 Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization March 218

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4 Foreword Currently, resources constraints, climate change, environmental pollution and population without access to electricity pose severe challenges to the global sustainable development. To approach these challenges, it is pivotal to comply with the growing trend of the clean, electrified, interconnected and intelligent energy system, quicken the establishment of the cleanness-oriented, electricity-centered, interconnected, co-built and shared modern energy system. Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) refers to the development of a globally interconnected, ubiquitous robust smart grid, supported by backbone UHV grid (channels), and it is a vital platform for worldwide large-scale deployment, transportation and utilization of clean energy. Establishing GEI, and accelerating "two replacements, one increase and one restore" provide an efficient solution for all countries to realize energy system transition. The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) aims to promote the establishment of a GEI system to meet the global electricity demand in a clean and green way, to actively build an international platform with co-commerce, co-build, share, win-win principles, and to realize the objectives of GEI and sustainable development. On a basis of deep research in the field of energy and electricity, GEIDCO proposes the global energy interconnection development index () based on the theory of GEI and the comprehensive evaluation methodology, which systematically reflects the development level of the global energy and power system from such three perspectives as Power Interconnection, Green & Low-Carbon and Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination development. The proposed provides basic analysis and forward-looking reference for governments, international organizations, enterprises, and institutions to carry out policies making, planning research, and investment consulting. The "Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218" firstly introduces the designing ideas and evaluating methodology of the. The regional and national ranking and the three subindex rankings are then evaluated and analyzed according to the collected data and analysis regarding to energy, electricity, economy, society, and environment in 14 countries and 1 regions around the world. Finally, a special subject on the GEI development of countries along the Belt and Road is carried out in this report since the Belt and Road Initiative will have an important impact on the global energy system transition.

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6 1 Index System Theoretical Basis Index Framework Evaluation Principles Evaluation Process 1 2 Global ing Regional ing Regional Evaluation Country ing 26 3 Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Energy Interconnection Regional Characteristics Country ing 17 Conclusion 19 Appendix: Evaluation Methodology 11

7 1 Index System 1.1 Theoretical Basis Four challenges The economic and social growth of the mankind has excessively depended on fossil fuel energy since the industrial revolution, which concurrently brings severe challenges, such as resources constraints, environmental pollution, climate change and serious problem of population without access to electricity. In accordance with the present exploitation intensity, the worldwide explored reserves of coal, petroleum and natural gas can be exploited for only 153 years, 51 years and 53 years, respectively. About 6.5 million deaths worldwide are caused by air pollution chiefly resulting from the pollutants during energy consumption each year. Stricter measures must be adopted to control global greenhouse gas emission within 4 billion tons before 23 so as to realize the goal of the Paris Agreement. Despite great progress in global power penetration over the past 3 years, more than 1 billion people still have no access to electricity, which has become an important bottleneck for getting out of poverty. Energy system transition To cope with the four challenges during energy development, prompt actions must be taken to accelerate energy system transition. The Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) is a modern energy system strategically oriented to "two replacements, one increase and one restore", led by clean energy as the domination, electricity as the center, global interconnection, co-construction and sharing. In essence, it is a "smart power grid + ultra-high voltage grid + clean energy" complex. Two Replacements Replace fossil fuels with clean alternatives such as solar, wind and hydropower in energy production. Replace coal, oil and gas by clean electricity from afar in energy consumption to solve the problems of the over-reliance on fossil fuels and carbon emissions at the root. One Increase Increase electrification, thus enlarging the proportion of electricity in energy consumption and reducing the total energy consumption on the premise of ensuring energy demand. One Restore Restore fossil fuel s basic attribute as an industrial raw material to create even greater value in socioeconomic development. Substantive characteristics GEI reflects the dialectical unity of the theory and practice to facilitate the world energy system transition. Theoretically, GEI proactively advocates and promotes the global energy system to achieve clean, low-carbon, electrified and networked development. The process of building a global energy interconnection is actually to accelerate the process of implementing global energy system transition. In practice, the GEI is a vital platform for massive deployment, transportation and utilization of clean energy around the world. Due to the uneven distribution of global clean energy resources, we must take advantage of UHV and smart grid technologies to promote the formation of an overall global grid interconnection so as to achieve clean energy deployment and to expedite the transition and upgrading of energy system development in the processes of energy production, allocation and consumption worldwide in an all-round way. 6 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

8 1.2 Index Framework Index Connotation Based on the concept of "Green, Win-Win, Collaborative, and Sustainable" and the theory of GEI, the Global Energy Interconnection Development Index () is proposed to reflect the development level of national and regional power system, energy system, and economy, society and environment coordination. as a comprehensive index provides an integrated system to demonstrate and analyze the development level and implementation effectiveness of world s energy system transition. The is composed of three subindexes, namely the Power Interconnection Index,the Green & Low-Carbon Index, and the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index, which embody the core essential and strategic value of the GEI in promoting the world's energy system transition. Power interconnection as the key technology Clean energy such as wind, solar, and hydropower needs to be converted into electricity for efficient and convenient use, which determines that the energy system dominated by clean energy will be the power system in the future. Relying on UHV and smart grid technologies, accelerating power grid interconnection is a necessary requirement for flexible access to all types of centralized and distributed clean energy and for meeting the needs in terms of access and service for various types of electrical equipment. It is necessary for each country to advance the popularization of power, the construction of domestic power grids, and transnational power trade across continents step by step according to the different development stages of power system. Green & low-carbon development as the fundamental orientation Accelerating transition of global primary energy consumption from high-carbon to lowcarbon and from fossil fuel energy domination to clean electricity domination is a common choice that meets the law of energy system development and simultaneously meets the national sustainable development goals. The clean energy resources are extensively rich in the world. Promoting the development and utilization of major river basins for hydropower, wind energy in Arctic regions and solar energy in equatorial regions (Arctic and equatorial regions), developing centralized and distributed clean energy according to national conditions, and accelerating the formation of clean energy-led energy systems is the fundamental guarantee for achieving sustainable development of mankind. Energy, economy, society and environment coordination as the essential objective Building the GEI to realize energy system transition will promote world energy supply system into a new stage characterized by clean energy as the domination, electricity as the center, and global allocation. It will meet global electricity demand in a clean and green way, thus fundamentally addressing environmental pollution and climate change issues, and it plays an important role in sustainable development for the economy and world s peace and harmony. 1 Index System 7

9 Index System Based on the theory of GEI, the is composed of three subindexes evaluated by 18 quantitative indicators. Global Energy Interconnection Development Index () Power Interconnection Index (Electrification and interconnection) Green & Low-Carbon Index (Clean energy and clean replacement) Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index (Energy, economy, society and environment coordination development) Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level Imports & exports of electricity Proportion of non-fossil fuel power generation Proportion of nonfossil fuel energy consumption Proportion of commercial energy consumption GDP per capita Electricity consumption per capita Rate of smart meter utilization Proportion of transnational transmission channel capacity Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita CO 2 emission per unit energy consumption Energy conversion efficiency GDP growth rate Rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption Proportion of electric vehicle inventory Air quality (PM2.5) Gini coefficient The Global Energy Interconnection Development Index framework Power Interconnection Index () is a subindex that reflects the national and regional electricity popularity, grid structure and development level, the level of electrification, as well as the development level of transnational interconnection. According to these substantial fields, is divided into three major aspects: the popularization of electricity, the development of domestic power grids, and transnational interconnection. When evaluating popularization of electricity, access rate to electricity, electricity consumption per capita and rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption are selected as the indicators. In terms of development of power grids, grid structure and development level and rate of smart meter utilization are selected as the indicators. Imports and exports of electricity and proportion of transnational transmission channel capacity are chosen as the indicators to reflect the development level of transnational interconnection. Green & Low- Carbon Index () is a subindex reflecting the regional and national development level of low carbonization and cleanliness of energy and power systems. It is used to evaluate the degree of clean energy exploitation and utilization in energy production and consumption process. In the energy production, proportion of non-fossil fuel power generation and non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita are selected as the indicators, while proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption, CO 2 emission per unit energy consumption and proportion of electric vehicle inventory are selected as the indicators in energy consumption process. Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index () is a subindex that reflects the security level supported by the energy and power systems for regional and national economic and social development, as well as the development level of coordinated economy, society and environment. The security level by energy system is evaluated by proportion of commercial energy consumption and energy conversion efficiency. Based on the review on international experience and consideration of actual national situation at different stages of development, GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, air quality (PM2.5), and Gini coefficient are selected as the indicators to reflect development level of economy, environment, and society, respectively. 8 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

10 1.3 Evaluation Principles Establishment of index system, process of indicator selection, data processing and calculation generally follow the rules of comprehensiveness, objectivity, adaptability and continuity. Comprehensiveness The indicator selection covers various aspects, including power system, energy system, economy, society and environment. The index system is systematic and has wide coverage, and comprehensively reflects the development level of each country. Three indicators in the energy sector, ten in the power sector, two in the economic sector, and three cross-domain indicators in the society and environment are determined to reflect the development of GEI. Objectivity In order to objectively reflect the actual developing situation of each country, based on quantitative statistical data, scientifical method is used for data processing and assessment techniques. Adaptability With full respect of national conditions of each country and full consideration of the differences in the development stages, adaptability of assessment is taken into account. 14 proportional indicators and 4 quantitative indicators are determined in the index system. Continuity The index system design focuses on continuously reflecting and tracking global power interconnection, green & low-carbon development trends and priorities. The evaluation results can guide the direction of development and provide reference for sustainable development in all countries. 1 Index System 9

11 1.4 Evaluation Process Statistical methods and multiple evaluation methods are comprehensively used for index system construction, index data processing, and weight matrix and index ranking calculations. National, regional, and subindex rankings and distribution are analyzed and displayed. Select 18 quantitative indicators from Building the index system power interconnection + green & low-carbon + energy, economy, society and environment coordination three dimensions to establish the index system. Acquisition of indicator data Collect data from multiple channels and carry out data cleaning and verification to ensure data accuracy and integrity. The logarithmic range method The interval membership method Data normalization Determination of weighting and index composite methods The analytic hierarchy process method The master-slave type multiplication operator method Index evaluation and calculation Weights for the Power Interconnection Index + the Green & Low-Carbon Index evaluation are determined by the weight matrix The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Index is evaluated by the master-slave type multiplication operator. Example test Select typical countries or regions for example test and further optimize the index system and weighting functions according to the results from the example test. Global Evaluation Make actual calculations in worldwide 1 regions and 14 countries to acquire the evaluation results. 1 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

12 2 Global ing 2.1 Regional ing Evaluation has been applied to calculate the and the three subindexes relating to power interconnection, green & low-carbon and energy, economy, society and environment coordination of the 1 regions and 14 countries in the world. According to the regional distribution of the, Europe, North America, East Asia and Oceania are at the advanced level, whose subindexes have no obvious short slabs. Russia and Central Asia, Central and South Africa are at the middle level, with Russia and Central Asia having better electricity interconnection while Central and South America growing better in green & low-carbon development. Southeast Asia, West Asia and North Africa, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are relatively backward, and they are highly dependent on fossil energy. The challenges and opportunities for energy system transition coexist. for the 1 regions ing Area Power Interconnection Index Green and Low- Carbon Index Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index 1 Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa World s average Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 11

13 Distribution of the 1 Regions for Europe North America No No Sub-Saharan Africa No North America Canada, Mexico, USA (United States of America) West Asia and North Africa Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Sub-Saharan Africa Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Congo (Kinshasa), Cote d'lvoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe Central and South America Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela 12 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218 Central and South America No

14 Europe Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom Russia and Central Asia No East Asia West Asia and North Africa No Russia and Central Asia No Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan South Asia No East Asia China, DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Kore), Japan, Mongolia, ROK (Republic of Korea) Southeast Asia No South Asia Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Oceania No Southeast Asia This map is for illustrative purposes only and is not drawn to display scale. It does not reflect the position of the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization on the legal status of any country or territory or the demarcation of any boundaries (The same as follows). Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Oceania Australia, New Zealand 2 Global ing 13

15 Power Interconnection Index ing Europe, East Asia and North America feature high Power Interconnection Index, with complete energy and electricity infrastructure, high degree of electrification and intelligence and obvious advantages of large-scale deployment of clean resources in the power grid. The Power Interconnection Index of Oceania, Russia and Central Asia, West Asia and North Africa, Central and South America are at a global average, characterizing by better grid structure and development degree. However, in some countries, the development of intelligent power system is slow, and transnational power trade is small. In Southeast Asia, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, due to the low level of development of energy and power, insufficient electricity consumption as well as less cross-border interconnection, the Power Interconnection Index is low Europe East Asia North Oceania Russia and America Central Asia 59. West Asia and North Africa 55. Central and South America 51. Southeast Asia 47.4 South Asia 33.7 Sub- Saharan Africa Green & Low-Carbon Index ing Europe 63.6 North America 61.3 Oceania 53.8 Central and South America 52.2 East Asia 51.9 Sub- Saharan Africa 47.2 Russia and Central Asia 41.6 Southeast Asia 4.9 South Asia 24.1 West Asia and North Africa Europe, North America and Oceania feature high Green & Low-Carbon Index. They attach importance to the development and utilization of renewable energy such as wind, solar, hydropower, and nuclear energy. And energy is gradually transformed into low carbon. As for Central and South America, East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Green & Low-Carbon Index is slightly higher than the global average, and there are significant differences in the development model and utilization level of inter-regional clean energy. In Russia and Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and North Africa, the energy supply is dominated by fossil energy, proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption is not high, and the pressure for clean and low carbon transition is high. Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ing Europe, Oceania and North America have established relatively sound energy security system with high Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Indexes. Overall energy conversion efficiencies in Russia and Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America are not high. Fossil energy in West Asia, North Africa, and South Asia poses serious air pollution. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio of fuelwood utilization is high, and energy supply and security capabilities are low Europe Oceania North America Russia and Central Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Central and South America West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub- Saharan Africa 14 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

16 2.2 Regional Evaluation Europe Europe features high degree of economic integration, sound energy and electricity infrastructure, fundamental establishment of the synchronous power grid interconnection pattern and high proportion of clean energy. In recent years, it has vigorously promoted such policy measures as energy system transition, green & low-carbon development, integrated market and energy-saving and efficiency enhancement, with ranking first in terms of. The grid structure and development level are relatively good. The Power Interconnection Index ranks first and is significantly higher than the global average. The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption is high and tends to be stable, with electricity consumption per capita exceeding 5,4kWh. Except for Iceland and Cyprus, European countries have formed five synchronous power grids in the continent of Europe, North Europe, Baltic Sea, Britain and Ireland, coordinated operation through the DC transmission line. The area features a complete power market mechanism, a high proportion of imports and exports of electricity and a high proportion of transnational transmission channel capacity. Renewable energy accounts for a relatively high proportion, ranking first in the Green & Low-Carbon Index, significantly higher than the global average. Renewable energy consumption accounts for 14.7% of total primary energy consumption, which is 4.7 percentage higher than the global average. The installed capacity of renewable energy accounts for approximately 42%. European countries have always attached importance to low-carbon development. It has started early and achieved remarkable results in addressing climate change and energy conservation and emission reduction. According to the 25 Energy Roadmap, the EU will achieve the goal of carbon reduction of 8%-95% by 25, and the proportion of clean energy will exceed 8%. The energy security system is established, with the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranking first, higher than the global average. The proportion of commercial energy consumption is high, energy efficiency technology is advanced, air quality is good, GDP per capita is high, and the guarantee effect of energy power on the economic and social environment is fully reflected. Europe has a large energy consumption demand, but it has limited clean energy resources and high development costs. In the future, it is necessary to further develop the power interconnection platform, promote clean energy development in the surrounding areas, and pay attention to intra-continental development and transcontinental deployment Distribution of in European countries 2 Global ing 15

17 Regional and global rankings in European countries Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Norway 1 23 Romania 27 2 Sweden 2 24 Latvia 29 3 Finland 3 25 Montenegro 3 4 Austria 4 26 Malta 32 5 Switzerland 5 27 Georgia 37 6 Denmark 7 28 Lithuania 38 7 France 8 29 Turkey 4 8 Luxembourg 9 3 Poland 41 9 Iceland 1 31 Albania 43 1 Slovenia Estonia Germany Greece Belgium Bulgaria Spain Armenia 5 14 Slovakia Belarus Italy Bosnia and Herzegovina Netherlands Ukraine Hungary Serbia United Kingdom 19 4 Macedonia Croatia 2 41 Cyprus 78 2 Portugal Moldova Czech Ireland Azerbaijan Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

18 North America North America has a developed economy. Coal, oil, natural gas and clean energy resources are all relatively abundant. It has complete energy and power infrastructure, and a high level of regional grid interconnection, in which clean energy has been developed very earlier, with ranking second Distribution and regional rankings of in North American countries Reginal ing Country Global ing Canada 6 2 USA Mexico The overall development level of power grid is high, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks third, significantly higher than the global average. North America is the main region of global energy consumption. The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption and the access rate to electricity are higher. The electricity consumption per capita in Canada and the USA are 5. times and 4.2 times the global average respectively. The grid has a good foundation for development, a strong interconnection shelf, and a high degree of intelligence. The USA, as the main power receiving centre, has multiple interconnection lines with Canada and Mexico. Transnational power trading is active, and power import and export transactions are relatively large. The energy system transition takes place earlier and the Green & Low-Carbon Index ranks second, significantly higher than the global average. North America has abundant clean energy resources, strong technological innovation capability, and a high degree of development. The proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption in Canada accounts for 78% of the total. In 215, wind and solar power generation in the USA increased by 3 times and 4 times respectively compared to 28. The rapid development of electric vehicles has ranked the top in the world for many consecutive years. The energy utilization efficiency is high, and Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks third, higher than the global average. North America has strong energy and power security capability. In recent years, the development of clean energy drives employment and economic growth, which has a positive effect on the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. The GDP per capita of the countries in the region is relatively high and the economic growth is relatively stable. By protecting the environment through legislation, the air quality is good. 2 Global ing 17

19 East Asia The economy of East Asia is full of vitality. The infrastructure is relatively complete. Energy and power consumption is growing rapidly, and the proportion of installed capacity of clean energy power generation continues to increase. The of East Asia ranks third. The grid structure is well developed, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks second, higher than the global average. China, Japan and ROK have realized full coverage of electricity and high proportion of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption and electricity consumption per capita. The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption in Japan has reached 28%. The electricity consumption per capita in ROK has exceeded 1,kWh. Smart grid construction is robust. Especially, China is accelerating the establishment of the world s leading UHV backbone grid to achieve a wide range of optimal configuration of power energy. The level of interconnection of multinational power grids is relatively low, and the scale of power trading is small. There is no transnational interconnected power grid other than China. Non-fossil fuel energy develops rapidly, and the Green & Low- Carbon Index ranks fifth, slightly higher than the global average. China's wind, solar power installed capacity and generation are among the highest in the world. ROK's non-fossil fuel energy consumption and non-fossil fuel power generation respectively account for more than 18% and 32%. Japan's per capita non-fossil fuel energy installed capacity exceeds.8kw. Due to huge energy consumption and robust power demand, green & low-carbon development has a long way to go and has great potential for future development. There are large differences in energy development, with the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranking fifth, slightly higher than the global average. Different countries have different stages of economic development, and there is a great difference in the ability of energy to guarantee the development of the economy, society and environment. The rapid economic increases of Japan and ROK started earlier, and the energy and power infrastructure is better, which ensures the coordinated development of the economy, society and environment. In these countries, GDP per capita is high and the environment quality is good. The developing countries such as China started their economic development later, but the growth rate is very fast. The rapid increase in the level of development has promoted economic and social development, but the coordinated development of energy and environment still faces great challenges. Distribution and regional rankings of in East Asia 41.8 Reginal ing Country Global ing China 21 2 Japan ROK 39 4 Mongolia 12 5 DPRK Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

20 Oceania Oceania is sparsely populated with abundant energy resources, developed economy, complete energy and power infrastructure, high level of power consumption, and good environmental quality. The ranks fourth. The degree of electrification is high, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks fourth, higher than the global average. Australia and New Zealand have realized full coverage of grid, featuring high proportions of power energy in total final energy. The electricity consumption per capita exceeds more than 9,kWh. The domestic power grid interconnection is relatively well developed. However, due to geographical constraints, the interconnection between national grids has not yet been achieved, and the transnational energy allocation capacity is not strong. The proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption is high. The Green & Low-Carbon Index ranks third, higher than the global average. The countries in Oceania have a good foundation for green & low-carbon energy development. The proportion of non-fossil fuel power generation of New Zealand has reached 8% and the proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption, chiefly hydropower, subterranean heat and wind power, has exceeded 4%. Australia is rich in clean energy resources, and clean energy is developing rapidly. Non-fossil fuel energy power generation capacity in Australia has exceeded 17 million kw, with a large potential for green and low-carbon energy development. Development of energy system is characterized by low-carbon and high-efficiency. The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks second, significantly higher than the global average. Proportion of commercial energy consumption is high in Oceania. Energy utilization technologies are advanced. Economic development is well balanced with higher GDP per capita, higher economic growth, and well social stability. At the same time, countries in the region focus on environmental protection. The ability to support the coordinated development of the energy, economy, society and environment is strong. Distribution and regional rankings of in Oceania Reginal ing Country Global ing New Zealand 25 2 Australia Global ing 19

21 Russia and Central Asia Russia and Central Asian countries have abundant energy resources with varieties and large reserves. They are important oil and gas supply regions in the world. However, the clean energy development is relatively backward. The ranks fifth. Distribution and regional rankings of in Russia and Central Asia Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Russia 34 2 Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan 59 5 Kazakhstan Turkmenistan The power grid has a good foundation. The Power Interconnection Index ranks fifth, slightly higher than the global average. The Access rate to electricity of the countries in the region is high. But the rates of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption in most countries are lower than 15% and their electricity consumption per capita is no more than 5,5kWh. All the countries feature relatively slow smart grid construction. Based on the previous regional power market development, Russia and the Central Asian countries have realized initial interconnection of the backbone grid. All countries in this area have made power transactions at a certain scale. Non-fossil fuel energy is underutilized and the Green & Low-Carbon Index ranks seventh, lower than the global average. Most of the countries in the region have abundant clean energy resources and have basic conditions for building large-scale wind power, hydropower, and photovoltaic bases. However, the level of development and utilization needs to be improved. Most countries have great dependence on fossil fuels. Non-fossil fuel energy consumption accounts for a lower proportion of 1%. Non-fossil fuel energy generation per capita is below.5kw. The growth rate of energy consumption is slow, and the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks fourth, slightly higher than the global average. The energy consumption of various countries accounts for a relatively high proportion. The level of energy efficiency and overall energy security capability are ordinary. Despite the relatively high GDP growth in recent years, GDP per capita is low and the gap between rich and poor is relatively large. 2 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

22 Central and South America Regional economic development in Central and South America fluctuates greatly. The energy and power infrastructure is ordinary. Fossil fuel energy and renewable resources are abundant. There are great potentials in clean energy development and ecological environment development. The ranks sixth Distribution and regional rankings of in Central and South America Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing Brazil Honduras Paraguay Venezuela 8 3 Uruguay Nicaragua Costa Rica Cuba Argentina Dominican Republic Panama Suriname 15 7 Chile Bolivia 19 8 Colombia 66 2 Jamaica Ecuador Trinidad and Tobago 13 1 Peru 7 22 Curacao Guatemala El Salvador Haiti 138 Central and South America has a low electrification level and the Power Interconnection Index is slightly lower than the world s average. The Power Interconnection Index ranks seventh. Central and South America boasts a higher proportion of hydropower installation. The Green & Low-Carbon Index is slightly higher than the world s average and ranks fourth. The foundation of energy and electricity development in Central and South America is not solid, and its Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks seventh, which is slightly lower than the world s average. The grid in the region has not yet achieved full coverage. The rate of electricity consumption in terminal energy consumption and the electricity consumption per capita are relatively low, and drastically different in different countries. For instance, electricity consumption per capita is more than 3,kWh in Chile, Surinam and Uruguay, while only 719kWh in Bolivia. Cross-border power grids are generally weak. Cross-border power exchange is concentrated on hydropower exported to Brazil and Argentina from Paraguay. Most of grid interconnection channels in other countries are used only for power supply in the border areas, seasonal power exchange, or emergency power support. The production of fossil fuel energy in Central and South America is dominated by oil and natural gas, and the proportion of coal is low. The proportion of nonfossil fuel energy consumption and power generation are relatively high, and clean energy is well developed and utilized. Brazil's clean energy power generation accounts for nearly 8%, but the development of non-hydro renewable energy such as solar and wind energy has just started. Due to a high proportion of hydropower, the power supply in this area is significantly influenced by seasonal changes and the energy security capacity is ordinary. Most countries feature slow economic growth, low GDP per capita, relatively high Gini coefficients, ordinary air quality and great potentials for improvement in development of energy, economy, society and environment coordination. 2 Global ing 21

23 Southeast Asia The overall level of economic development in Southeast Asia region is low, but the growth rate is high. Regional economic cooperation is tight, and the degree of integration is relatively high. The energy and power infrastructure is lagging. The level of cross-border interconnection is low, and the development of clean energy is slow. The ranks seventh. Distribution and regional rankings of in Southeast Asia Reginal ing Country Global ing Singapore Vietnam Thailand 65 4 Malaysia Indonesia 79 6 Laos Philippines 97 8 Cambodia 99 9 Myanmar 1 1 Brunei 119 The power grid in Southeast Asia features an ordinary development level, with the Power Interconnection Index ranking eighth, manifestly lower than the world s average. The development of clean energy has not been fully valued, and the Green & Low- Carbon Index ranks eighth, which is obviously lower than the global average. The efficiency of energy conversion and utilization is generally low in this region. The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ranks sixth, lower than the global average. The electricity consumption per capita and rate of electricity consumption in terminal energy consumption in Southeast Asia are rather low. Electricity is not available to a large population and smart power grid undergoes slow. The backbone grids of all countries urgently need to be enhanced. Now weak interconnection covering most of the countries in this area has been established, but the integrated regional power market mechanism has not been formed. Some countries in Southeast Asia are sensitive to energy prices. To meet the rapidly growing demand for energy and power, a large amount of fossil fuel energy is still being used to generate electricity. Non-fossil fuel energy sources have less installed capacity and generate less electricity. In order to avoid re-entrant detours after pollution first, it is necessary to accelerate the development and utilization of clean energy and achieve leapfrog development. Some countries in Southeast Asia have a lower share of energy consumption and energy conversion efficiency. They have a higher proportion of fossil fuels and depend on imports. Their energy security capabilities are not strong. The gap between the rich and the poor is relatively large, and the air quality is relatively poor. Coordination and development efforts should be strengthened. 22 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

24 West Asia and North Africa West Asia and North Africa stretch across Asian and African continents and are important oil and natural gas energy production areas featuring drastic differences in economic growth level. Some countries have relatively complete energy and electricity infrastructure and the level of clean energy development in this region is relatively low. The ranks eighth in the region. Distribution and regional rankings of in West Asia and North Africa Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 Israel 49 8 Jordan Libya Morocco 63 9 Qatar Syria Saudi Arabia 68 1 Lebanon Iraq United Arab Emirates Algeria Oman Iran Bahrain Yemen Egypt Sudan Tunisia Kuwait The development of the power grid has a certain basis, and the Power Interconnection Index ranks sixth, at a global average level. The level of electrification differs greatly among countries. Except for Yemen and Sudan, where the access rate to electricity is high, the average electricity consumption per capita in Bahrain is 6.6 times the global average. Yemen is only 1/2 of the global average level. Now the interconnected power systems in the six Gulf countries and in the northern part of Middle East have been formed. The 5kV AC transmission line of North Africa and West Asia crossing the Sinai has realized synchronous power grid interconnection. But this area lacks regional power market mechanism and has a small volume of transnational power transaction. West Asia and North Africa has a low proportion of clean energy, with the Green & Low-Carbon Index much lower than the world s average, ranking tenth. Almost of all the primary energy consumed in oil producers such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar are petroleum and natural gas. They abound with clean energy resources such as solar energy. However, their clean energy development degree is rather low, and the installed non-fossil fuel energy generation capacity and electric energy production are limited. Efforts should be made to fully utilize the existing power interconnection facilities, promote clean energy development, optimize energy allocation and realize green and low carbon energy transition. West Asia and North Africa has launched insufficient environmental protection. The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index is lower than the world s average, ranking eighth. Although some countries in West Asia and North Africa have high GDP per capita, their overall energy conversion and energy conversion efficiency are quite low, and its Gini coefficient is large. Besides, extensive use of the fossil fuel energy makes the air quality worse. 2 Global ing 23

25 South Asia This area features a large and dense population. The level of economic development is ordinary, but the momentum of development is good. The infrastructure of energy and power is weak. This area has insufficient oil and natural gas resources, high proportion of coal in primary energy consumption, more priorities to clean energy and great potentials for GEI development. The ranks ninth Distribution and regional rankings of in South Asia 43.8 Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 India Pakistan 89 3 Nepal 9 4 Sri Lanka 91 5 Bangladesh The grid structure in South Asia is less complete, with the Power Interconnection Index lower than the world's average, ranking ninth. The electricity in this area is quite insufficient. The power consumption stays at a low level. The electricity consumption per capita is less than 1/4 of the world s average and the population without access to electricity accounts for about 35% of the world. The energy and electricity infrastructure maintains at a low level concurrently with low reliability and security condition. The penetration rate of intelligent technologies such as smart meters needs to be increased. The volume of electricity of imports and exports with neighboring countries is low. Fossil fuel energy consumption plays a dominating role in South Asia. The Green & Low-Carbon Index rank ninth, lower than the world s average. The energy consumption in this area highly depends on fossil fuels. The utilization degree of renewable resources such as hydropower is rather low. In recent years, governments have continuously invested in clean energy development. Fast development of wind power and solar power generation in some countries such as India can be seen. It has greater potentials for improvement in the green and low-carbon development in the future. South Asia adopts the extensive energy development pattern and its Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index is tremendously lower than the world s average, ranking ninth. This area features a low proportion of commercial energy consumption, moderate energy conversion efficiency, drastic gap of social wealth, worse air quality and weak energy security capabilities in most of countries. 24 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

26 Sub- Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa covers many countries, most of which are the world s least developed countries. The total amount of energy production and consumption is limited, and many regions have not yet been electrified. Nevertheless, it enjoys a promising trend of economic growth. It is anticipated that the demand for energy and power will be large and GEI development urgently needs to be enhanced. The ranks tenth. Distribution and regional rankings of in Sub-Saharan Africa Reginal ing Country Global ing Reginal ing Country Global ing 1 South Africa Togo Namibia Botswana Ghana Congo Gabon Senegal Zambia Angola Zimbabwe Tanzania Mozambique Benin Cameroon 96 2 Congo (Kinshasa) Nigeria Eritrea Cote d'lvoire Niger Ethiopia South Sudan Kenya 111 Sub-Saharan Africa features a weak infrastructure of energy and power. The Power Interconnection Index ranks tenth, significantly lower than the global average. The rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa is not high, with more than half of global population without access to electricity living there. The annual electricity consumption per capita in the area is 53kWh, and only that of South Africa is higher than the world s average. The power interconnection level in this area is relatively low and there are few power transactions in this area. Sub-Saharan Africa still uses lots of low-level biomass energy and its Green & Low- Carbon Index is slightly higher than the world s average, ranking sixth. In the region, there are abundant clean energy resources such as solar power and hydropower, but there is a lack of investment and technology. The development and utilization of clean energy is relatively low. There are a few non-fossil fuel energy power generation installations. There are great potentials for large-scale development and utilization of clean energy in the future. Sub-Saharan Africa has weak energy security capabilities, ranking tenth in the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index, significantly lower than the global average. Sub-Saharan Africa has a low share of commercial energy consumption and has not yet established an energy security system. GDP per capita of most countries is low and less than USD 2,. The gap between rich and poor is large, and the coordination of energy, economy, society and environment is weak. 2 Global ing 25

27 2.3 Country ing Global Distribution Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

28 2 Global ing 27

29 Country ing ing Country ing Country ing Country 1 Norway China Poland Sweden Portugal Tajikistan Finland USA Albania Austria Czech Estonia Switzerland New Zealand Kyrgyzstan Canada Ireland Greece Denmark Romania Singapore France Japan Bulgaria Luxembourg Latvia Israel Iceland Montenegro Armenia Slovenia Brazil Costa Rica Germany Malta Belarus Belgium Paraguay Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Russia Argentina Slovakia Australia Ukraine Italy Uruguay Panama Netherlands Georgia Serbia Hungary Lithuania Vietnam United Kingdom ROK Uzbekistan Croatia Turkey Kazakhstan 52.5 ed by scores, only one digit after the decimal point is remained. First echelon Second echelon Third echelon 28 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

30 ing Country ing Country ing Country ing Country 61 Chile Egypt Nigeria Sudan Macedonia Laos Mongolia DPRK Morocco Namibia Azerbaijan Congo South Africa Ghana Dominican Republic Senegal Thailand Nicaragua Suriname Angola Colombia Gabon Turkmenistan Kuwait Malaysia Tunisia Cote d lvoire Libya Saudi Arabia Zambia Ethiopia Syria Ecuador Pakistan Bolivia Tanzania Peru Nepal Qatar Trinidad and Tobago Guatemala Sri Lanka Kenya Iraq United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe Togo Oman Iran Moldova Botswana Benin Mexico Jordan Lebanon Congo (Kinshasa) El Salvador Mozambique Algeria Eritrea India Cameroon Jamaica Niger Honduras Philippines Bahrain Curacao Cyprus Cuba Mauritius Haiti Indonesia Cambodia Brunei Yemen Venezuela Myanmar Bangladesh South Sudan 16.6 Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 29

31 Country ing (Top 4) Norway Sweden Finland Austria Switzerland Canada Denmark France Luxembourg Iceland Slovenia Germany Belgium Spain Slovakia Italy Netherlands Hungary United Kingdom Croatia China Portugal USA Czech New Zealand Ireland Romania Japan Latvia Montenegro Brazil Malta Paraguay Russia Australia Uruguay Georgia Lithuania ROK Turkey Power Interconnection Index Green & Low- Carbon Index Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index 3 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

32 Country ing for the Power Interconnection Index (Top 4) The top 4 countries in the Power Interconnection Index are mainly European countries, accounting for 77% of the total, featuring high electrification rates, more mature power grid development and massive transnational electricity transactions. Some countries in West Asia and North Africa boast a good foundation of power grids. East Asia plays a world leading role in the development of ultra-high voltage technology and backbone grid. Top 4 countries for the Power Interconnection Index ing Country Power Interconnection Index ing Country Power Interconnection Index 1 Luxembourg United Kingdom Norway Poland China Romania Austria Israel Sweden Belgium Netherlands Singapore Italy Portugal Czech Russia Denmark Malta Finland Bosnia and Herzegovina Canada Saudi Arabia France Estonia Germany Montenegro Hungary Ireland Switzerland South Africa Spain Iceland Slovenia Turkey Slovakia Greece Croatia Bulgaria USA Japan 65.7 Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 31

33 Country ing for the Green & Low-Carbon Index (Top 4) Among the top 4 countries in terms of the Green & Low-Carbon Index, those in North America, North Europe and Oceania boast a relatively cleaner energy structure. Carbon emissions of most these countries have reached the peak. They actively promote clean and low-carbon transition in the energy sector. Some countries in Central and South America, Russia and Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are characterized by abundant clean energy, higher proportion of hydropower, lower energy consumption per capita, and low carbon emissions. Top 4 countries for the Green & Low-Carbon Index ing Country Green & Low-Carbon Index ing Country Green & Low-Carbon Index 1 Iceland Brazil Sweden Spain Norway United Kingdom France Portugal Switzerland Congo Finland Costa Rica Austria Nepal Canada Congo(Kinshasa) Paraguay Gabon Denmark Kenya New Zealand Tajikistan Belgium USA Zambia Croatia Slovakia Albania Slovenia Italy Ethiopia Guatemala Georgia Cameroon Mozambique Hungary Germany Togo Uruguay Latvia 58.3 Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 32 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

34 Country ing for the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index (Top 4) The top 4 countries for the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index are mainly in the developed countries distributed in Europe, Oceania and North America, accounting for 77% of the total, featuring complete energy security capabilities with higher energy efficiency and higher economy, society and environment development level than the world s average. Top 4 countries for the Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ing Country Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index ing Country Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index 1 Luxembourg Lithuania Ireland Panama Finland Italy Denmark Kazakhstan Malta Kyrgyzstan Netherlands Spain Canada Uruguay Austria Cyprus Belgium United Kingdom Slovenia Singapore Norway Albania New Zealand USA Germany Georgia Switzerland Sweden Latvia Poland Croatia Japan Portugal Slovakia Hungary Greece Romania Czech Australia Belarus 53. Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2 Global ing 33

35 Index of Countries Albania distribution Land area (km 2 ) 28,7 Population (millions) 2.9 GDP (billion USD) 11.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6. CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.8 Albania subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Albania ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 63.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 95.2 Algeria distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,38, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 57.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 13.4 Algeria subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Algeria ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 11.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

36 Angola distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,246, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 13. Energy production (Mtoe) 99.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 2.4 Angola subindexes score Access rate to electricity 28.8 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Angola ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 23.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 76.3 Argentina distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,78, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 73.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Argentina subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 49.7 Argentina ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 35

37 Armenia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 29, Population (millions) 3. 2 GDP (billion USD) 1.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 4.7 Armenia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Armenia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 6.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.2 Australia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 7,692, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 38.9 Australia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Australia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 64.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

38 Austria distribution Land area (km 2 ) 83, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 12. Electricity consumption (TWh) 72. CO 2 emission (Mt) 62.1 Austria subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 73.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 8.4 Austria ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 93.9 Azerbaijan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 86,6 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 5.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 58.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 21.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.8 Azerbaijan subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 54.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 39.9 Azerbaijan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 37

39 Bahrain distribution Land area (km 2 ) 767 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 31.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 22.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 27.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.1 Bahrain subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 5.4 Bahrain ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Bangladesh distribution Land area (km 2 ) 147, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 26.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 31.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 52.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) 7.5 Bangladesh subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.5 Bangladesh ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

40 Belarus distribution Land area (km 2 ) 27, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 56.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 33.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 53.2 Belarus subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Belarus ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 98.6 Belgium distribution Land area (km 2 ) 34, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 87.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 92.5 Belgium subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 72.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 7.5 Belgium ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 39

41 Benin distribution Land area (km 2 ) 112,6 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 8.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 5.3 Benin subindexes score Access rate to electricity 32.5 Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.8 Benin ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 72.4 Bolivia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,98, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 33.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 21. Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 18.3 Bolivia subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3. Bolivia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

42 Bosnia and Herzegovina distribution Land area (km 2 ) 51,2 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 16.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 6.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 12.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 22.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina subindexes score 53 3 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 57.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 84.6 Botswana distribution Land area (km 2 ) 581, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 14.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 7.1 Botswana subindexes score Access rate to electricity 63.6 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.9 Botswana ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 41

43 Brazil distribution Land area (km 2 ) 8,514, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 523. CO 2 emission (Mt) 45.8 Brazil subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61.5 Brazil ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 87.8 Brunei distribution Land area (km 2 ) 5,7 Population (millions).4 2 GDP (billion USD) 12.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 16.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6. Brunei subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 74.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.4 Brunei ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

44 Bulgaria distribution Land area (km 2 ) 111, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 5.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 12.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 34.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 43.8 Bulgaria subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66.5 Bulgaria ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 95.1 Cambodia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 181, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 18.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 8. Cambodia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 63.6 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 29.5 Cambodia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 43

45 Cameroon distribution Land area (km 2 ) 475, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 28.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6. Cameroon subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.3 Cameroon ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 52.7 Canada distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9,98, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1,552.8 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Canada subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 81.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 85.8 Canada ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

46 Chile distribution Land area (km 2 ) 756, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 12.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 71.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 81.7 Chile subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Chile ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 6.6 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 93.8 China distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9,6, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 11,751.4 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 94.7 China subindexes score 21 3 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 95. Electricity consumption per capita 62.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 56.2 China ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 45

47 Colombia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,141, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 59.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 72.3 Colombia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 98.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Colombia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 48.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 95.2 Congo distribution Land area (km 2 ) 342, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 8.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1. CO 2 emission (Mt) 2.7 Congo subindexes score Access rate to electricity 47.1 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Congo ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61. Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

48 Congo(Kinshasa) distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,344, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 38.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 29.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 2.7 Congo(Kinshasa) subindexes score Access rate to electricity. 28 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.7 Congo(Kinshasa) ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption. Costa Rica distribution Land area (km 2 ) 51, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 55.5 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 9.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6.9 Costa Rica subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 24. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61.5 Costa Rica ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 47

49 Cote d'ivoire distribution Land area (km 2 ) 322, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 32.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 12.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 9.7 Cote d'ivoire subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 19.4 Cote d'ivoire ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 61.3 Croatia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 56, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 48.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 15.5 Croatia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 62.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.6 Croatia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

50 Cuba distribution Land area (km 2 ) 19, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 87.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 5.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 17.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 29.9 Cuba subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.1 Cuba ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 92.3 Curacao distribution Land area (km 2 ) 4 Population (millions).2 2 GDP (billion USD) 1.9 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh).7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 4.9 Curacao subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 64.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53. Curacao ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. 2 Global ing 49

51 Cyprus distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9, Population (millions).9 2 GDP (billion USD) 19.6 Energy production (Mtoe).1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 4.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 5.9 Cyprus subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 46.5 Cyprus ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 98.6 Czech distribution Land area (km 2 ) 78, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 29.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 67.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 99.6 Czech subindexes score 24 8 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66. Czech ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

52 Denmark distribution Land area (km 2 ) 43, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 31.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 33. CO 2 emission (Mt) 32. Denmark subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 67.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Denmark ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 72.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 95.5 Dominican Republic distribution Land area (km 2 ) 48, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 68.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1. Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 21.4 Dominican Republic subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.3 Dominican Republic ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 51

53 DPRK distribution Land area (km 2 ) 123, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 16.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 18.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 22.5 DPRK subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 47.4 DPRK ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 94.4 Ecuador distribution Land area (km 2 ) 256, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 23. CO 2 emission (Mt) 37.6 Ecuador subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 5.6 Ecuador ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

54 Egypt distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,1, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 69.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) Egypt subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Egypt ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 24.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 98.7 El Salvador distribution Land area (km 2 ) 21, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 26.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6.5 El Salvador subindexes score Access rate to electricity 96.8 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 44.3 El Salvador ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 53

55 Eritrea distribution Land area (km 2 ) 124, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 4.7 Energy production (Mtoe).7 Electricity consumption (TWh).4 CO 2 emission (Mt).6 Eritrea subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 4.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Eritrea ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 18.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 38.5 Estonia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 45, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 22.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 5.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 15.5 Estonia subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 69.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 55.2 Estonia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

56 Ethiopia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,13,6 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 64.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 46.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) 1.2 Ethiopia subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 24.8 Ethiopia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 27. Finland distribution Land area (km 2 ) 338, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 17.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 82.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) 42.1 Finland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 81.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 77.6 Finland ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 55

57 France distribution Land area (km 2 ) 55, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 2,434.8 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 29.5 France subindexes score 8 12 Access rate to electricity 1. 4 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 76.1 France ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.8 Gabon distribution Land area (km 2 ) 268, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 14.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2. CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.2 Gabon subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 44.9 Gabon ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

58 Georgia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 69, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 14. Energy production (Mtoe) 1.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 8.4 Georgia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Georgia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 65.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96. Germany distribution Land area (km 2 ) 357, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 3,377.3 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 573. CO 2 emission (Mt) Germany subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 7.6 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 74.2 Germany ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 57

59 Ghana distribution Land area (km 2 ) 238, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 36.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 14.1 Ghana subindexes score Access rate to electricity 84.4 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.8 Ghana ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 83.2 Greece distribution Land area (km 2 ) 131, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 195. Energy production (Mtoe) 8.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 56.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 64.6 Greece subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Greece ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 65.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

60 Guatemala distribution Land area (km 2 ) 18, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 63.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 8.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 9.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 15.1 Guatemala subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42.6 Guatemala ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 65.3 Haiti distribution Land area (km 2 ) 27, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 8.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.3 Electricity consumption (TWh).4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.2 Haiti subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita. 13 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 6.2 Haiti ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 59

61 Honduras distribution Land area (km 2 ) 112, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 2.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 9.2 Honduras subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 44. Honduras ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 76.2 Hungary distribution Land area (km 2 ) 93, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 11.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 4.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 42.5 Hungary subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 62.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 51.9 Hungary ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

62 Iceland distribution Land area (km 2 ) 13, Population (millions).3 2 GDP (billion USD) 16.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 18.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 2.1 Iceland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1. Iceland ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99.8 India distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,98, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 2,89.9 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 266. India subindexes score Access rate to electricity 85.2 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption India ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 61

63 Indonesia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,94, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Indonesia subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 22.1 Indonesia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 84.2 Iran distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,645, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Iran subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41. Iran ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

64 Iraq distribution Land area (km 2 ) 438, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 44.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) Iraq subindexes score Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3. Iraq ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99.9 Ireland distribution Land area (km 2 ) 7, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 29.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 27. CO 2 emission (Mt) 35.3 Ireland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Ireland ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 64.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 63

65 Israel distribution Land area (km 2 ) 25, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 7.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 56.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 62.3 Israel subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 36.1 Israel ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Italy distribution Land area (km 2 ) 31, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1,825.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 36.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 39.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 33.8 Italy subindexes score 16 7 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 66. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66.4 Italy ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

66 Jamaica distribution Land area (km 2 ) 11, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 14.2 Energy production (Mtoe).5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3. CO 2 emission (Mt) 69.9 Jamaica subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 43.7 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.8 Jamaica ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 93.6 Japan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 378, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 4,379.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Japan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 72.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 67.1 Japan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 65

67 Jordan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 89, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 37.6 Energy production (Mtoe).3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 17.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 23.8 Jordan subindexes score 94 7 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.7 Jordan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Kazakhstan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,724, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) Kazakhstan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42.6 Kazakhstan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

68 Kenya distribution Land area (km 2 ) 582, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 64. Energy production (Mtoe) 2.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 14.1 Kenya subindexes score Access rate to electricity 36.1 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Kenya ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 25.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 55.2 Kuwait distribution Land area (km 2 ) 17, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 58.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 85.4 Kuwait subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Kuwait ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. 2 Global ing 67

69 Kyrgyzstan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 199, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 6.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 9.9 Kyrgyzstan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 58.7 Kyrgyzstan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Laos distribution Land area (km 2 ) 236, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 14.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 6. Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 4.1 Laos subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 61. Laos ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

70 Latvia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 64, Population (millions) 2. 2 GDP (billion USD) 27. Energy production (Mtoe) 2.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6.8 Latvia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Latvia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 67.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 88.1 Lebanon distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 49.5 Energy production (Mtoe).2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 22.7 Lebanon subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Lebanon ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 69

71 Libya distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,76, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 17.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 31.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 45.3 Libya subindexes score Access rate to electricity 98.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.1 Libya ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99.3 Lithuania distribution Land area (km 2 ) 65, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 41.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 1.6 Lithuania subindexes score 38 5 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 49.2 Lithuania ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

72 Luxembourg distribution Land area (km 2 ) 3, Population (millions).5 2 GDP (billion USD) 58.1 Energy production (Mtoe).2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 8.8 Luxembourg subindexes score 9 1 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 56.6 Luxembourg ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 98.4 Macedonia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 25, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 7.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 7.2 Macedonia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 6.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53.3 Macedonia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 71

73 Malaysia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 33, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 96.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 22.4 Malaysia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Malaysia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 47.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99. Malta distribution Land area (km 2 ) 316 Population (millions).4 2 GDP (billion USD) 1.3 Energy production (Mtoe).1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 1.6 Malta subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. 9 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 45.4 Malta ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

74 Mauritius distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 11.5 Energy production (Mtoe).3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.9 Mauritius subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Mauritius ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 98.2 Mexico distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,964, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1,152.3 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Mexico subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42. Mexico ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 73

75 Moldova distribution Land area (km 2 ) 34, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 6.5 Energy production (Mtoe).4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5. CO 2 emission (Mt) 7.6 Moldova subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 16.3 Moldova ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 94.6 Mongolia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,566, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 11.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 14.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 6.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 17.2 Mongolia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 9.5 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Mongolia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 2.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

76 Montenegro distribution Land area (km 2 ) 13, Population (millions).6 2 GDP (billion USD) 4. Energy production (Mtoe).7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 2.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 2.4 Montenegro subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 64.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 7.2 Montenegro ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 88.9 Morocco distribution Land area (km 2 ) 459, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 11.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) 54.9 Morocco subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.3 Morocco ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 75

77 Mozambique distribution Land area (km 2 ) 799, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 14.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 19.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 14.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 5.1 Mozambique subindexes score Access rate to electricity 3. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 32.7 Mozambique ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 43.4 Myanmar distribution Land area (km 2 ) 676, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 59.5 Energy production (Mtoe) 26.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 13.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 24.4 Myanmar subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.6 Myanmar ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

78 Namibia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 824, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 11.6 Energy production (Mtoe).5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.8 Namibia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 56.5 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Namibia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.9 Nepal distribution Land area (km 2 ) 147, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 21.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 9.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 5.6 Nepal subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.7 Nepal ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 77

79 Netherlands distribution Land area (km 2 ) 41, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 47.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 156. Netherlands subindexes score 17 6 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 57.2 Netherlands ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 99.2 New Zealand distribution Land area (km 2 ) 27, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 16.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 41.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 31.2 New Zealand subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption New Zealand ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 75.8 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

80 Nicaragua distribution Land area (km 2 ) 13, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 12.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 5.1 Nicaragua subindexes score Access rate to electricity 87.5 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Nicaragua ranking Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 37.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 78.9 Niger distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,267, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 7.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 3. Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 2. Niger subindexes score Access rate to electricity. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 1.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.6 Niger ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 4. 2 Global ing 79

81 Nigeria distribution Land area (km 2 ) 923, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 26.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 64.4 Nigeria subindexes score Access rate to electricity 65.8 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Nigeria ranking Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 11.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 46.2 Norway distribution Land area (km 2 ) 385, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 28.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 36.7 Norway subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1 Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 87.8 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 96.4 Norway ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

82 Oman distribution Land area (km 2 ) 39,5 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 69.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 77.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 29.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 64.3 Oman subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Oman ranking 14 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption. Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Pakistan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 796, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 27.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 7.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 92.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 146. Pakistan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 98.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 32.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 27. Pakistan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 81

83 Panama distribution Land area (km 2 ) 75,5 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 52.1 Energy production (Mtoe).9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 1.7 Panama subindexes score Access rate to electricity 94.7 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Panama ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 59.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 97. Paraguay distribution Land area (km 2 ) 46,8 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 27.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 7.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11. CO 2 emission (Mt) 5.7 Paraguay subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Paraguay ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 73.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

84 Peru distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,285, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 25.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 42.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 49.2 Peru subindexes score Access rate to electricity 95.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 47.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Peru ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 42.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 94. Philippines distribution Land area (km 2 ) 299, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 26.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 74.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 13.9 Philippines subindexes score Access rate to electricity 92.7 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Philippines ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 83

85 Poland distribution Land area (km 2 ) 312, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 67.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Poland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Poland ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 46.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.4 Portugal distribution Land area (km 2 ) 92, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 5.3 Electricity consumption (TWh) 49.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 47. Portugal subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 65.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Portugal ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 71.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

86 Qatar distribution Land area (km 2 ) 11, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 39. CO 2 emission (Mt) 79.9 Qatar subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Qatar ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 16.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. ROK distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1,382.8 Energy production (Mtoe) 51.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 586. ROK subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.7 ROK ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 85

87 Romania distribution Land area (km 2 ) 238, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 26.5 Electricity consumption (TWh) 52.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 69.5 Romania subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.3 Romania ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 93.2 Russia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 17,98, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1,365.9 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Russia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Russia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 59.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

88 Saudi Arabia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2,25, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Saudi Arabia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Saudi Arabia ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 16.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Senegal distribution Land area (km 2 ) 197, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 13.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 3.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6.7 Senegal subindexes score Access rate to electricity 68.9 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 1.6 Senegal ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 87

89 Serbia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 88, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 37.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 32.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 44.5 Serbia subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 64.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53.3 Serbia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 94.9 Singapore distribution Land area (km 2 ) 7 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe).6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 49.5 CO 2 emission (Mt) 44.4 Singapore subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 25.7 Singapore ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

90 Slovakia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 49, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 87.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 6.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 27.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 29.4 Slovakia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Slovakia ranking Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 65.3 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 96.7 Slovenia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 2, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 43.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 3.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 14.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 12.8 Slovenia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 7.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 69.4 Slovenia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 89

91 South Africa distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,219, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) South Africa subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 63.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 36.9 South Africa ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 93.4 South Sudan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 62, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 12.5 Energy production (Mtoe) 7.7 Electricity consumption (TWh).3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 1.1 South Sudan subindexes score Access rate to electricity. Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption South Sudan ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita. Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

92 Spain distribution Land area (km 2 ) 56, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 1,193.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 33.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 247. Spain subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 67.1 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 71.5 Spain ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 97.5 Sri Lanka distribution Land area (km 2 ) 65, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 79.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 5.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 12.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 19.5 Sri Lanka subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 34.3 Sri Lanka ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 91

93 Sudan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 1,88, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 81.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 15.8 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.6 CO 2 emission (Mt) 15.4 Sudan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 49.9 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Sudan ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 25.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 69.1 Suriname distribution Land area (km 2 ) 164, Population (millions).5 2 GDP (billion USD) 4.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 1. Electricity consumption (TWh) 2. CO 2 emission (Mt) 2.1 Suriname subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 53.4 Suriname ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

94 Sweden distribution Land area (km 2 ) 45, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 34. Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 37.1 Sweden subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Sweden ranking Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 89. Proportion of commercial energy consumption 91.1 Switzerland distribution Land area (km 2 ) 41, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 12.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 62.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 37.3 Switzerland subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 71.5 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 81. Switzerland ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 93

95 Syria distribution Land area (km 2 ) 185, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 17. Energy production (Mtoe) 4.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 15. CO 2 emission (Mt) 26.2 Syria subindexes score Access rate to electricity 97.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Syria ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 31.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Tajikistan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 143, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 7.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 13.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 4.3 Tajikistan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita 49. Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Tajikistan ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.1 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

96 Tanzania distribution Land area (km 2 ) 945, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 45.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 22.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 5.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 11.6 Tanzania subindexes score Access rate to electricity. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Tanzania ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 12. Proportion of commercial energy consumption 27.3 Thailand distribution Land area (km 2 ) 513, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 75.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Thailand subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 39.1 Thailand ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 95

97 Togo distribution Land area (km 2 ) 56, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 4.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) 1.9 Togo subindexes score Access rate to electricity 51.3 Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Togo ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 9.9 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 56.1 Trinidad and Tobago distribution Land area (km 2 ) 5, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 23.6 Energy production (Mtoe) 37.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.1 CO 2 emission (Mt) 22.8 Trinidad and Tobago subindexes score 13 1 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3. Trinidad and Tobago ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

98 Tunisia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 162, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 43.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 6.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 25.6 Tunisia subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 21.2 Tunisia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 95.4 Turkey distribution Land area (km 2 ) 783, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 31.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Turkey subindexes score 4 37 Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 57.2 Turkey ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 97

99 Turkmenistan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 491, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 36.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 81.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 16.4 CO 2 emission (Mt) 69.1 Turkmenistan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.3 Turkmenistan ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Ukraine distribution Land area (km 2 ) 63, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 9.9 Energy production (Mtoe) 61.6 Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) Ukraine subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 59.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Ukraine ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 56.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

100 United Arab Emirates distribution Land area (km 2 ) 83,6 Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 358. Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) 18.2 United Arab Emirates subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita.2 United Arab Emirates ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. United Kingdom distribution Land area (km 2 ) 244, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 2,863.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 119. Electricity consumption (TWh) 33.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) United Kingdom subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption United Kingdom ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.7 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 99

101 Uruguay distribution Land area (km 2 ) 176, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 53.3 Energy production (Mtoe) 2.9 Electricity consumption (TWh) 1.9 CO 2 emission (Mt) 6.4 Uruguay subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 59.3 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 66.8 Uruguay ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 8.6 USA distribution Land area (km 2 ) 9,37, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 18,12.7 Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) CO 2 emission (Mt) USA subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 8. Electricity consumption per capita 79.2 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 62.7 USA ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

102 Uzbekistan distribution Land area (km 2 ) 447, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 65.4 Energy production (Mtoe) 56. Electricity consumption (TWh) 51.3 CO 2 emission (Mt) 95.6 Uzbekistan subindexes score Access rate to electricity 1. Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Uzbekistan ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.5 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 1. Venezuela distribution Land area (km 2 ) 916, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) Electricity consumption (TWh) 76.2 CO 2 emission (Mt) Venezuela subindexes score Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 58.4 Venezuela ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 11

103 Vietnam distribution Land area (km 2 ) 329, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) Energy production (Mtoe) 7.4 Electricity consumption (TWh) 14.7 CO 2 emission (Mt) Vietnam subindexes score Access rate to electricity 99.4 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita 48.9 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Vietnam ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 45.2 Proportion of commercial energy consumption 88.7 Yemen distribution Land area (km 2 ) 555, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 37.7 Energy production (Mtoe) 4.1 Electricity consumption (TWh) 4. CO 2 emission (Mt) 11.2 Yemen subindexes score Access rate to electricity 79.3 Grid structure and development level 2. Electricity consumption per capita 15.4 Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 3.1 Yemen ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

104 Zambia distribution Land area (km 2 ) 752, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 21.2 Energy production (Mtoe) 9.2 Electricity consumption (TWh) 11.8 CO 2 emission (Mt) 3.3 Zambia subindexes score Access rate to electricity Grid structure and development level 4. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 41.4 Zambia ranking Proportion of commercial energy consumption 45.2 Zimbabwe distribution Land area (km 2 ) 391, Population (millions) GDP (billion USD) 16.1 Energy production (Mtoe) 1.7 Electricity consumption (TWh) 8. CO 2 emission (Mt) 11.8 Zimbabwe subindexes score Access rate to electricity 28.8 Grid structure and development level 6. Electricity consumption per capita Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Zimbabwe ranking 14 Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita 28.4 Proportion of commercial energy consumption Global ing 13

105 nchina Indochina Peni 3 Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative 3.1 The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Energy Interconnection The Belt and Road Initiative The Belt and Road Initiative (hereinafter referred to as the initiative) is an important initiative oriented to the 21st century to adapt to economic globalization. It includes the Silk Road Economic Belt, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, the Pacific Maritime Silk Road and the Polar Silk Road. The initiative has reached consensus worldwide and become a global option to foster sustainable development of all countries. As of 216 the initiative had won the support and participation of more than 1 countries and international organizations. More than 8 of these countries and international organizations have signed related cooperation agreements. China has cumulatively invested more than USD 5 billion in the countries along the Belt and Road Initiative area. Atlantic Ocean Legend London Luxembourg China, Mongolia and New Eurasian Continental Bridge Russia Berlin Brest Frankfurt Piraeus Istanbul Ankara Atlantic Ocean direction China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic C orridor Djibouti Dubai Gwadar Indian Ocean direction Duschanbe Osh China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Economic Bangladesh, China, India, and Myanmar Economic Corridor Corridor New Eurasian Continental Bridge Dacca kyaukpyu Bangkok Mandalay Indian Ocean Vientiane Hanoi sula Economic Corridor Kuala Lumpur Singapore Djakarta Blagoveshchensk (Hailan Bou) Khabarovsk (Borri) Pacific Ocean direction Pacific Ocean direction Pacific Ocean Inland city along the Belt and Road Initiative Port city along the Belt and Road Initiative The Silk Road Economic Belt The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road The Belt and Road Initiative schematic 14 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

106 GEI Implements the Belt and Road Initiative The GEI is a vital move and priority to implement the initiative. Energy is related to the overall situation of economic and social development. Improving the power infrastructure and building the global energy interconnection has been incorporated into the Belt and Road construction framework. The Belt and Road construction plays a comprehensive and leading role. Policy coordination People-topeople bond Facilities connectivity Financial integration Unimpeded trade can facilitate effective combination of the energy development strategies, policies and standards of all countries, enhance regional energy cooperation and promote policy coordination. Establishing the GEI can give a full scope to the demonstration and guiding role of major engineering projects, promote mutual trust and collaboration between countries, boost power interconnection and advance facilities connectivity. can promote the establishment of a transnational and transcontinental electricity market, expand the scale of energy and power transactions, achieve a wide range of clean energy optimization, and promote the smooth flow of trade. can set up a new platform for cooperation in infrastructure investment and financing, open up a new area for green financial development and promote financial integration. can also solve the problems of population without electricity and eco-environmental protection, improve people s livelihood and facilitate the people-to-people bond. 3 Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative 15

107 3.2 Regional Characteristics The countries along the Belt and Road are mostly in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, North Africa and Central and Eastern Europe, including more than 9% of the developing countries of the world. The GDP per capita of nearly 2/3 of these countries is lower than the world s average. So, they are both areas of high-speed economic growth and protected areas for the fragile ecological environment. They are not only the centralized production zones of fossil energy and also important consumption areas of fossil energy. Carbon emission (% world) 62.1% Capacity of non-fossil energy generation (% world) 43.1% Electricity imports and exports (% world) 31.5% Length of transmission lines above 22kV (% world) Electricity consumption (% world) 54.4% 52.2% Non-fossil energy generation (% world) 38.9% GDP (% world) (at purchasing power parity) 5.% % 2% 4% 6% 8% 1% Countries along the Belt and Road World The proportion of national energy and power indicators of countries along the Belt and Road Great potential for electricity consumption The installed capacity of electricity per capita of the countries (excluding China) along the Belt and Road is 49 watt, which is 54% of the world s average. The annual household electricity consumption per capita is 1,892kWh, which is 61% of the world s average. The transnational electricity trade volume is about 13 billion kwh, accounting for about 3.1% of the electricity consumption, which is lower than the world s average. Lagging in clean energy development In this area, industries of high energy consumption and high pollution account for a high proportion in the economic structure. The installed capacity of the thermal power takes up more than 7%. The total volume of carbon emission covers 62% of the world s total. Non-fossil energy generation accounts for 43% of the world s total. Unbalanced development of transnational grid interconnection The proportion of electricity trade in total power consumption in Central and Eastern Europe is the highest, reaching 7.8%. The proportion of electricity trade in total power consumption in Central Asia, Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South Asia is 2.6%, 1.8%, 1.5%, and 1.4%, respectively. Interconnection of power grid has been realized within the Central and Eastern European countries, among Russia and Central and Eastern European countries and Baltic States, among Central Asian countries and also within the Gulf countries. 16 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

108 3.3 Country ing The countries along the Belt and Road have drastic differences in distribution. Fifteen countries of sound development rank in the first echelon. Most countries are confronted with comparatively backward development. Thirty-one and twenty countries are bracketed in the second and third echelons, respectively. Central and Eastern Europe boasts relatively favorable development, closely followed by Russia and Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Countries in West Asia and Africa are temporarily backward. National and regional ranking of for countries along the Belt and Road Reginal ing Country Reginal ing Country Reginal ing Country 1 Slovenia Israel Pakistan Slovakia Armenia Nepal Hungary Belarus Sri Lanka Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Moldova China Ukraine Jordan Czech Panama Philippines New Zealand Serbia Cambodia Romania Vietnam Myanmar Latvia Uzbekistan Mongolia Montenegro Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Russia Macedonia Turkmenistan Georgia Morocco Ethiopia Lithuania South Africa Qatar ROK Thailand Lebanon Turkey Malaysia Bahrain Poland Saudi Arabia Brunei Tajikistan United Arab Emirates Bangladesh Albania Iran Kuwait Estonia India Syria Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Iraq Singapore Egypt Oman Bulgaria Laos Yemen 19. Europe North America East Asia Oceania Russia and Central Asia Central and South America Southeast Asia West Asia and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 3 Special Subject on the Belt and Road Initiative 17

109 Analysis for Countries Along the Belt and Road Distribution of in countries along the Belt and Road Development level in terms of power interconnection as well as green and low-carbon for the countries along the Belt and Road are significantly lower than the global average. They are key regions and have great potential for strengthening connectivity of facilities and for building a global energy interconnection. Power interconnection South Asia, Africa, Central and South America feature weak energy and electricity infrastructure. Some of the countries suffer serious power shortages. The development of power grid is in its infancy. The level of grid intelligence is low, but its development space is large. Green & low-carbon The energy supply mainly depends on fossil energy, whose development level of green and lowcarbon is obviously lower than the global average. However, the abundance of clean energy resources and the concept of green development are increasingly valued, and the development of clean energy has a good momentum. Energy, economy, society and environment coordination The economy is full of vitality and its growth is fast, but the commercial energy consumption and energy conversion efficiency are relatively low, with weak energy security capabilities. The problem of environmental protection is severe, and the GDP per capita is low. It is necessary to strengthen the energy and power infrastructure and promote clean energy through interconnection. Energy development promotes coordinated development in all aspects Power Interconnection Index Green & Low-Carbon Index Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index Countries along the Belt and Road World Comparison of subindexes to the global average for the countries along the Belt and Road 18 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

110 Conclusion The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) is devoted to establishing the GEI to meet global power demand with clean and green alternatives and promote sustainable development for the human society. The release of the is a beneficial endeavor and a long-term action to stimulate all countries in the world to enhance consensus, extensive exchanges and pragmatic cooperation in the fields of energy transition and electricity interconnection. GEIDCO will constantly improve studies, promote its application, serve more governments, organizations, enterprises and institutions, deliver contributions to promote global energy reform and sustainable development. Conclusion 19

111 Appendix: Evaluation Methodology Indicator Data Normalization In this study, the logarithmic range method and the interval membership method are used to normalize the indicator data. The logarithmic range of normalized indicator is located between and 1. The normalization formula for positive indicator is as followed: (1) The normalization formula for contrary indicator is shown as below: (2) where x mi normalized value of indicator i for country m; I mi original value of indicator i for country m; min(i i ) minimum value of indicator i across statistical m countries; max(i i ) maximum value of indicator i across statistical m countries; C amplification coefficient; a translation factor. The grid structure and development level, the rate of smart meter utilization and the proportion of electric vehicle inventory are calculated by the interval membership method as below: (3) where L 1 and L 2 are values of interval segmental bounds; a, b and c are the scores of index normalization. The normalization methods of the 18 indicators are listed in Table 1 as below. Table 1 Indicators and normalization methods Indicator Normalization method Indicator Normalization method Imports & Exports of electricity Logarithmic range method Grid structure and development level Interval membership method Rate of electricity consumption in total final energy consumption Logarithmic range method Proportion of transnational transmission channel capacity Logarithmic range method Electricity consumption per capita Logarithmic range method Rate of smart meter utilization Interval membership method Proportion of non-fossil fuel energy consumption Logarithmic range method Proportion of electric vehicle inventory Interval membership method Proportion of non-fossil power generation Logarithmic range method GDP per capita Logarithmic range method CO 2 emission per unit energy consumption Logarithmic range method GDP growth rate Logarithmic range method Proportion of commercial energy consumption Logarithmic range method Non-fossil fuel power generation capacity per capita Logarithmic range method Energy conversion efficiency Logarithmic range method Air quality (PM2.5) Logarithmic range method Access rate to electricity Logarithmic range method Gini coefficient Logarithmic range method 11 Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 218

112 Index Evaluation and Calculation The mathematical statistics method are adopted to determine the weight of each indicator and form a weight matrix. According to the normalized matrix, the subindex weight matrix and the indicator weight matrix, the is calculated as follows: [D] m1 =[X] mp x[w] pn x[k] n1 (4) where [X] mp is the normalized indicator matrix; [W] pn represents the indicator weight matrix; [K] n1 indicates the subindex weight matrix. (5) where m is the number of countries; p is the number of indicators; n is the number of key index. The Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination Index is calculated by the master-slave type multiplication operator. The proportion of commercial energy consumption and the energy conversion efficiency are not set up separately by weight. Instead, the multiplying operator is multiplied with the other weights of indicators to reflect the role of energy in supporting economy, society and environment coordination development. The formula of the multiplying operator is listed below: where x m,13 and x m,14 represent the normalized indicator for proportion of commercial energy consumption and the energy conversion efficiency, respectively. Evaluation Methodology 111

113