Key Planning Factors for Waste Sector in Developing Countries
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1 Key Planning Factors for Waste Sector in Developing Countries ISWA Beacon Conference Strategic Waste Management Planning Novi Sad, Serbia 10 December 2009
2 Presentation Topics Overview Waste management in developing countries World Bank - Who we are - What we do in waste management Bukhara, Uzbekistan Waste collection point
3 Waste Generation Rate Income Level Generation Rate (kg/capita/day) Generation* (tons /day) Low Medium High 1.6 1,600 * Assumed population of 1.0 million. Cities with a population of 1.0 million or more in developing countries: 296
4 Waste Composition Income Level Material Low Medium High Food 40-85% 20-65% 20-50% Paper 1-10% 15-40% 15-40% Recyclables 4-25% 5-26% 11-43% Fines 15-50% 15-50% 5-20% Moisture 40-80% 40-60% 20-30%
5 Waste Collection Collection rate varies significantly - Uncollected waste in urban areas: 30-60% - Population w/ no service: 50%+ Equipment variety of vehicles used - Out-of-service equipment: up to 80% Conakry, Guinea Amman, Jordan Kabul, Afghanistan
6 Recycling Waste pickers informal recycling at collection points / disposal sites Estimated 15 million waste pickers in developing countries Children and women, often work as pickers Waste picking unhealthy work environment CDM methodology under development Tashkent, Uzbekistan Conakry, Guinea
7 Treatment Options Aerobic composting, waste-to-energy, other - Waste composition / moisture (food waste, precipitation) Methane avoidance (CDM) Cairo, Egypt Quantity: 375 tpd (current), 1,500 tpd (future) CDM status: Validation Lahore, Pakistan Quantity: 300 tpd (current), 1,000 tpd (future) CDM status: Validation
8 Waste Disposal Open Dump Open dumping with uncontrolled fires is norm in most developing countries Public health and environmental hazardous Lack of regulatory authority / enforcement Cost of development and operation of a landfill Bank loans: Dump closure and development of landfill Conakry, Guinea Daily quantity: 500 tons
9 Waste Disposal Engineered Landfill Regional landfill to achieve economies-of-scale Siting Design: Site design, bottom liner, leachate management, slopes Operations: Waste compaction, cover Amman, Jordan Daily waste received: 3,000 tpd Composition: high % food waste, high leachate generation CDM status: Validation
10 World Bank Founded 1944 for post-war reconstruction Role to alleviate poverty in developing countries - Poverty: earn less than $2 per day Organization - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - International Development Association (IDA) - International Finance Group (IFC) - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) - International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
11 World Bank Municipal Waste Management Loans - Technical / operational, institutional, financial, capacity building - Project examples (pipeline, current, recently completed) o Belarus o Brazil o China, Tianjin o Columbia o Jordan, Amman o Maldives o Morocco o Uzbekistan, Tashkent Tianjin, China (Shuangkou Landfill) Carbon finance (CDM) Daily Waste Quantity Received: 1,300 tpd Technical Assistance»
12 World Bank, Carbon Finance Initiated carbon finance program 1999 to stimulate market Trustee of 12 Funds / Facilities for governments and firms Carbon Finance Unit contracts to purchase emission reductions for Fund / Facility members Carbon payment tied to certified performance - Operations revenue - Contributes to sustainable operation - Mitigation of climate change
13 CDM Methodologies approved by the UNFCCC (CDM EB) - Approved methodologies o Landfill gas capture / treatment (flare, energy recovery) o Methane avoidance: Aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, RDF as fuel o Aerobic landfill o Energy recovery, additional ERs - displacement of fossil fuel energy - In Development, Recycling Methodology conditions include: - Baseline: GHG emissions, absence of action (Business as Usual). - Additionality: ERs that would be achieved with project o Barriers Investment, technical, common practice
14 CDM Registered Projects (mid-november 2009) Total CDM registered projects: 1,894 Registered CDM municipal solid waste projects: % of total - Landfill gas: 123 projects - Region - LFG -13 projects - Methane avoidance 0 projects LFG projects in validation: 145 Durbin, South Africa LFG power generation / flare facility CDM registration: December 2006
15 CDM Registered Projects - Region (mid-november 2009) Country Registered Request Registration Armenia 1 - Egypt 1 - Georgia 1 - Israel 4 - Jordan - 1 Morocco 1 - Syria 2 - Tunisia 2 - UAE 1 - TOTAL 13 1
16 CDM (Carbon Finance) Project Cycle: World Bank Project Idea Note (PIN) Letter of Intent (LOI) Project Design Document (PDD) Validation Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) Registration Verification / Certification Veolia Environmental Services - Alexandria, Egypt Borg El Arab landfill LFG flare CDM registration: December 2006
17 PDD: Estimate of Potential LFG Gas Capture Gas generation potential - First Order Decay (FOD) model o Waste composition o Ambient temp. / precipitation o Methane correction factor Gas capture rate Amman, Jordan Leachate pond, base of cell Leachate, moisture in food waste
18 CDM LFG Project Performance PDD Forecasts vs. Verification Results Reported ERs to forecast ERs (PDDs): 58.4% (2007) - Positive trend: 40.9% (2006) Over expectation factors, high capture rates, high k value, Lo - Especially early projects Under performance, high leachate levels (moisture, food waste)
19 World Bank Tianjin, China; Landfill Gas Tianjin: 5 th largest city in China (population: 11.2 million) Loan - Landfill financed by Bank, part of Urban Environment Loan - First modern, engineered landfill in Tianjin - Operations begun: Site receives 1,300 tpd Carbon Finance - PDD est. ERs: 913,108 tco 2 e (7-year crediting period) - Project registration: August 27, Monitoring Report / 3 rd party verification, 4 th quarter Buyer: Spanish Carbon Fund TCEEE Municipal agency joint venture LFG to electricity project CDM registered: August 2008 Shuangkou landfill - Tianjin, China
20 World Bank ECARU (Cairo, Egypt); Composting ECARU private company / project stand alone activity no Bank loan Carbon Finance - PDD est. ERs: 502,204 tco 2 e (7-year crediting period) - Project in validation - Buyer: Carbon Fund for Europe ECARU Aerobic composting CDM status: Validation Quantity: 375 tpd (current); 1,500 tpd (future) Cairo, Egypt
21 World Bank Brazil, Caxia Economica Federal Brazil: 250 municipalities with population of > 100,000 Caxia: Second largest public bank in Brazil Loan objectives - Dump closures - Investment in treatment facilities and engineered landfills Carbon finance - Program of Activities (PoA), bundled projects rather than individual projects Technical assistance Novagerar Nova Iguacu, Brazil Adrianopolis landfill LFG flare, facility to generate electricity CDM registration: November 2004
22 World Bank - Urban Methodology (Future) Fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - Est. 70% of GHG emissions occur in cities cities in developing countries with populations of 1.0 million or more High level of economic growth with very large population inflow - 50% of world s population lives in cities Inadequate level of engagement in CDM Carbon finance potential facilitate low-ghg development in cities Key sectors - Waste: Solid waste and wastewater - Transport: Public and private - Energy: Renewable and energy use (efficiency)
23 Thank You Charles Peterson:
24 Additional Information General - World Bank s Carbon Finance Unit: - World Bank s Urban Solid Waste Management: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5: Waste - UNFCCC's CDM: Selected Large-Scale Methodologies - LFG - ACM0001, Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project activities - Methane Avoidance (Composting, Other) AM0025, Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes Selected Small-Scale Methodologies - LFG to Power - AMS-III.D, Grid connected renewable electricity generation - LFG - AMS-III.G, Landfill methane recovery
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