Update - Vapor Intrusion and Mitigation in Florida

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1 Florida Brownfields Conference Update - Vapor Intrusion and Mitigation in Florida Gordon L. Walters Jr., P.E., M.B.A. October 30, 2012

2 What is Vapor Intrusion? Vapor Intrusion is the migration of volatile chemicals from the subsurface to overlying buildings

3 What is Vapor Encroachment? Vapor Encroachment is the migration of volatile chemicals from the subsurface to neighboring properties

4 VI Definitions Sub-slab under building Near-slab near building Soil gas downgradient Crawl space crawl space/basement Indoor breathing zone inside the building Outdoor / Ambient / Background

5 What Compounds? VOCs: Hydrocarbons (benzene, aliphatics) Chlorinated HCs (TCE, TCA, PCE, VC) Methane, Dioxane, Oxygenates Semi-VOCs: Naphthalene & PAHs PCBs & Pesticides DDT, DDE, Acrylates The 2002 OSWER Draft Guidance in Table I lists 114 compounds

6 What Types of Facilities? VOCs: DoD Facilities Chemical Manufacturers and Solvent recyclers Dry Cleaners (PCE, TCE, DCE, VC) Electronics / Circuit Boards (VC, TCE, CCl4) Degreasers (TCE, TCA,CCl4) Gas Stations (benzene) Refineries Semi-Volitiles (SVOCs) MGP Sites (PAHs) Electrical Power (PCBs)

7 Why a sudden interest? There is a new regulatory awareness given recent findings at impacted sites (Redfield Colorado) Significant Increase in Class action lawsuits Instead of cleanup to pristine conditions, new closure mechanisms exist Technical impracticability Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) Institutional and Engineering controls New ASTM E Phase I Standard 2013? New EPA Draft Guidance Nov. 30, 2012 New FDEP Draft Guidance Dec. 2012?

8 Redfield Site Plume

9 Interesting Facts The average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air per day but only drinks about 2 liters of water per day In some cases ambient background concentrations can exceed target breathing concentrations Several current state VI guidance documents allow background vapors to be subtracted from the indoor vapor result

10 ASTM E Standard Practice for Assessment of Vapor Intrusion into Structures on Property Can be part of a Phase I ESA or considered separate ¼ mile radius of drycleaners 1/10 mile radius of gas stations Look upgradient for contamination Redfield Site in Colorado Manufacturers with Contamination Aircraft part manufacturer Phase I overlooked contamination User overlooked potential for vapor intrusion

11 Evaluate vapor intrusion data Tier 3 VIC Assessment Compare to available Risk Based Criteria Occupational vs Residential IAQ NIOSH OSHA ACGIH Residential Parameter ppbv ppbv ppbv ppbv Tetrachloroethene 100, , Benzene 100 1,000 10, Trichloroethene 100,000 50, cis-1,2-dichloroethene 200, ,

12 Tier 4 mitigation Once the VIC is identified, mitigation will be required Types of mitigation Necessary-VIC is known Pre-emptive mitigation-pvic Categories of mitigation Institutional Controls Land restrictions/zoning Excavation prohibitions Engineering Controls Source removal Barriers/venting Intrinsically Safe Building Design Over-pressurization Filtration

13 Summary VI Study in Florida 13 Drycleaner sites throughout Florida Soil types Entisols, Spodisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols Depths to Water from 4.7 to 51.9 bgs Both surficial and diving plumes Distance from drycleaners was 18 to % vapor intrusion concerns within % > 250 (up to 1200 away)

14 Near Slab Sampling

15 QA/QC Helium Helium shroud (99.5% pure) Post sample collection helium concentration

16 FDEP Rapid Risk Screening Screening of all drycleaners in Florida 1272 sites total, approximately 70 had sensitive receptors within 150 FDEP used the RRS data to determine if Limited Assessment/Site Rehabilitation (LASR) was appropriate (4 sites selected)

17 Case Study Valet Cleaners HSA installed vapor probes to test sub-slab gas Pilot study for ROI data approx. 20 Soil ranged 0.1 to 0.7 mg/kg PCE under the slab No direct exposure risk No leaching risk Vapor samples ranged 1,520-91,500 ug/m3 EPA-RBCs are PCE- 8.1 and TCE ug/m3 Objective is sub-slab depressurization not site remediation

18 Case Study Valet Cleaners

19 Case Study Valet Cleaners

20 Case Study Valet Cleaners

21 FDEP - Update The FDEP currently has two DRAFT VI guidance documents that have not been issued Petroleum Basically a desktop review All others sites Conduct VI assessment Or» Near slab» Sub slab» Indoor Pre-emptive Remedy PCE / TCE toxicity revisions

22 HVAC solutions Remedial Options Over-pressurization of building Increased air exchange rate / Filtration Sub-Slab Venting/Depressurization Passive (use barometric pressure) Active (pumps) Vapor barriers and sealants Plastic, liquid boot, seal cracks Keep the soil vapors out

23 Liquid Boot

24 Liquid Boot

25 Liquid Boot

26 Liquid Boot with Venting

27 Passive Ventilation System

28 Sub-slab Ventilation System

29 Sub-slab Ventilation System

30 Residential Application

31 Crawl Space Mitigation

32 Passive Technologies

33 Active Technologies

34 Questions Thank You Gordon L. Walters Jr., P.E., M.B.A.

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