Manuals and Guidelines. for. Solar Photovoltaic Development. Rural Electrification

Transcription

1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT BUREAU Manuals and Guidelines for Solar Photovoltaic Development in Rural Electrification June 2009

2 Through the Project on Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development for Village Electrification in the Philippines under technical assistance of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), this manual was developed by the Department of Energy (DOE) reviewing the Manual for Microhydropower Development in March 2003.

3 Manuals and Guidelines for Solar Photovoltaic Development in Rural Electrification PV-1 Guideline for PV Project Evaluation PV-2 Manual for Solar PV Training PV-3 Guideline for Application of Photovoltaic Power Generation System PV-4 Manual for User Training of Solar PV System

4 1

5 PV 1 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT BUREAU GUIDELINE for PV Project Evaluation June 2009

6 This guideline was developed by the Department of Energy (DOE) through the technical assistance under the Project on Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development for Village Electrification in the Philippines which was provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 OBJECTIVE 1 2 KEY POINTS FOR PROJECT EVALUATION 1 3 TECHNICAL EVALUATION SYSTEM INSTALLATION INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STATUS EVALUATION MANAGEMENT METHODS MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT EFFECT ON THE LIVES OF THE RESIDENTS EFFECT ON COMMUNITIES EFFECT ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC EVALUATION 9 7 AMENDMENT OF THE MANUAL 10 i

8 1 OBJECTIVE The PV project executes installation, tariff collection, maintenance and technical education, among others. To manage PV systems appropriately, various works are required. Without completing the appropriate work, the PV project will not be successful. Project evaluation will study whether a project is planned and implemented properly according to its objectives, how the project affects the surrounding environment, and judges whether a project is successful or not based on the results of the study. It is important to evaluate the project during implementation and reconsider the implementation plan accordingly. Evaluated items are technology, management, the social environment and economics. This guideline explains the content of the evaluation items and methods. 2 KEY POINTS FOR PROJECT EVALUATION (1) Clarifying Evaluation Objectives It is important to define the evaluation objectives and subjects before evaluation, and to select appropriate survey methods and evaluation standards, in order to make an efficient evaluation. (2) Establishment of Consistent Evaluation System For exact analysis and evaluation of the project, it is necessary for one group to carry out the evaluation from the beginning of the process to the end. It is important to evaluate changes in the condition before and after implementation of the project based on the objective indicators. Collection of basic planning data is useful for the survey and evaluation to be carried out later. (3) Fair Investigation and Evaluation Fair surveying of project data and residents opinion is necessary for evaluation of the project. Commissioning of the project evaluation to a third party not included in the project is desirable for keeping the investigation impartial. (4) Lessons Learned from the Evaluation It is important to reflect on the lessons learned from the evaluation of current and future projects. This information should be released to the users to keep the project fair and open. 3 TECHNICAL EVALUATION Evaluation of PV system suitability, appropriate construction work, and the status of maintenance, from the technical aspect is necessary. This section reviews evaluation data collection methods and evaluation items, and reflects on the evaluation results according to each evaluation objective. 1

9 3.1 System System evaluation identifies performance and characteristics of system components and the system itself, and studies system problems and points to be improved via operation of the system. System suitability is evaluated based on these factors. (1) Evaluation Items (a) System Capacity: Are the capacities of the PV arrays and batteries appropriate? (b) Charging and Discharging of Batteries: Are batteries charged and discharged properly? (c) Protective Functions: Do protective functions work properly in case of system troubles? (d) System Components: Are specifications of system components appropriate? Are there any problems with the lifespan of the components? (e) System Configuration: Is the layout and combination of components appropriate? (f) Power Loss and Voltage Drop: What is the power loss and voltage drop of the PV arrays, components and wiring? (g) Future Demand: Will power consumption and use of electric appliances increase according the assumption in the plan? (2) Investigation Items and Methods Items to be investigated are as follows: Investigation of items (a) to (d) can be conducted easily by visiting the project sites or collecting records. Item (e) is costly and requires measuring instruments, but provides detailed data on the characteristics and performance of a system. However, as there are differences among users, so it is necessary to know the conditions of use and make a comparison using design data. (a) Problems: Through interviews with engineers and record collection, the situation regarding problems with the system and the effect can be discovered. (b) Maintenance Data : Collect recorded data of daily and periodic inspections. (c) Use of Electrical Appliances: Investigate the use of electrical appliances through questionnaires or interviews. (d) Performance Test: Test system performance similar to those tested in a completion inspection. 2

10 (e) System Operation Characteristics: Install measurement instruments on a system and record the power generation status of the PV array, charge and discharge of the batteries, and power supply to the loads. (3) Analysis and Evaluation Discover system problems on the basis of the investigation results and solve problems by improving systems or through inspection and maintenance. Review system design, manual and engineer training in regard to proposed solutions to the problems. 3.2 Installation Installation methods and the aptitude of contractors are evaluated through installation itself. (1) Evaluation Items Evaluation items for installation are as follows: (a) Installation Method: Are the methods for installing components and wiring appropriate? (b) Schedule: Is the installation proceeding according to schedule? (c) Quality of Work: How is the quality of the work? Are the workers skilled? (d) Work Management: Is management of work, the schedule, and material being properly carried out? (2) Investigation Items and Methods It is desirable to investigate (a) and (b) to verify a state progress and the quality of work on the installation. (a) Inspection of Work: Inspection items such as work progress and wiring are periodically checked according to the item inspection list. Interviews, visual inspection, or measurements are used for the inspection. (b) Collection of Work Records: Installation records describing the content of daily work, trouble experienced, and countermeasures are collected. (c) Monitoring Survey: By witnessing installation work, and inspection and monitoring each process, the content of work, and engineering skills are checked. 3

11 (3) Analysis and Evaluation The quality of installation work and engineering skills are evaluated on the basis of survey results. If there are scheduling problems, they are reviewed so that work can be conducted within a sufficient margin. Countermeasures are taken when problems with the work level or management occur. 3.3 Inspection and Maintenance Daily and periodic inspections are used to evaluate the appropriateness of inspection items for engineer and user inspections. (1) Evaluation Items Evaluation items concerning inspection and maintenance are as follows: (a) Inspection and Maintenance Are maintenance items and methods appropriate? (b) Inspector Level Is the knowledge and technical capability of the inspector appropriate? (2) Survey Items Data concerning inspection and maintenance can be collected via methods (a) to (c). Engineer follow-up via investigation of (d) is effective. (a) Problems: Problems with system operation, countermeasures, and their effects are collected by interviews with engineers and from maintenance records. (b) Maintenance Items: Maintenance items, daily inspection methods, and periodic inspections designated in manuals, and engineer s training programs are investigated. (c) The Status of Maintenance: Actual maintenance items and inspection methods are investigated through interviews and questionnaires with users and engineers. (d) Monitoring Survey: Maintenance and inspection conducted by the users and/or engineers is observed at the site and the content of maintenance is verified. (3) Analysis and Evaluation Appropriateness of current inspection and maintenance is analyzed and evaluated on the basis of survey results, and addition or deletion of maintenance items is considered. If any problems exist with maintenance, the maintenance items are reviewed and the results are reflected in the manuals and engineer training programs. Simplification or deletion of maintenance items that are not important are considered from the viewpoint of cost reduction. 4

12 4 MANAGEMENT STATUS EVALUATION Management items, methods, and organization are evaluated from the viewpoint of sustainable management of the PV system. 4.1 Management Methods Regarding fee collection, maintenance, engineer training, project management, etc, executed by the managing organization, its content and methods are evaluated for suitability. (1) Evaluation Items Evaluation items are as follows: (a) Fee Collection: *Are the current fees appropriate? [Fee setting] *Are the method and period of collection appropriate? [Collection method] (b) Maintenance Management *Are all the items needed for management included? [Items] *Are methods appropriate for system management? [Management method] (c) Engineer Training *Is training program content appropriate? [Training program] *Is engineer education appropriate? [Engineer education] (d) Project Management *Is the plan for implementation and funding appropriate? [Planning] *Is material procurement managed properly without delay? [Material procurement] *Is management of installation work appropriate? [Work management] *Are funds used properly? Is income and expenditure being properly managed? [Fund management] *Are enlightenment activities properly carried out to promote project and PV system expansion? [Enlightenment] (2) Survey Items and Methods Management data can be collected via method (a) to (c). (a) Management Items Management item content and methods for the project are examined. (b) Management Status The status of management is investigated through interviews and questionnaires with personnel in charge, engineers, and users. Data is recorded and the records are collected. (c) Problems Problems, countermeasures, and their effect are investigated in relation to management activity. 5

13 (3) Analysis and Evaluation The appropriateness of management methods is analyzed and evaluated on the basis of survey results. If management is not conducted properly, users will be dissatisfied. Hence, it is necessary to consider acceptance levels and the satisfaction of the users. If there are problems with the management method, it is reviewed and the results are reflected in the manuals and engineer training programs. 4.2 Management Organization The configuration of project management organization, allocation of engineers, appropriateness of roles, and business conditions of related organizations is evaluated. (1) Evaluation Items Evaluation items of management organization are as follows: (a) Management Organization Are the organization and engineers in charge of the PV project properly arranged? Are there appropriate information network and management systems? (b) Roles of the Members: Are the roles of the organization and engineers appropriate? (c) Business Conditions: Are the business condition of the organization and related bodies good? (2) Evaluation Items and Methods Management organization data can be collected via method (a) to (c). (a) Management Organization The configuration of an organization and member allocation used for a project are investigated. (b) Management Status The management status is investigated through interviews or questionnaires given to personnel in charge, engineers, and users, and the stored data is collected. (c) Business Conditions Income and expenditure of the related organizations is investigated. (3) Analysis and Evaluation The appropriateness of management methods are analyzed and evaluated on the basis of survey results. If management is not conducted properly, users will be dissatisfied. Hence, it is necessary to consider acceptance levels and the satisfaction of the users. If there are problems with the management method, it is reviewed, and the results are reflected in the manuals and engineer training programs. 6

14 5 EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT User s living environment, social environment of villages and the surroundings, and natural environment is evaluated with respect to the change by the introduction of PV system. There are two kinds of effect on social environment. One appears immediately after installation and another one appears gradually over many years. In evaluating such effects, it is necessary to make surveys before and after introduction of PV system project. 5.1 Effect on the Lives of the Residents Direct or indirect effects on the lives of the residents caused by the project are evaluated. (1) Evaluation Items Evaluation items are as follows: (a) Improvement of Living Standard: Will electrification improve the living standard? (b) Systems Appropriateness: Are the systems useful for users? (2) Evaluation Items and Methods To evaluate the effect on the lives of the residents, data is normally collected directly through interviews or questionnaires. As resident life may change due to various factors, such as economic growth or changes of neighborhood villages, investigation and evaluation may be conducted in comparison with other villages without PV projects. Examples of evaluation items are as follows: (a) Life: General pattern of daily living, usage of electric appliances. (b) Income and Expenditure: Income, expenditure, saving, expenses of heat and light. (c) Electric Appliances: The condition of electric appliances owned, the price of newly purchased electric appliances, and the procurement method. (d) Lifestyle Changes: (e) User Comments and Requests: (3) Analysis and Evaluation Effects of the project are analyzed on the basis of survey results, and the PV project is evaluated on its contribution towards improving the livelihood of the residents. 7

15 5.2 Effect on Communities Effects on the social environment of the users and on the communities is evaluated by execution of the PV project. (1) Evaluation Items Evaluation items are as follows: (a) Community Development: Have the communities developed from electrification? (b) New Problems: Have any new problems developed in the communities? (2) Investigation Items and Methods For assessing the effects on communities, necessary data is normally collected through interviews or questionnaires with residents directly. Trend changes are revealed through the statistical data. (a) Regional Industries: Existing industries, new industries content, average wages, and working hours (b) Education: Education hours, literacy ratio, and ratio of higher grade students. (c) Movement of the Population: Rate of drain from a village, rate of influx to a village, population. (d) Healthcare and Medicine: The incidence of disease, the birthrate, mortality, and average lifespan are investigated. (e) Nighttime Security: Crime-related details and the crime rate (3) Analysis and Evaluation The condition of community development and newly generated problems are analyzed and evaluated on the basis of survey results. If new problems develop, reasons such as urbanization or living improvement, or the character of the project, are analyzed and appropriate countermeasures are taken. 5.3 Effect on the Natural Environment The effect on the natural environment is evaluated. (1) Evaluation Items Evaluation items regarding the effect on the environment are as follows. (a) Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: What is the amount of greenhouse gas emission that will be reduced? 8

16 (b) Damage to the Natural Environment: How does the project damage the natural environment? (2) Investigation Items and Methods Necessary data is normally collected through interviews or questionnaires with personnel in charge of management and residents, and the effect on the natural environment is evaluated. (a) Fuel Use: The state of conventional fuel use for lighting and housekeeping. (b) Waste Disposal: The condition of toxic waste disposal, such as batteries and fluorescent lamps. (c) Tree-felling The state of tree felling in relation to PV project installation. (3) Analysis and Evaluation The effect of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and damage to the natural environment are analyzed and evaluated on the basis of survey results. If the project negatively impacts the natural environment, improvement of the plan is considered. 6 ECONOMIC EVALUATION Economic evaluation determines the economical feasibility of a project by comparing the costs and the benefits of a project, and can be divided into financial evaluation and economic evaluation. (1) Financial Evaluation Financial evaluation investigates the income and expenditure of a project and assesses the economy of a project in terms of money. Financial evaluation items are as follows: (a) Economic Evaluation of the Project Economic feasibility of the executed project is evaluated by investigating the funding plan and of the balance of income and expenditure. (b) Review of Electricity Fees When a project cost is reduced due to system price reduction or maintenance cost reduction, or when a project cost changes significantly due to the effects of inflation or exchange rate change, etc, electricity fees are reviewed to preserve the economic range of the project. (2) Economic Evaluation For economic evaluation, both the costs and the benefits of the project are evaluated. The benefits of a project are evaluated based on the income of a project and the value of the implementation effects are estimated and counted. 9

17 by the incomes from a project and project implementation effects that are estimated in value and counted. Items for economic evaluation are as follows: (a) Cost Comparison with Alternative Power Sources When all power sources are assumed to give a same benefit, the cost of a PV project with diesel, the distribution system, and other natural energy sources are compared, and the advantages of the executed project is verified. (b) Effects of Fuel Expense Reduction The reduction of expenses for conventional fuel through the introduction of a PV system is calculated and evaluated. (c) Evaluation of the Effects on the Regional Economy The effects on the regional economy such as a job creation and increased consumption of electrical appliances are evaluated. 7 AMENDMENT OF THE MANUAL The DOE shall review this guideline annually, and amend it, if necessary, according to the surrounding circumstances in rural electrification of the country. The amended manual shall be fully authorized among the DOE and approved by Director of Renewable Energy Management Bureau of the DOE. 10

18 Department of Energy Energy Complex Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City, Metro Manila TEL: FAX: