Home Water and Septic System Workshop
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1 Home Water and Septic System Workshop Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences research and extension programs are funded in part by Pennsylvania counties, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
2 About Cooperative Extension Providing factual information and education from unbiased research
3 Onlot Septic Systems Potential for groundwater contamination How they work Maintenance Intro to alternate systems
4 Wastewater Basics Treatment Goals Make use of natural treatment bacteria, soil, sand Keep pathogens away from surface and groundwater including drinking water wells Control where nutrients go, sometimes reduce Remove solids and fats/oils that would clog system
5 Septic System Parts Tank D Box Field pipe, gravel, soil
6 Two Compartment Septic Tank Collects wastewater Separates solid sludge, floating scum, and effluent water Some bacterial decomposition Sludge and scum must be pumped
7 Two Compartment Septic Tank Example Effluent filter protects the drainfield from clogging with solids easy cheap addition May have gas/splash baffles Access risers make pumping easier
8 Drainfield Cross-Section Topsoil Geotextile Gravel Treatment Zone 48 Clogging pipe Need deep soil with good drainage rate (not too fast, not too slow) Limiting Zone water table, fractures, bedrock, etc.
9 Soil test pit for identification of limiting zone
10 Percolation Test Holes
11 Percolation Test To determine how long it takes water to move downward through the soil. Requirement is 48 inches of suitable material for treatment area.
12 Separation Distances (not to scale) Protect groundwater, surface water, and septic systems. 100 from existing well 50 from surface water 10 from property line 20 from other septics Other setbacks
13 Modified drainfields, e.g., sand filters, mounds Increase depth above limiting zone. Pump to raise effluent. U.S. EPA
14 Sand mound diagram vertical separation
15 Alternate / Alternative / Advanced / Enhanced Treatment Systems Used where: o o o o Inadequate depth, area, or type of soil Failing system Close to water resources or on steep slope Extra nutrient management needed Often need power, more maintenance, service contract New technologies in development o o Approved alternate technology list on PA DEP site May need local contractor to install and service
16 Alternate Treatment Systems Principles Increase treatment surface area where bacteria live Use high surface area materials (foam, textiles, peat moss, etc.) Spread small volumes across wide area (drip irrigation, spray irrigation) Spread out volume over time, increase treatment time before release, e.g., Storage with timed dosage to drainfield Recirculate through treatment system Add air or maintain oxygen: aerobic treatment
17 PA DEP Responsibilities State and federal laws and regulations related to sewage Review new technologies and update regulations Train Sewage Enforcement Officers (SEOs) Review local Sewage Management Plans o may require inspection/pumping intervals
18 Municipal SEO Responsibilities SEO = Sewage Enforcement Officer Review permit applications, issue permits o new systems o repairs (when in doubt, ask) Inspect sites and systems (separation distances, test pit, percolation test) Enforce state regulations and local sewage management plans May work for multiple municipalities
19 Homeowner Responsibilities Protect the drainfield shallow-root plants only; no heavy equipment or structures Pump the tank (sludge and scum removal) o Keep at less than 1/3 sludge; every 2 to 3 yrs typical o Follow municipal regulations o PSMA, PASEO, local govmt for haulers Be careful what is flushed Wastewater + toilet tissue only o Keep solid debris out; educate visitors o Kitchen scraps compost; grease trash o Limit chemicals and pharmaceuticals o Additives unnecessary to harmful Conserve water, spread out demand
20 Malfunctions and Failures Failure = failing to work as it should and/or failing to treat wastewater Regulatory malfunction discharge untreated effluent to surface; or contaminate groundwater o o Based on SEO determination Unresolved regulatory malfunction = crime. SEOs have authority to enforce law Non-regulatory malfunction not crime but may lead to regulatory malfunction over time, e.g., broken baffle or pump. May need permit for repairs. Real Estate Transfer (RET) Inspection is not regulatory malfunction determination
21 Reasons Septic Systems Fail Improper siting or surface drainage. Soil compaction or broken pipes. Tree roots. Septic tank not pumped often enough Inappropriate wastes Clogged pipes Biomat clogs soil absorption area needs a vacation too Part failure Excess water use Additives. Harsh chemicals. Rare to have a single cause
22 Signs of Failure / Malfunction Excess plant growth over drainfield; wetland vegetation Standing water esp. if dark colored Drainage problems in house Odors (check vents) Dye testing Algae blooms Well water testing Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs Flooding may cause short- or long-term damage
23 Options for a failing system Emergency measures (pump, use water elsewhere) Try to identify and fix causes, clogs Siting can you use another location on the property? Rehabilitation replace, add, or upgrade parts (permit from SEO) Install an advanced component (permit from SEO) Join a municipal sewer or cluster system (shared distribution) U.S. EPA
24 Low-Cost Improvements (free to few $100s) Organize records Routine inspection and pumping Organize with neighbors to negotiate pumping rates Add features such as effluent filter, access risers to make maintenance easier Water conservation and spreading out use
25 Funding Sources for Repairs/Replacement $ Some local programs $ PHFA/PENNVEST low-interest loans for low income $ USDA Rural Development - Rural Repair and Rehabilitation Loans and Grants Low-interest loans for low income; grants > 62yo Low interest loans for all ages Low income limits based on local community Rural location (but includes small boroughs) Also for water wells
26 Private water supplies from groundwater Water Wells drilled Over one million homes and farms 45% never properly tested Access to groundwater but not ownership One of only two states with NO statewide well construction REGULATIONS! Some local regulations
27 Private Water Systems in this Region # of homes served by private water systems County Cumberland % of all homes served by public water 74 % of all homes served by private water system Dauphin Perry Adams Fulton Huntingdon Juniata Mifflin
28 Characteristics of Private Water Systems County % drilled wells % hand-dug wells % springs or cisterns Cumberland Dauphin Perry Adams Fulton Huntingdon Juniata Mifflin
29 What is Groundwater? And, groundwater moves!
30 Water Well Pump Off No pumping static water level Water stored in borehole 150 gallons in a 6 well with 100 feet of water Submersible pump
31 When the Well is Pumped Sustained yield tells us how much water we can pump over a long time Water flows into the well from surrounding rock
32 Proper Well Construction Fewer than 20% of home and farm wells in PA have this sanitary construction above ground sanitary well cap 4 sloping ground casing to bedrock 2 grout seal 3 bedrock
33 Cistern: A tank that collects and stores rainwater Minimum 5,000 gallon size Need extensive water treatment (bacteria, corrosion) to house
34 Spring Development Collection system to concentrate flow Reinforced and sealed concrete spring box Able to empty and clean Disinfection (75% contain coliform bacteria) Springs are more susceptible to drought, bacteria, and surface activities Poorly sealed spring
35 Properly Locate the Water Supply Upslope and away from potential sources of contamination At least 100 feet from septic drainfields Away from runoff, roads, neighbors wells, and property lines
36 Protecting Your Water Supply
37 Wellhead Protection 100 minimum
38 Have the Water Supply Inspected Keep area clear, protect from vehicles Inspect regularly for damage Professional inspection every 10 years Keep records yourself Photo courtesy Todd Giddings, PA Ground Water Assoc.
39 PA Water Well Construction Issues
40 Well Completion Report ( Well Log ) Info about depth, rock layers, aquifers, construction features. Check with the well driller for a copy PA DCNR Groundwater Info System has some records online. Search for PA GWIS, search by lat/long, township, date.
41 Geology Affects Groundwater Chemistry
42 Common Natural Problems in PA (Not All Groundwater is Naturally Pure) Percent Above Standard Corrosive water causes lead, copper, leaks Hard water scale formation Iron red stains Manganese black stains 10 Hydrogen sulfide gas rotten egg odor 0 Corrosive Hard Water Iron
43 Land Use Impacts Groundwater Landfills Organics,? Houses Bacteria Nitrate Sediment Yard Chemicals Roads Chloride, Sodium Mining Metals, ph Industry Organics, Petroleum Agriculture Bacteria, Nitrate, Pesticides Gas Drilling Barium, chloride, TDS
44 Percent Failing Standard Aesthetic Water Quality Issues
45 Percent Failing Standard Health-Based Water Quality Issues
46 Coliform and E. coli Bacteria Coliform are indicator organisms for surface water. Surface runoff reaching well, insects, etc. % Above Standard in PA E. coli are a specific type of coliform bacteria. Waste from warm blooded animals May cause flu-like symptoms Both should be zero in drinking water Coliform E. coli
47 Percent Contaminated Effect of Well Construction on Bacteria Coliform Bacteria E. coli Bacteria (3%) (10%) (41%) (30%) (12%) (4%) Number of Well Construction Features (% of wells with # of features)
48 Percent Above Standard in PA Other Contaminants with Health Standards Most related to human activity Lead from corrosion Arsenic natural too VOCs = volatile organic compounds Pesticides no single test Serious health effects 2 Most have no obvious taste/smell/color 0 4 Lead Nitrate Arsenic Pesticides VOC's
49 Paint (dust) most common! Gasoline Consumer products (toys, etc.) Air Food Soil Water o o o Where Does it Come From? Sources of Lead Industrial contamination (rare) Corrosion of plumbing solder, pipe, fixtures solder Various federal and state regulations have been passed to remove lead from plumbing starting in the 1980 s From - Centers for Disease Control, Sources of Lead,
50 Corrosive Water Water that is aggressive toward metal plumbing components causing metals to dissolve into the water Causes no direct health effects by drinking Causes indirect health problems due to dissolution of copper, lead or other metals from the household plumbing content/uploads/final-e-pipe-2011-ikea-family- Live_NL_hr1.jpg Can be caused by water quality (corrosive water) or electrical current (galvanic corrosion) Corrosive water can be naturally occurring or due to land use (mining, etc.)
51 % Aware of Problem in Their Water Testing is Critical! Awareness of Lead is Very Low of 84 homeowners with lead were aware of the problem 11 Coliform Bacteria 18 E. coli Bacteria ph Nitrate Lead Arsenic Pesticides 8 0
52 Reducing Lead Exposure in Drinking Water o Run the water to flush the pipes o Prevention (preferred) Replace plumbing lines, fixtures with lead-free components (PEX, approved PVC, etc.) Corrosion control chemical treatment o Removing lead from water Reverse osmosis/distillation Filtration o Bottled water
53 Test Your Water! Why test? Many pollutants have no obvious symptoms Many water supplies have never been properly tested Use PA DEP accredited laboratories! Test BEFORE new activities for legal protection using chainof-custody Test recommendations Annual test for bacteria (every 14 months) Every three years for ph, TDS, pollutants associated with activities within sight Compare test results to drinking water standards
54 Solve Your Water Quality Problems New source Pollution control Maintenance or repairs Treatment Bottled Explore all of them before taking action!
55 Water Treatment Base on independent lab results Match the pollutant with the correct process! May need more than one treatment in sequence. 53% of PA private water systems have some treatment. o Most common: Sediment filters and softeners o About 10% unnecessary. Maintenance is required. Test water before and after treatment
56 Buy Water Treatment Devices Carefully Rely on accredited lab results Look for NSF and WQA certifications for specific contaminants EPA certification means nothing (or water conservation) Seek reputable companies, references Beware of hard sale techniques (scare tactics) Ask questions. If it sounds too good - it is! Ask about maintenance requirements (parts, chemicals, etc.) Get a detailed warranty in writing.
57 Your Water Test Results
58 Total Coliform and E. coli Bacteria Present/absent. Further lab testing get numbers. Coliform - surface indicator organisms ~33% statewide E. coli animal waste ~10% statewide May cause flu-like symptoms Solutions Eliminate sources around your well or spring Construction of water well or spring Treatment Boiling Shock chlorination Continuous chlorination UV light UV Light
59 ph Measure of acid or basic nature of water Controlled by bedrock where water originates Rain naturally acidic (low ph) Drinking water should be between 6.5 and 8.5 (recommended) ~ 20% of private water supplies have low ph, few have high ph Low ph can cause corrosion / taste issues with metal plumbing Copper and lead are a concern Treat with acid neutralizing filter or soda ash injection Water Limestone chips or calcite Gravel
60 Total Dissolved Solids Measure of all dissolved ions in water High levels may be natural or from various activities (mining, drilling, road salt, industry, etc.) Drinking water should be below 500 mg/l (recommended) Causes taste and staining at high levels Removal depends on cause (reverse osmosis, distillation)
61 Nitrate+Nitrite Nitrogen Usually from fertilizer, manures, septic systems Elevated levels can cause blue baby disease Drinking water should be below 10 mg/l (health) ~5% statewide exceed drinking water standard Solutions Reduce sources Children/pregnant women drink bottled water Treatment anion exchange, reverse osmosis
62 Website Cards extension.psu.edu/water
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