A simple tool for the economic evaluation of thermal energy storages
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1 A simple tool for the economic evaluation of thermal energy storages Christoph Rathgeber Stefan Hiebler Eberhard Lävemann Andreas Hauer Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research e. V. All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights..
2 A simple tool for the economic evaluation of thermal energy storages Motivation Top-Down approach Bottom-Up approach Summary 2
3 Introduction Motivation: Cost uncertainty! Assumption: Costs of energy supplied by the storage Costs of energy from the market 3
4 Introduction Motivation: Cost uncertainty! Assumption: Costs Annual of payment energy supplied for storage by the investment storage Annual Costs savings of energy of reference from the energy market costs 4
5 Methods Top-Down approach: Maximum acceptable storage capacity costs How much may (thermal) energy storage cost? Bottom-up approach: Realised storage capacity costs How much do existing storages cost? 5
6 Top-Down approach 6
7 Top-Down approach Annuity factor ANF ANF investment costs = Annual payment for storage investment 7
8 Top-Down approach Annuity factor ANF ANF investment costs = Annual payment for storage investment i = interest rate n = payback period industry i = 10% n 5 a building i = 5% n = a enthusiast i = 1% n = a 7
9 Top-Down approach Maximum acceptable storage capacity costs SCC acc Assumption: Annual payment for storage investment = Annual savings of reference energy costs 8
10 Top-Down approach Maximum acceptable storage capacity costs SCC acc Annual payment for storage investment = Annual savings of reference energy costs SSSSSS acc AAAAAA = RRRRRR NN cycle SSSSSS acc = RRRRRR NN cycle AAAAAA REC = reference energy costs (heat / cold suppy) N cycle = storage cycles / year ANF = annuity factor 8
11 Top-Down approach Maximum acceptable storage capacity costs SCC acc REC = reference energy costs (heat / cold suppy) N cycle = storage cycles / year ANF = annuity factor User class REC / kwh en -1 ANF / a -1 min. max. min. max. Industry Building Enthusiast SCC acc (upper limit) 9
12 Top-Down approach Maximum acceptable storage capacity costs SCC acc REC = reference energy costs (heat / cold suppy) N cycle = storage cycles / year ANF = annuity factor User class REC / kwh en -1 ANF / a -1 min. max. min. max. Industry Building Enthusiast SCC acc (lower limit) 9
13 Top-Down approach Maximum acceptable storage capacity costs SCC acc upper limit lower limit x 60 x 1,000 Short-term storages allow much higher SCC acc than long-term storages! 10
14 Bottom-Up approach 11
15 Bottom-Up approach Realised storage capacity costs SCC real Questionary within IEA SHC Task 42 / ECES Annex 29 INC = investment costs (material + storage container / reactor + charging/discharging device) SC = installed storage capacity 12
16 Top-Down & Bottom-Up approach 13
17 Long-term storages for building applications = sensible = PCM = TCM TRL 4 14
18 Long-term storages for building applications TRL 4 storage description N cycle / a -1 INC / SC / kwh cap SCC real / kwh cap -1 1: NaOH storage Seasonal heat storage based on 8,000 1 (EMPA) closed NaOH sorption 32,400 2, : Ottrupgård, 1995 Hot water; 1,500 m³; C 1 225,500 43, : Sunstore 2, ,000 m³ water; C 1 671, , : Sunstore 3, ,000 m³ water; C 1 2,281,900 5,570, : Sunstore 4, 2012 (PlanEnergi) 75,000 m³ water; C 1 2,671,100 6,960, : Ackermannbogen 6,000 m³ water; C (ZAE Bayern) , , : Attenkirchen Hot water + borehole heat (ZAE Bayern) exchanger; 7,000 m³; C , , : SAT storage Seasonal heat storage, supercooled sodium acetate trihydrate 4,120 2, (DTU, Univ. of Graz)
19 Long-term storages for building applications TRL 4 Seasonal storage only economical via large hot water storages (at present) 14
20 Hot water storages < 30 m³ Storages can be integrated in a variety of systems with different N cycle 15
21 Hot water storages < 30 m³ storage description N cycle / a -1 INC / SC / kwh cap SCC real / kwh cap -1 9: VSI 30 m³ (ZAE, Hummelsberger) 10: allstor VPS/3 2000/3-7 (Vaillant) 11: VSI 5 m³ (ZAE, Hummelsberger) 12: actostor VIH RL (Vaillant) 13: actostor VIH CL 20 S (Vaillant) Vacuum super insulated water storage; 30 m³; 5 95 C , ,000 l water; 5 95 C , Vacuum super insulated water storage; 5 m³; 5 95 C , l water; C , l potable water; C
22 Hot water storages < 30 m³ Attractive for industrial applications if N cycle is high 15
23 Short-term storages for industrial applications = sensible = PCM = TCM TRL 3-4 TRL 7 16
24 Short-term storages for industrial applications TRL 3-4 TRL 7 storage description N cycle / a -1 INC / SC / kwh cap SCC real / kwh cap -1 14: Ice storages (Cristopia) 15: SAT mobile storage (Univ. Bayreuth, LaTherm) 16: Dual media storage (ZAE Bayern, Gießerei Heunisch) 17: Mobile sorption heat storage (ZAE Bayern) Storages with spherical nodules filled with water / ice Mobile PCM storage (sodium acetate trihydrate); C Sensible storage; stone + heat transfer oil; up to 300 C 2 x 14 t zeolite, industrial waste heat recovery ,000 10, ,000 2, ,000 6, ,000 9,
25 Short-term storages for industrial applications TRL 3-4 TRL 7 Ice storages cost effective, other technologies within reach 16
26 Short-term PCM & TCM storages for building applications = PCM = TCM TRL 4-5 TRL 4-5 TRL 6-7 TRL 4 TRL 5 TRL 4 TRL 5 TRL 7 17
27 Short-term PCM & TCM storages for building applications TRL 4-5 TRL 4-5 TRL 6-7 storage TRL 4 Description N cycle / a -1 TRL 4 INC / SC / kwh cap TRL 5 18: SolarHeatCool+ PCM (ZAE Bayern) 19: TubeICE (VITO) 20: Dishwasher (ZAE Bayern) 21: RT58 storage (VITO) 22: LiBr storage (ZAE Bayern) 23: PCM-Air (Univ. Zaragoza) 24: VDSF (Univ. Lleida) 25: Hydroquinone storage (Univ. Lleida) 26: SSTES RT storage / (Univ. January Basque 20, 2017 Country) 1 m³ PCM storage (CaCl 2 6H 2 O); C PCM tubes (salt hydrate + graphite); C Dishwasher, sorption drying (1.5 kg zeolite) 0.2 m³ PCM storage (RT58); C Sorption storage (aqueous LiBr); domestic appl. Free-cooling; PCM-Air heat exchanger; RT27 Free cooling; ventilated double skin facade + PCM (SP21) Solar applications; hydroquinone as PCM; C Plate based PCM storage (RT60); domestic micro-chp installation TRL TRL 7 4,700 6,300 SCC real / kwh cap , ,000 47,000 2,000-3, , , , ,500 6,
28 Short-term PCM & TCM storages for building applications TRL 4-5 TRL 4-5 TRL 6-7 TRL 4 TRL 5 TRL 4 TRL 5 TRL 7 Some storages already cost effective, others at lower TRL with higher investment costs 17
29 What are the major influencing factors on the cost effectiveness? 18
30 Top-Down Approach Maximum acceptable storage capacity costs SCC acc limited by market determined by application and storage! limited by user 19
31 Bottom-Up Approach Investment cost INC distribution NaOH (EMPA) (a) (b) SAT (DTU/Graz) (a) (b) SAT mobile (Bayreuth) Dual media storage (ZAE) MobS (ZAE) (a) (b) SolarHeatCool (ZAE) (a) (b) TubeICE (VITO NV) Dishwasher (ZAE) (a) (b) RT58 (VITO NV) LiBr (ZAE) (a) (b) PCM-Air (Zaragoza) (a) (b) VDSF (Lleida) Hydroquinone (Lleida) RT60 storage (UPV-EHU) (a) (b) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% (a) (b) actual costs expectable costs heat storage material container incl. charging/discharging device 20
32 Summary 21
33 A simple tool for the economic evaluation of thermal energy storages Top-down & Bottom-up approach: Annual payment for storage investment! <! Annual savings of reference energy costs Most influencing parameter: annual number of storage cycles N cycle At present, seasonal storage only economical via sensible heat storage Short-term storage allows several hundred times higher costs If N cycle is sufficiently high all storage technologies can be economical systems should be compared regarding physical and technical attributes 22
34 A simple tool for the economic evaluation of thermal energy storages Top-down & Bottom-up approach: <! Most influencing: Annual number of storage cycles N cycle Applications with high N cycle : All storage technologies can be economical Systems should be compared regarding physical and technical attributes (and TRL) 22
35 Thermal energy storages with additional benefits Power storages (e.g. DHW storages) Stand-alone systems (e.g. self-sufficient solar energy supply) Comfort applications (e.g. PCM in textiles / transport boxes, self-cooling beer barrel with zeolite) Increasing flexibility (e.g. CHP + district heating/cooling + TES: decoupling of electricity and heat/cold production higher electricity sales) 23
36 Contributors and publications Rathgeber, C., Hiebler, S., Lävemann, E., Dolado, P., Lazaro, A., Gasia, J., de Gracia, A., Miró, L., Cabeza, L.F., König-Haagen, A., Brüggemann, D., Campos-Celador, Á., Franquet, E., Fumey, B., Dannemand, M., Badenhop, T., Diriken, J., Nielsen, J.E., Hauer, A. IEA SHC Task 42 / ECES Annex 29 open access papers: Energy Procedia Volume 91, Pages & Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry (SHC 2015) 24
37 New phase Task/Annex 58/33 Kick-off meeting: April 5-7, Lyon 25
38 Thank you for your attention! Christoph Rathgeber ZAE Bayern Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research Division: Energy Storage Walther-Meissner-Str. 6 D Garching Tel.: Fax: christoph.rathgeber@zae-bayern.de Grant number 03ESP138A Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research e. V. All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights.
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