Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems

Transcription

1 Power Systems

2 Emmanuel I. Zoulias with N. Lymberopoulos Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Techno-economic Analysis of the Integration of Hydrogen in Autonomous Power Systems 123

3 Emmanuel I. Zoulias, PhD N. Lymberopoulos, PhD RES & H2 Technologies Integration Laboratory Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) 19th km Marathonos Ave Pikermi Greece ISBN e-isbn DOI / Power Systems Series ISSN British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Zoulias, Emmanuel I. Hydrogen-based autonomous power systems : techno-economic analysis of the integration of hydrogen in autonomous power systems. - (Power systems) 1. Hydrogen as fuel 2. Electric power systems I. Title II. Lymberopoulos, N '1 ISBN-13: Library of Congress Control Number: Springer-Verlag London Limited Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copy-right Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: deblik, Berlin, Germany Printed on acid-free paper springer.com

4 This book is dedicated to my beloved family my wife Sofia and my son John who supported and inspired me during all these years. Emmanuel I. Zoulias

5 Preface Hydrogen is expected to be the energy carrier of the future, having applications both in stationary power systems and the transport sector. Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is absolutely emission free and can be produced locally, thus increasing security of power supply and contributing to energy independence of communities. The transition towards a hydrogen economy will be gradual and long. In this process, it is highly important that niche markets for hydrogen energy applications are created. The creation of respective market segments for hydrogen energy will play a significant role in developing commercial products, reduce current high equipment costs and increase public awareness on hydrogen as an energy carrier as well. Almost all publicly available national and international roadmaps on the implementation and deployment strategy for hydrogen energy technologies agree that one of the first niche markets for hydrogen applications will be that of autonomous power systems. The introduction of hydrogen in existing autonomous power systems will be a thrilling challenge, but in the short to medium term can be economically viable provided that appropriate subsidies are offered to the owners and/or operators of such power systems. Moreover, the development of hydrogenbased autonomous power systems will contribute significantly to the enhancement of local air quality and reduce noise levels and carbon emissions as well. This book, entitled Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems: Technoeconomic Analysis of the Integration of Hydrogen in Autonomous Power Systems, aims to present the most important technical and economic aspects of the integration of hydrogen energy technologies in renewable energy sources-based autonomous power systems, which is expected to be one of the first significant niche markets for hydrogen energy systems. The book also contains a detailed roadmap towards commercialization of hydrogen-based autonomous power systems, including an extensive list of recommendations for energy policy makers to facilitate the introduction of hydrogen energy technologies in existing autonomous power systems.

6 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 E.I. Zoulias 1.1 Background and Objectives... 1 References Autonomous Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy (RE)-based Power Systems... 5 A.S. Neris 2.1 Introduction Generation Technologies in Autonomous Power Systems Renewable Generators Diesel Generators Technical Overview of Fossil-fuel and RE-based Autonomous Power Systems Autonomous Power System Configurations Stability Isssues and Solutions Energy Management in Autonomous Power Systems Economic Evaluation Optimisation Problem Definition Simulation Methodology References Integration of Hydrogen Energy Technologies in Autonomous Power Systems G.E. Marnellos, C. Athanasiou, S.S. Makridis and E.S. Kikkinides 3.1 Introduction Hydrogen Production Technologies Introduction Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels Hydrogen from Splitting of Water Hydrogen from Biomass... 38

7 x Contents Current Technology, Prospects and Barriers on Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Storage Technologies Introduction Basic Hydrogen Storage Technologies Hydrogen Re-electrification Technologies Introduction Operation and Performance Types of Fuel Cells Technology Status Fuel Cell Cost Considerations and Market Development Conclusions References Review of Existing Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Current Situation N. Lymberopoulos 4.1 Introduction HYSOLAR Project Solar-Wasserstoff-Bayern Project Stralsund Project FIRST Project PHOEBUS Project ENEA Wind-hydrogen Stand-alone System PVFSYS System UTSIRA Island Wind-hydrogen System RES2H2 System PURE System HARI Project References Techno-economic Analysis of Hydrogen Technologies Integration in Existing Conventional Autonomous Power Systems Case Studies E.I. Zoulias 5.1 Introduction Methodology and Tools Case Study 1: Gaidouromantra, Kythnos Island, Greece System Description Results and Discussion for the System of Kythnos Case Study 2: Fair Isle, UK System Description Results and Discussion for the System of Fair Isle Case Study 3: Rauhelleren, Norway System Description Results and Discussion for the System of Rauhelleren Case Study 4: La Rambla del Agua, Spain System Description Results and Discussion for the System of Rambla del Agua

8 Contents xi 5.7 Basic Principles for the Design and Optimization of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Methodology for the Design and Optimisation of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Conclusions from the Analysis of Case Studies References Market Potential of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems E.I. Zoulias 6.1 Introduction Demand Side Categorisation of the Demand Side Market Segmentation Supply Side Operational Market Players Market Drivers Market Estimation References Barriers and Benefits of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems.151 T.D. Tsoutsos 7.1 Barriers for the Introduction of Hydrogen in Autonomous Power Systems Introduction The Results of H-SAPS Project Hydrogen as a Measure to Increase RES Penetration in Isolated Power Systems Introduction Towards a 100% Autonomous Power Scheme Conclusions Economic Assessment Environmental Benefits of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Estimates of Future Emissions Environmental Impacts at a European Level Potential Environmental Impacts Methods of Estimation of the Environmental Impact of H-APS 159 References Roadmap to Commercialisation of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems E.I. Zoulias 8.1 Introduction Technology Roadmap for the Commercialisation of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Market Roadmap for the Commercialisation of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Energy Policy Roadmap for the Commercialisation

9 xii Contents of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems Recommendations for the Commercialisation of Hydrogen-based Autonomous Power Systems References Conclusions Index