SUNLIGHT & OCEAN ZONATION

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1 PLANKTON, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY EPSS 15 Fall 2017 LAB #7 SUNLIGHT & OCEAN ZONATION Sunlight is critical to the distribution of oceanic life The base of the food chain (phytoplankton) depends upon sunlight Light Euphotic Zone Ultraviolet 380 nm Red 720 nm Yellow 590 nm Green 550 nm Blue 490 nm Pelagic zone = area of water that is not near the bottom, or shore, of a body of water 200 Twilight Dysphotic Zone 300 Benthic zone = area associated directly with the seafloor Dark Aphotic Zone 600 1

2 SUNLIGHT & OCEAN ZONATION Sunlight is critical to the distribution of oceanic life Photic Zone depth is variable. Light Euphotic Zone 0 Ultraviolet 380 nm Red 720 nm Yellow 590 nm Green 550 nm Blue 490 nm Euphotic region from surface to critical layer where photosynthesis dominates Dysphotic photosynthesis no longer dominant Twilight Dysphotic Zone Dark Aphotic Zone 600 THREE TROPHIC GROUPS ( trophic describes how an organism obtains energy) 1. Producers Autotrophs: make complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules, commonly by photosynthesis (i.e. CO 2, or sulfide, methane etc.) Diatoms - Producer Ex: phytoplankton, bacteria, tube worms 2. Consumers Heterotrophs: feed on autotrophs or other heterotrophic organisms for energy and carbon compounds Copepod - Consumer Ex: copepods, mammals, zooplankton 3. Decomposers Saprotrophs: consume wastes or dead organisms, return nutrients to the ocean ecosystem Ex: bacteria, worms, bacterioplankton Bacterioplankton- Decomposer 2

3 PLANKTON Plankton means drifter, these plants and animals are the base of the ocean food chain These are organisms that cannot swim against currents. They depend on ocean circulation to move Two types: phytoplankton and zooplankton Smallest are cyanobacteria at less than 1µm, Largest are macroplankton like jellies and snails. PHYTOPLANKTON Exercise 1 Tiny Plants Coccoid cyanobacteria: 0.2-2µm, half of the photosynthetic biomass in the ocean Diatoms: µm, SiO 2, 45% of ocean s primary production, can be toxic to sea birds in high levels Dinoflagellates: 0.1-2mm, protozoa, half phytoplankton, half zooplankton, 2 flagella for motion, red chlorophyll, red tide algal blooms Coccolithophores: 2-20µm, covered in 30+ CaCO 3 plates called coccoliths 3

4 ZOOPLANKTON Exercise 1 Tiny Animals Copepods: 1-2mm, small crustaceans, transparent, often feed during the night Krill: 1-15cm, shrimp-like crustaceans, move in swarms Radiolarians: mm SiO 2 amoeboid protozoans, spherical and conic skeletons and often spines Foraminiferans: mm CaCO 3 amoeboid protozoans with chambered shells PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms use chlorophyll to absorb energy from sunlight and convert CO 2 and H 2 O into glucose. Primary productivity = amount of photosynthetic production Units of primary production: g carbon /year 4

5 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms use chlorophyll to absorb energy from sunlight and convert CO 2 and H 2 O into glucose. Primary productivity = amount of photosynthetic production Units of primary production: g carbon /year Phytoplankton growth limited by availability of sunlight and nutrients Photosynthesis: 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + sunlight C 6 H 12 O O 2 Nutrients are needed for the reaction to be processed C 6 H 12 O O 2 Respiration: 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy Nutrients are needed for the reaction to be processed PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms use chlorophyll to absorb energy from sunlight and convert CO 2 and H 2 O into glucose. Primary productivity = amount of photosynthetic production Units of primary production: g carbon /year Phytoplankton growth limited by availability of sunlight and nutrients Photosynthesis: 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + sunlight C 6 H 12 O O 2 The total amount of photosynthetic production is the Gross Primary Product (GPP). From surface to depth where GPP=0 is the photic zone Respiration (R): C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy The net primary production (NPP) is the difference between the GPP and R. The region from the surface to the critical layer (NPP=0) is the euphotic zone. 5

6 NUTRIENTS Some nutrients required by marine organisms are limited in supply Readily available: Na +, K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, H 2 O, CO 2 Limiting nutrients: Nitrogen: nitrates --> NO 3 - Phosphorus: phosphate --> PO 4 3- Silica: SiO 3 2- or H 4 SiO 4 (aq) Redfield ratio: 106 C to 16 N to 1 P Average molar ratio of three major elements taken up by marine plankton Micronutrients: only small amounts needed for life iron (Fe 2+ ), copper (Cu 2+ ), selenium (Se 2+ ) BIOLOGICAL PUMP The biological pump exports products from photosynthesis (organic carbon) to the deep ocean Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton, nutrients transferred through fecal pellets in a process called egestion Some materials are oxidized or decomposed when they sink The process of respiration consumes oxygen to convert organic carbon to CO 2 Respiration: C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy Regulation of CO 2 content of atmosphere and O 2 + nutrient content of deep sea 6

7 OCEAN CIRCULATION Wind-driven and density-driven circulation transport nutrients O 2 depleted with age of deep water, nutrients accumulate Upwelling currents replenish nutrients in surface waters e.g. California current, Humboldt current Interiors of Subtropical Gyres are the least productive regions of the oceans because of thermohaline stratification AGING DEEP WATER How do we know deep water ages? Radiocarbon measurements of Δ 14 C : younger waters have a higher fraction of radioactive carbon than older waters. As water ages, 14 C decays, and CO 2 accumulates North Atlantic and Southern Ocean bottom waters are younger than Pacific bottom waters 7

8 End THIS IS EXACTLY WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE Susumu Honjo, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1997 Size of a comma (, ) 8

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