A Review of the Current State of Knowledge on Phosphorus Removal
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1 A Review of the Current State of Knowledge on Phosphorus Removal Sam Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Senior Associate Malcolm Pirnie Phone: (614) OWEA Conference 16 June 2010
2 Available Phosphorous Removal Methods Two methods available Chemical Phosphorous Removal Enhanced Biological Phosphorous Removal Basicconcept: Soluble P Particulate P lphosphorus removal occurs when sludge is wasted
3 Presentation Outline Chemical Phosphorus Removal Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Take Home Messages
4 Presentation Outline Chemical Phosphorus Removal Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Take Home Messages
5 Chemical Phosphorus Removal Traditional Explanation Primary reaction: Chemical (Al, Fe) Soluble P Insoluble Metal Phosphate Secondary reaction: Alkalinity Chemical (Al, Fe) These reactions do not adequately explain higher P removal observed at WWTPs. Insoluble Metal hydroxide
6 Chemical Phosphorus Removal Modern Explanation Predominant reactions Chemical (Al, Fe) Alkalinity Hydrous Metal Oxide (HMO) Soluble P adsorbs to HMO reactive sites Minor reaction Co-precipitation: HMO enmeshes P containing colloidal particles: P precipitate Bugs
7 Chemical Phosphorus Removal Modern Explanation Chemical Chemical HMO HMO HMO HMO HMO HMO Particle Adsorbed Soluble P P P P Entrapped Particulate P P P P P P
8 Commonly Used Chemicals Iron Compounds Ferric Salt Ferrous Salt Waste Pickle Liquor Aluminum compounds Alum Sodium Aluminate Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) Lime Polymers
9 Chemical Requirements Mole Fe:Mole Sol. P Removed Excess dose for competing reactions Stoichiometric dose Best fit curve based on plant data (WEF) Higher chemical dose Higher sludge production Higher alkalinity consumption Effluent Soluble P (mg/l) Lower chemical dose Lower sludge production Lower alkalinity consumption
10 Presentation Outline Chemical Phosphorus Removal Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Take Home Messages
11 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Phosphorus is removed in ALL biological processes Due to metabolic requirements Enhanced Biological P Removal (EBPR) is: Removal exceeding metabolic requirements - Luxury P removal - Excess P removal - Enhanced Biological P removal (EBPR) - Bio-P Mediated by Phosphorous Accumulating Organisms (PAOs)
12 Enhanced Biological P Removal (EBPR) Mechanism Rapidly Biodegradable Substrate (VFAs) P Release O2 or NO 3 CO2 + H2O PHB Energy PHB Energy Excess P Uptake Polyphosphate Anaerobic Zone Cell Synthesis Polyphosphate Aerobic or Anoxic Zone Why EBPR works? Energy Released by PHB oxidation is times energy required for PHB storage
13 EBPR Mechanism VFA uptake & storage P release Feeding Battery charging Anaerobic Aerobic Stored Food oxidized Excess P Uptake Cell synthesis Starving Battery discharging Waste Sludge Loaded with P
14 Six Prerequisites for Reliable EBPR 1. Consistent and adequate supply of VFAs Minimum requirements to achieve 1 mg/l efflux. TP: l cbod: P 25:1 l COD:TP 45:1 l VFA:TP 10:1 l rbcod:tp 15:1 Variable supply of VFAs stress the PAOs & delays recovery Causes: - Excessive BOD removal in the primary clarifier - Wet weather flows & snow melts - High recycle P loads 14
15 Six Prerequisites for Reliable EBPR 2. Integrity of Anaerobic Zone DO and NO 3 in anaerobic zone Influent RAS Back mixing Mixer too large Screw Pump DO NO 3 -N, DO Anaerobic Aerobic Clarifier RAS NO 3 -N, DO
16 Backmixing 4 6 for 15 SWD Foam & scum accumulation High DO Backflow Anaerobic Aerobic
17
18 Six Prerequisites for Reliable EBPR 3. Minimize secondary P release Conditions that favor secondary release Anaerobic conditions Deep clarifier sludge blanket Unaerated sludge storage Co-settling PS & WAS in primary clarifier Anaerobic digestion Long aerobic conditions Aerobic zone too large Long aerated sludge storage 18
19 All EBPR Plants must Have a Plan to Manage/Treat Recycle Loads Equalization EBPR System Thickening & Dewatering Operations Filtrate/ Centrate Reschedule Operations Chemical P Removal Phosphorus Recovery
20 Six Prerequisites for Reliable EBPR 4. Maximize solids capture Determined by EBPR or Chem-P removal efficiency Soluble-P Determined by solids capture efficiency (clarifier & filter) Particulate P Effluent TP
21 Importance of Tight Solids Control Effluent Particulate P, mg/l Effluent TP = Dissolved P + Particulate P % P 8% P 6% P 4% P 2% P Effluent TSS, mg/l 21
22 Six Prerequisites for Reliable EBPR 5. Minimize Competition from Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) Anaerobic Aerobic PAOs GAOs VFA uptake & storage P Release VFA uptake & storage No P release Excess P Uptake Stored food oxidized No excess P uptake Stored food oxidized Adequate VFAs may not necessarily ensure reliable EBPR
23 Conditions Thought to Favor GAO Dominance Warm temperatures Long SRT Long Anoxic and anaerobic HRTs Variable supply of VFAs Continued use of acetic acid ph significantly less than 7
24 Six Prerequisites for Reliable EBPR 6. Aerobic zone design Anaerobic Aerobic Staging increases EBPR efficiency Provide air where required: - Maintain high DO in the initial zone to satisfy high demand - Taper aeration in the subsequent zones 24
25 Presentation Outline Chemical Phosphorus Removal Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Take Home Messages
26 Take Home Messages Chemical dose should be based on jar-testing Poor mixing is often the cause of excessive chemical dose Avoid indiscriminate use of chemical to supplement EBPR Iron salts can lower UV transmittance Chemical addition increases the inert fraction of the MLSS requiring higher MLSS P removal continues even after chemical feed is terminated due to residual chemical in the RAS.
27 Take Home Messages Six key factors impact EBPR 1. Adequate VFAs 2. Integrity of the aerobic zone 3. Secondary release 4. Solids capture 5. Microbial competition (GAO) 6. Air distribution Decreasing order of importance EBPR entails complex microbial interaction. Designers provide operational flexibility Operators - use operational flexibility provided. Eliminate solids handling bottlenecks Use process automation judiciously It s a spider web out there!
28 Questions? Safety matters in everything we do!
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