ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS UTILISATION IN RUSSIA

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1 PETROLEUM UTILISATION IN RUSSIA

2 ABOUT PETROLEUM Associated petroleum gas (APG) is the gas dissolved in oil fluids, which contains methane, a common natural gas, and natural gas liquids (NGLs) used as fuel or raw materials for deep conversion. Below is the overview of all APG utilisation methods focusing on the per unit costs, economic and environmental s. After the extraction of oil fluids, they undergo special treatment to remove all by-products, including water, sulphur and associated gas. Without such treatment, the oil will not be allowed into the main oil pipeline due to the technical requirements. Once APG has been separated the oil, it needs to be further utilised or disposed of. It is forbidden to simply release the associated gas into atmosphere, as it is highly inflammable and can even explode. APG UTILISATION IN 2 21 (BCM) 2 21 Deep conversion Flaring 4% 27% Deep conversion 41% 1 1 Flaring 1% Injection into the unified gas transmission network of Gazprom 11% 1% 2 Simple conversion Power generation 2% Injection into the unified gas transmission network of Gazprom 7% Reinjection into oil reservoir 1% 4 Simple conversion 12% Reinjection into oil reservoir Power generation 8% 14%

3 The easiest way to dispose of associated gas is to build a flare at the oil field and burn the gas off. FLARE FLARE,1,1 6,1,1 Construction of a flare and feed pipelines,6,2 6,1,6,2 potential increase in oil re-,1 covery 2,8 6,1,6,2 potential increase in oil recovery 2,2 2,4,1 2,8 2,2 2,4 22,6 19,8 22,6 19,8 16,8 6,1,6 14,6,2 Losses equal to the flaring fine 2,8 2,2 2,4,1 22,6 19,8 16,8 6,1,6 14,6,2 potential increase in oil recovery Lost mt of СО 2,8 2,2 2,4 mt of СО 22,6 19,8 United Nations 6,1,6,2 Lost 2,8 2,2 2,4 Data The range sourcesbetween fine-related Convention savings and s the sale of petrochemical products 22,6 19,8 Convention on Climate Change by ECOLUR Lost United Nations mt of СО 2 2,8 2,2 2,4 equivalent / bcm Convention 22,6 on 19,8 Report on 16,8 Clean Energy Market 14,6 Review United Nations United Pollutant emissions. Contamination Nations area within 8 1 km the flare mt of СО 1 1 7,6 11,7 7,6 1,7 1 7,6 1,7 1 7,6 1,7 7,6 1 1,7 7,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 19,81,8 2,1 19,8 2,1 1,8 19,8 2,1 1,8 19,8 2,1 1,8 19,8 2,1 19,8 2,1

4 RE INTO After removal the oil fluids, APG is collected and reinjected into the oil reservoir along with other by-products. BOOSTER,1,1 RE INTO 6,1,1 1 1,8 APG collection system and gas injection wells,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1,1 6,1,6,2 7,6 1 1,7 19,8 1,8 Lost 2,1 2,8 potential increase in oil recovery 2,2 2,4 2,8 2,2 2,4 22,6,1 19,8 16,8 14,6 1 1,8 22,6 19,8 There are practically no publicly available 2,8 data about the economic 6,1 2,2 stemming,6 increased 2,4,2 7,6 oil recovery 1,7 due 19,8 to the 2,1 1 1,8 higher,1 pressure in the oil reservoir 22,6 19,8 16,8 14,6 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 mt of СО 2,8 2,2 2,4 22,6 19,8 16,8 14,6 United Nations 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 estimates Data Lost sources Convention RUPEC Climate Change 2,8 2,2 2,4 RUPEC estimates RUPEC estimates The range between fine-related savings Climate 22,6 Change 19,8 by 16,8 ECOLUR 14,6 and s the sale of petrochemical products United Nations 2,8 2,2 2,4 Data mt of СО sources Climate 22,6 Change 19,8 by 16,8 ECOLUR 14,6 Climate Change by ECOLUR mt of СО United Nations ly neutral solution provided that APG is utilised in the next extraction cycle United Nations 1 1 1,8 1,8

5 Small amounts of APG can go into the main pipeline to be sold to end consumers as part of natural gas. However, there is a number of technical restrictions imposed on the APG pumped into the gas transmission network (GTN): The volume of natural gas transported via the GTN must be significantly higher (by 2 times) than that of the injected APG. The APG must be dehydrated and undergo primary treatment to remove aerosols, H2S, mercaptans and most of the heavy hydrocarbons. Gas pumped into the main pipeline must meet the OST industrial standard, with the gas dehydration and treatment rate being sufficient to eliminate the risk of condensation in the main gas pipeline. This requires that the water and hydrocarbon dew points of the gas be 7 K below the lowest temperature to which the gas is cooled during its transportation in the pipeline. FLARE SEPARATION UNIT,1 1 1,8,1 1 1,8 Development of a collection system and a network of local pipelines to deliver gas to the main pipeline. Construction of a flare 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 and,1 6,1,6,2 7,6 11,7 19,81,8 feed pipelines (to burn the gas off) 2,1,1 Lost 2,8 2,2 2,4 2,8 6,1 2,2,6 2,4,2 22,6 19,8 22,6,1 19,8 6,1,6,2 Monetisation of APG as a common Lost,1 fuel 2,8gas 2,2 2,4 mt of СО 22,6 19,8 16,8 14,6 6,1,6,2 mt of СО 2,8 2,2 2,4 22,6 19,8 16,8 6,1,6 14,6,2 Data sources Lost Convention 2,8 2,2 2,4 mt СО Profits the sale of petrochemical 22,6products (excluding 19,8 s simple 16,8conversion) 14,6 2,8 2,2 2,4 mt of СО 22,6 19,8 United Nations Climate Change by ECOLUR mt of СО United Nations Factors 2 equivalent in the / bcm economic 1 7,6 1,7 1 7,6 1,7 1 7,6 1,7 7,6 1,7 1,8 19,8 2,1 1,8 19,8 2,1 1,8 19,8 2,1 19,8 2,1

6 APG can be used as fuel to generate power at the oil fields or in close proximity. TURBINE PLANT,1,1 RE INTO 6,1 6,1,1 RE INTO 1 1,8 APG collection system, gas turbine units,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 potential RESERVOIR increase in oil recovery,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 1 1,8,1 2,8 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 potential increase in oil recovery 2,2 2,4 2,8 2,2 2,4 22,6,1 19,8 16,8 22,6 19,8 16,8 6,1,6 14,6 14,6,2 7,6 11,7 19,81,8 2,1 Profit in-house power generation 2,8 2,2 2,4 22,6 19,8,1 1 1,8 Lost mt of СО 2,8 6,1 2,2,6 2,4,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 mt of СО 22,6 19,8 Data 2,8 6,1 2,2,6 2,4,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 The range sources Convention between s Climate utilisation Change at the small gas processing plants (excluding s in-house power generation) Data sources RUPEC estimates RUPEC estimates and s the sale of petrochemical Climate 22,6 Change products 19,8 (excluding s 16,8 in-house power 14,6 generation) United Nations 2,8 RUPEC estimates Report on Clean 2,2 Energy 2,4 RUPEC estimates RUPEC estimates United Nations 22,6 19,8 16,8 14,6 1 1 Data mt of СО sources Substantial environmental risks associated with CO2 emissions stemming large-scale power generation leveraging Data mt of СО sources APG rich in NGLs 1,8 1,8 RUPEC estimates

7 УСТАНОВКА СЕПАРАЦИИ PROCESSING PLANT GTN ГАЗОТРАНСПОРТНАЯ СЕТЬ ГАЗПРОМА Метан ТОПЛИВНЫЙ ГАЗ Пропан, Propane, бутан butane FUEL By using small mobile processing units, APG can be separated into methane, ethane and propane/butane. Methane is pumped into the gas transmission network, while propane/butane is loaded into tanks and sent to end consumers. RE INTO,1 RE RESERVOIRINTO 1 1,8,1 1 1,8,1 APG collection system, primary treatment 1 1,8 units, gas pipelines to connect to the main pipeline, transportation of finished products 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1,1 1 1,8 6,1,6,2 2,8 2,2 2,4 2,8 2,2 2,4,1 22,6,1 19,8 16,8 14,6 22,6 19,8 6,1,6,2 2,8 2,2 2,4 Monetisation of dry stripped gas (DSG) and NGLs as fuel 22,6 19,8 16,8 6,1,6 14,6,2 in oil re- mt of СО 2,8 2,2 2,4 6,1,6,2 potential increase mt of СО covery 22,6 19,8 Lost United Convention Nations 2,8 Report on Clean 2,2 Energy 2,4 mt СО Lost Profits the sale of petrochemical 2,8 products (excluding s simple 2,2 conversion) 2,4 Convention 22,6 on 19,8 Report on 16,8 Clean Energy Market 14,6 Review 22,6 United 19,8 16,8 14,6 Nations United Nations United Nations United Nations Convention on Climate Convention Change on Climate Change 7,6 1, ,6 1,7 7,6 1,7 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 1,8 1,8 19,8 2,1 19,8 2,1 19,8 2,1 RUPEC estimates Report by on ECOLUR Clean Energy by Market B2B-Center Review RUPEC estimates RUPEC estimates

8 PROCESSING PLANT GTN GTN NATURAL LIQUIDS Manufacturing a wide range of products APG is delivered to large gas processing plants, where it is separated into methane (dry stripped gas) and natural gas liquids. The dry gas is fed to the main gas transmission network, while NGLs (unlike in the simple conversion scenario) are sent for further processing to manufacture a wide range of petrochemical products.,1 Highest to develop comprehensive infrastructure: APG collection system, compressor stations and gas processing,1 capacities, 6,1,6,2 7,6 11,7 19,81,8 transportation of DSG and NGLs, expenses RESERVOIR associated with further processing 2,1 2,8 6,1 2,2,6 2,4,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 1 1,8,1 22,6 19,8 Average economic : monetisation,1 2,8 of methane (dry stripped gas) as 2,2 a fuel gas, monetisation 2,4 of NGLs 1 as a raw material 1,8 for Lost the petrochemical industry with subsequent 22,6,1 manufacturing of finished products 19,8 16,8 6,1 polymers,6 14,6,2 and synthetic 7,6 1 1,7 rubbers. 19,8 Highest 1,8 2,1 economic for the business and government mt of СО 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 potential increase in oil recovery 2,8 2,2 2,4 6,1,6,2 7,6 1,7 19,8 2,1 mt of СО 2 equivalent / bcm Climate 22,6 Change 19,8 by 16,8 ECOLUR 14,6 2,8 2,2 2,4 Profits the sale of petrochemical products (excluding s simple conversion) Lost 22,6 19,8 2,8 2,2 2,4 RUPEC estimates RUPEC estimates Climate 22,6 Change 19,8 by 16,8 ECOLUR 14,6 United Nations United Convention Nations Climate Change Convention on 1 1,8 RUPEC estimates RUPEC estimates

9 METRICS CALCULATION PRINCIPLES AND DATA SOURCES INTO THE UNIFIE RUPEC data for required to build a flaring system with a capacity of 1. bcm of gas per annum RUBEC data for required to build compressor and pipeline facilities RUBEC data for required to build compressor and pipeline facilities Calculated based on the per unit cost of power in relation to, adjusted for gas consumption per unit of power (as per the Energosistema Magazine, first issue, 21) RUBEC data for required to build compressor and pipeline facilities, internal estimates for a small gas fractionation unit RUBEC data for required to build compressor and pipeline facilities, internal estimates for a gas processing plant and petrochemical production facilities Implementation period Under one year: installation of a flaring system, pipelines and compressors Under one year: installation of pipelines and compressors Under one year: installation of pipelines and compressors Under one year: installation of pipelines, compressors and a gas turbine unit 2 years: construction and launch of the pipeline network and gas processing plants years: construction and launch of the pipeline network, gas processing plants and petrochemical production facilities Average economic : losses equal to the flaring fine (Sergey Donskoy, Improvements in efficiency of associated petroleum gas utilisation in Russia) No average economic losses. The direct on oil production cannot be calculated. / unincurred losses: the range between s deliveries to the gas transmission network and s the sale of petrochemical products No average economic losses. The economic are related to the sale of all APG to the GTN of Gazprom at the price of DSG No average economic losses. The economic are related to the sale of power generated at in-house facilities Conversion of APG into low value-added marketable products (DSG, LPG and stable gas naphtha (SGN) produced through gas fractionation) Full APG conversion into marketable products: basic polymers (polyethylene and polypropylene) and elastomers (polybutadiene) made monomers produced through pyrolysis of fractions after APG fractionation is calculated as the range of differences between the economic of five other potential utilisation methods and the negative economic of flaring (fine) is calculated as the range of differences between the economic of four other potential utilisation methods and the economic of reinjection is calculated as the range of differences between the economic of three other potential utilisation methods and the economic of injection into the unified GTN of Gazprom is calculated as the range of differences between the economic of two other potential utilisation methods and the economic the sale of power generated at in-house facilities is calculated as the difference between the economic of deep conversion into basic polymers and elastomers and the economic the sale of hydrocarbon products, including DSG, LPG and SGN No lost (deeper conversion is impossible under the chosen model) Calculated based on the typical emissions APG flaring: greenhouse gases CO 2, CH4 and NOX, inclusive of the greenhouse effect ratios of each gas (data of the Climate Change ) is deemed to be zero Calculated based on the typical emissions gas flaring: greenhouse gases CO 2, CH 4 and NOX, inclusive of the greenhouse effect ratios of each gas (data of the United Nations Convention on (UN- FCCC)) Calculated based on the typical emissions gas flaring: greenhouse gases CO 2, CH 4 and NOX, inclusive of the greenhouse effect ratios of each gas (data of the United Nations Convention on (UN- FCCC)) Typical emissions of greenhouse gases CO 2, CH 4 and NOX gas processing plants and petrochemical production facilities (RUPEC data), inclusive of the greenhouse effect ratios of each gas Typical emissions of greenhouse gases CO 2, CH 4 and NOX gas processing plants and petrochemical production facilities (RUPEC data), inclusive of the greenhouse effect ratios of each gas

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