Heat Pump Water Heaters: Harmonising International Efficiency Test Standards

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1 Heat Pump Water Heaters: Harmonising International Efficiency Test Standards Dr George Wilkenfeld George Wilkenfeld & Associates, Sydney ACEEE Hot Water Forum Atlanta, 5 November 2013 George Wilkenfeld & Associates 1

2 I will cover The Project» Objectives, project team, phases Comparing test standards» ANZ, Canada, China, Europe, Japan, Korea, USA» Only air-source types covered (most widely traded) The road to harmonisation George Wilkenfeld & Associates 2

3 This project Supported by: CLASP - Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program DRET - Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Australia (now Department of Industry) KTL Korea Testing Laboratory ICA International Copper Association APEC EGEE&C Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation s Expert Group on Energy Efficiency and Conservation SEAD The Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment Initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial George Wilkenfeld & Associates 3

4 The project team George Wilkenfeld and Associates Energy Efficient Strategies (Lloyd Harrington) Thermal Design (Prof Graham Morrison) Waide Strategic Efficiency (Paul Waide, UK + Philippe Riviere, Cong-Toang Tran, Armines, Paris) Experience in energy efficiency policy, international standards, product testing, thermal performance modelling Major contribution also from KTL (Jun Choi) and ICA team (Pierre Cazelles) George Wilkenfeld & Associates 4

5 Objectives of project Analyse current standards and test methods, with the aim of developing proposals for internationallycomparable energy efficiency test methods, metrics and efficiency classes for use in future efficiency policy measures» Report considers test methods and metrics» Proposes a pathway to harmonisation» Have a lot to do before we can define efficiency classes (e.g. COPS corresponding to minimum Level 1 to highest Level 6) George Wilkenfeld & Associates 5

6 Stages Analysed existing HPWH test standards Prepared Interim Report First workshop of experts (Beijing, April 2013) Analysed KTL test results (3 models x 5 tests) Prepared Draft Final Report Second Workshop (Coimbra, September 2013) Reports and workshop presentations at George Wilkenfeld & Associates 6

7 Project workshops Beijing, April 2013 Coimbra, September 2013 George Wilkenfeld & Associates 7

8 Markets and Trade HPWHs are manufactured in many places They are widely traded Energy efficiency is the main selling point so there is incentive to state highest possible value But there are different ways to test units and determine their energy efficiency Suppliers have to test to the standards required in all market where the product is sold This adds to costs and customer confusion and acts as a barrier to trade Hence motivation for this project George Wilkenfeld & Associates 8

9 Typical heat pump water heaters Unitary: Could be for outdoor, indoor or vented installation Split: Heat exchanger could be in tank or in evaporator unit George Wilkenfeld & Associates 9

10 First issue common descriptors Physical units 1 or 2? Indoor or outdoor position (of each unit)» Can units be co-located? (Not in Euro standard) If separate units:» Linkage refrigerant or water lines?» If water any tank or specified tank?» If specified if/what type internal heat exchanger?» Pumped flow or natural convection? Domestic hot water service only, or space heat? George Wilkenfeld & Associates 10

11 Other categorisations Single pass or multi pass heating? Boosted or not?» If yes, is booster setting user-selectable? Refrigerant types» Different test parameters for CO 2 Smart controls (how defined?) Ability to work with restricted energisation George Wilkenfeld & Associates 11

12 Key aspects of test standards Country Ambient Conditions Drawoff routines Energy Estimates Regulatory uses Voluntary uses Australia, New Zealand AS/NZS 5125* USA CFR 430 * Canada CSA C None (but U/C) 1 routine (6 draws) Simulated Measured MEPS, labelling U/C US Labelling, MEPS 2015 China GB/T None Unclear None identified Europe EN Japan JIS C routines ( MJ/d) 2 routines (15-58 MJ/d) Measured Calculated interpolation U/C Labelling MEPS Top Runner STC White certificates Energy Star None identified Top Ten Korea (draft) * 3 None Unclear U/C U/C = Under consideration MEPS = Minimum energy performance standards * Under review George Wilkenfeld & Associates 12

13 Similarities and differences Climate-controlled test chambers: similar to air conditioners Ambient conditions: Wide differences, but 7 C (air con H1) and 20 C common Some also specify a warmer test and a frosting test, e.g. 2 C (air con H2) or < 0 C Cold water temp: quite variable, mostly 10 C to 20 C (but less important if using simulation). Tanks sensors: either simple (single sensor or outlet only) or complex (array to measure tank stratification). George Wilkenfeld & Associates 13

14 Draw-off vs simulation approach For draw-offs: Gives the water heater a real task to do, more realistic efficiency and energy use Against draw-offs: Complex and expensive test, only get data for the exact drawoff developed (arbitrary)» real hot water use is highly variable For simulation: Heat-up tests are simpler (but more data collection and analysis needed)» should allow reasonably accurate simulation of energy use under any climatic and usage conditions (if approached correctly) Against simulation: Some concern about ability of simulations to provide realistic estimates of energy George Wilkenfeld & Associates 14

15 Can we compare test results? KTL is developing draft Korean HPWH test Offered to make data available for this project Already had some split units we requested purchase of a unitary one Agreed on range of test standards We requested maximum instrumentation» 6 t/couples in tank, as in CFR and AS/NZS George Wilkenfeld & Associates 15

16 Aims To see what results for same HPWH units were under different tests Identify issues or problems with each test» KTL testers worked from published documents Analyse detailed instrument records to assist in developing a simulation model George Wilkenfeld & Associates 16

17 Models tested Model A Model B Model C Configuration Unitary Stand-alone (split) Stand-alone (split) Power supply V, 50 Hz V, 50 Hz 415V, 50 Hz Refrigerant R134a R407c R407c Storage volume 190 litres 200 l external 200 l external (50.2 US gal) (52.8 US gal) (52.8 US gal) Compressor 0.7 kw 2.8 kw 4.5 kw Control temp Max 60ºC Max 55ºC Max 65ºC Element 3.0 kw None None Manufacture China China Korea Intended market China, Europe, ANZ China Korea, Europe George Wilkenfeld & Associates 17

18 Model A George Wilkenfeld & Associates 18

19 Model B + George Wilkenfeld & Associates 19

20 Model C + George Wilkenfeld & Associates 20

21 Standards tested AS/NZS 5125 (all 4 test conditions) EN (L drawoff; 42 MJ/day) USA CFR Pt 430 JIS C 9220 Korea DRAFT NOT Canada or China standards» Limited resources - similar to others George Wilkenfeld & Associates 21

22 Results Standard Ambient conditions (f) COP, Model A COP, Model B COP, Model C AS/NZS 5125 TC 1 (<10ºC) 1.66 (a) 2.63 (b) TC 2 (18-20) 1.84 (a) 3.19 (b) TC 3 (30-35, WB 30-40) 1.94 (a) 3.48 (b) TC 4 (30-35, WB (a) 3.76 (b) ) CFR ºC + 0.6ºC 2.17 (c) 1.63 (c) 1.58 (c) EN ºC + 2.0ºC JIS ºC + 1.0ºC KIS Draft Standard 7ºC (d) (e) Cold zone -15ºC (d) (e) (a) Task COP over entire heat-up cycle, including effect of element operating part of the time. (b) COP at final stages of the heating cycle when only heat pump is operating. (c) EER (d) Domestic hot water supply only draft standard also provides for testing space heating duty. (e) Does not perform as required at this condition. George Wilkenfeld & Associates 22

23 Results COP or EER AS/NZS 5125 TC 4 (Task) AS/NZS 5125 TC 4 (HP only) AS/NZS 5125 TC 3 (Task) AS/NZS 5125 TC 3 (HP only) AS/NZS 5125 TC 2 (Task) AS/NZS 5125 TC 2 (HP only) AS/NZS 5125 TC1 (Task) AS/NZS 5125 TC1 (HP only) Europ TopTen EN CFR 430 (high-insul tank) US MEPS (55 gal) Model A Model B Model C JIS C 9220 KS (Draft) HW only Std KS (Draft) HW only Cold CFR 430 (low-insul tank) George Wilkenfeld & Associates 23

24 Findings from testing Misinterpretation of published standards» eg testing unitary model with external tanks Ambiguity in test procedures» eg setting of switchable elements in tests Gaps in test procedures» European test does not allow outside installation Difficulty in getting standard external tanks Efficiency metrics differ lot (no surprise) George Wilkenfeld & Associates 24

25 Prospects for harmonisation Too late to have one test standard for all Economies seem committed to existing tests» Some working on enhancements (US, EN, AS/NZS)» New tests under development (KS, ISO)» Common metrics across WH types reduces freedom Best prospect may be to develop a parallel process a Harmonisation framework Harmonisation Protocol describes relationship of each existing standard to the Framework Documents/standards could embody this George Wilkenfeld & Associates 25

26 A possible framework Product Classification Dual-mode tests Additional if needed Possible extra tests ISO rating ISO Test Method Document Single-mode DHW tests Basic Tests Standard tank for separate units Simulation methods Harmonisation Framework Efficiency levels Harmonisation Protocol AS/NZS 5125 AS/NZS 4234 CFR 430 CSA C GB/T EN JIS C 9220 KS???? George Wilkenfeld & Associates 26

27 Basic test conditions 7 C DB/6 C WB» already in European, Japan and Korea (draft) standards, consistent with AS/NZS standard (<10 C);» Cold water temperature of 10 C; 20 C DB/19 C WB» already in USA, Canada, and China tests, consistent with AS/NZS standard (18-20 C);» Cold water temperature of 15 C; Heat-up tests, maybe heat loss/standby/cooldown but not draw-off George Wilkenfeld & Associates 27

28 Additional test conditions If designated suitable for use in frost conditions, test at 2 C DB/1 C WB» Designation part of Product Classification If designated suitable for warm/humid conditions, test at 30 C and high humidity. George Wilkenfeld & Associates 28

29 This is of some use Should be able to simulate performance during heatup on other standards But only for HPWHs without heating elements (elements off), and Few test methods stop at heat-up stage George Wilkenfeld & Associates 29

30 Simulation possibilities Simple HPWH (no element, or element off) Complex HPWH Performance during heat-up Likely to be possible May be feasible with independently measurable data Performance with draw-off May be feasible with independently measurable data May only be possible with proprietary data George Wilkenfeld & Associates 30

31 Where this work could proceed ISO? has decided to work on HPWH test standard IEC? has some standards for electric WH but not HPWH APEC/CAST? Europe not a member SEAD? China not a member New framework? hard to set up George Wilkenfeld & Associates 31

32 Recommendations Send our report to relevant standards committees and government agencies to seek their indication of:» support for development of Harmonisation Framework, along lines proposed; and if so:» where work should be located (eg ISO, other)» whether and how they wish to participate» Would they contribute resources to the effort If enough support, ask ISO or others if willing to undertake/support project George Wilkenfeld & Associates 32

33 Stages of harmonisation project? 1. agree on a Harmonisation Protocol; 2. develop the Basic Test conditions 3. undertake round-robin testing to basic conditions (at least 3 laboratories, 6-10 HPWHs of different configurations) 4. analyse test results and develop simulation model, based on parameters that can be established in laboratory testing (ie without relying in proprietary data) 5. validate simulation model with the original test units; 6. wider validation program with other willing participants (manufacturers, standards bodies, other agencies); and 7. final method of test and simulation in document George Wilkenfeld & Associates 33

34 THANK YOU. ANY QUESTIONS? George Wilkenfeld & Associates 34

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