2 nd generation biofuels from imported biomass Large scale production of Fischer-Tropsch diesel and/or Synthetic Natural Gas

Transcription

1 2 nd generation biofuels from imported biomass Large scale production of Fischer-Tropsch diesel and/or Synthetic Natural Gas Robin Zwart, Bram van der Drift Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)

2 Contents Introduction EU directives, proposals & consequences large scale production of FT diesel and/or SNG Technology options syngas conversion versus product gas upgrading Technology challenges biomass pre-treatment versus gas cleaning Conclusions 2/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

3 Introduction ECN: Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN mission Development of high-quality knowledge and technology for the transition to a sustainable energy supply, and bringing this to the market ~70 M /y turnover ~530 employees 3/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

4 ECN biomass activities ECN biomass activities Introduction Fischer-Tropsch reactor wet ESP entrained flow simulator OLGA: oil based gas cleaning 100 kg/h CFB gasifier To be replaced by an indirect Milena gasifier (mid 2007) 5 kg/h indirect gasifier gas compressor etc. 4/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

5 EU directives, proposals and consequences EU biofuels Directives and Proposals The driving force for Fischer-Tropsch diesel production new proposal 2020 biofuels 2% 5.75% 7% 8% 15% natural gas 2% 5% 10% 10% LPG 5% H 2-2% 5% a few % Total 2% 7.75% 14% 23% > 30% 2001: EU directive proposal for alternative transportation fuels 2003: EU directive 2003/30/EC for period for biofuels, not mandatory, deviations should be motivated, if unjustified: mandatory targets EU Alternative Fuels Contact Group proposal for period beyond 2010 discussions on mandatory shares for biofuels ongoing, in some countries already projected 5/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

6 EU directives, proposals and consequences Biomass availability and targets in the Netherlands PJ/y Biomass (required) Biofuels (required) Biomass (available) 912 Estimated biomass import: > 450 PJ th (hence over 15 GW th ) 450 max import inevitable 150 min PJ in 2030 from Rabou, Deurwaarder, Elbersen, Scott: Biomass in the Dutch Energy Infrastructure in 2030, January /26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

7 EU directives, proposals and consequences 16 GW of biomass?!? 50 MW th plants (commercial CFB, Choren-plant) 600 MW th plants (commercial IGCC, planned Choren plant) 8 GW th plants (commercial GtL and CtL plants) LARGE SCALE CONVERSION OF IMPORTED BIOMASS 7/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

8 Technology options Biomass to liquids General system line-up of 2 nd generation biofuels production Pre-treatment Gasification Gas conditioning Synthesis off-gas Electricity (for use in plant) Biomass light product Fischer-Tropsch Diesel (ultra-pure high quality designer fuel) Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) (ultra-pure high quality designer fuel) 8/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

9 Technology options Choice of gasifier Syngas conversion versus product gas upgrading three cases 100% 100% EF gasifier O 2 -blown CFB gasifier O 2 -blown 80% 75% 80% 0% 64% synthesis 64% 38% 66% 37% 30% synthesis 1 Syngas CO, H 2, CO 2, H 2 O 2 Product gas CO, H 2, CO 2, H 2 O, CH 4, Olefins, Aromatics 100% indirect gasifier air-blown 80% 45% 71% 35% 28% synthesis 9/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

10 Technology options Choice of gasifier Syngas conversion versus product gas upgrading 1 Syngas CO, H 2, CO 2, H 2 O 2 Product gas CO, H 2, CO 2, H 2 O, CH 4, Olefins, Aromatics & TAR 10/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

11 Technology options 1 2a 2b Värnamo demo plant Repotec Güssing Shell Siemens Buggenum, Schwarze Pumpe, Magnum China VTT pilot plant ECN pilot plant 11/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

12 Technology challenges Options summary Biomass pre-treatment versus gas cleaning R&D on: milling torrefaction pyrolysis advanced feeding Proven (coal) Large scale 20% E biomass biomass pretreatment high temperature gasifier gas low temperature gasifier cleaning or reforming Under development Small scale 100% E biomass R&D on: tar cleaning or cracking C x H y reforming deactivation 12/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

13 Technology challenges Biomass pre-treatment General torrefaction process description gas biomass solids Torrefaction Temperature: C Pressure: near atmospheric Absence of oxygen Product: solid phase (energy) Energy densification (E/kg) = 1.3 Particle size < 4 cm thickness Residence time 30 to 90 min mass energy Heating rate: <50 C/min 13/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

14 Technology challenges Biomass pre-treatment Product quality of torrefied biomass Green biomass Waste Friable and less fibrous Hydrophobic Preserved Reduced contaminations Homogeneous 19 to 22 MJ/kg (LHV, ar) < 5 GJ/m Size reduction Combustion / Gasification Logistic operations (transport) Feedstock bandwidth Biofuel standardisation Torrefaction and pulverisation Demolition wood Tough and fibrous Hygroscopic, Hydrophilic Vulnerable to biodegradation Contaminated Heterogeneous 10 to 18 MJ/kg (LHV, ar) < 5 GJ/m 3 TOP fuel powder kg/m GJ/m 3 Pelletisation TOP fuel pellets 14/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

15 Technology challenges Biomass pre-treatment Grindability of (torrefied) biomass compared to coal 90 Power consumption (kwe/mwth) C(270,21) C(280,18) C(290,12) W(290,24) W(260,24) Willow (MC=10-13%) Willow (dried) Cutter w ood AU bituminous coal Borssele run demolition w ood D(300,11) average particle size (mm, volume based) 15/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

16 Technology challenges Biomass pre-treatment ECN directly heated torrefaction process Air utillity Fuel Moving bed based reactor technology Compact reactor Low capital investment Fluegas Accurate T-control Small footprint Combustion Feedstock flexibility High capacity Torrefaction gases gas recycle biomass Drying Torrefaction Cooling Torrefied biomass DP Fluegas Heat exchange Fluegas 16/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

17 Technology challenges Gas treatment Motivation for OLGA Fouling of equipment (SNG & E) Avoid tar related problems. Deactivation of catalyst with soot (SNG) Wastewater production (E) 17/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

18 Technology challenges Gas treatment Positioning of OLGA in the gas cleaning Gasifier exit gas temperature Tar condensation OLGA Dew point tar Dew point water Water condensation Gas engine inlet 18/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

19 Technology challenges Gas treatment OLGA technology in a process flow diagram 19/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

20 Technology challenges Gas treatment OLGA duration test January 15 th to March 10 th 2006 Duration test Duration: 677 hours 2 operators per shift Number of shifts = 3 Key data kg of biomass (pellets) used 1730 kg tar removed (3% of biomass) kwh e produced Partners Dahlman Host Lek Habo (OLGA) (Gasifier) (Gas engine) 20/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

21 Technology challenges Gas treatment Demonstration OLGA installation Project details Location: Moissannes in France Eneria is plant operator Dahlman is OLGA supplier ECN delivered design data for the plant and assists during start-up and operation. Key process data 4 MW th Fixed bed gasifier 1,1 MWe gas engine 2000 m n3 /h of gas OLGA removes fine dust + tar 100 hours of OLGA operation Performance according design 21/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

22 Technology challenges Gas treatment Demonstration OLGA installation Complete removal (>99.9%) of phenol Complete removal of heavy tars mg/m n ³ of light tar condensables (improves in time) Dust below detection limit No fouling of piping or gas engine Stable and fully automated operation Start-up Measurements Heavy tars Phenol Naphthalene Condensables (@40 ) Duration test Measurements (@40 ) 22/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

23 Technology challenges Gas treatment OLGA by night 23/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

24 Conclusions Conclusions On short term start implementing, on long term increase efficiency Large-scale implementation of 2 nd generation biofuels required Import of (expensive) biomass inevitable High efficiencies required Pre-treatment required for existing high temperature EF gasifiers Torrefaction results so far very promising Construction of a pilot plant ongoing Gas cleaning required for developed low temperature gasifiers OLGA results so far very promising Technology commercialized by Dahlman Technology optimized by ECN 24/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

25 Conclusions Further research At the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) BioSNG Optimization Milena gasifier and OLGA Optimization gas cleaning Optimization CH 4 synthesis Construction of Pilot plant (800 kw th, mid 2007) Formation of consortium for the Demo installation (10MW th ) Torrefaction Optimization torrefaction / TOP process Testing of fuel in entrained flow gasifiers Construction of Pilot plant (600 kw th, mid 2007) Formation of consortium for the Demo installation (15MW th ) 25/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)

26 Conclusions Thank you for your attention For more information, please contact: Ir. Robin Zwart Ir. Bram van der Drift phone phone fax fax ECN Publications can be found on: Visit also: Phyllis internet database for biomass, coal, and residues: Thersites internet model for tar dewpoint calculations: BioSNG website providing information on Synthetic Natural Gas from biomass: OLGA website providing information on the OLGA gas treatment: 26/26 Synbios II (May 23rd 2007, Stockholm)