How is the atmosphere different from outer space? a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth

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1 Chapter 15 Atmosphere Section 1 Objectives Describe the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Explain why air pressure changes with altitude. Explain how air temperature changes with atmospheric composition. Describe the layers of the atmosphere. How is the atmosphere different from outer space? The Composition of the Atmosphere Atmosphere a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth consists of 78.08% Nitrogen 20.95% Oxygen 0.93% Argon 0.03% CO2 and traces of water vapor Scientists theorize that 95% of the O2 in the atmosphere was formed from photosynthesis. fluid any material that can flow and takes the shape of its container Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature has mass so gravity pulls on the particles and it is held around the Earth air pressure the measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface strongest at the Earth's surface temperatures vary in atmosphere due to how the solar energy is absorbed Review What is the most common gas in the atmosphere? Nitrogen Does the air contain anything other than gases? solids dust liquids water Layers of the Atmosphere Divided into 4 layers based on temperature changes Troposphere tropo = turning closest to the surface 90% of atmosphere's mass densest temperature differences life forms, weather, clouds, etc Stratosphere strato = layer gases layered and do not mix temps increase as altitude increases ozone layer protects by absorbing UV radiation Mesosphere meso = middle coldest layer temps decrease as altitude increases Thermosphere thermo = heat temps increase due to concentrations of N2 and O2 are high which absorb solar radiation Ionosphere part of the thermosphere that has electrically charged particles auroras when the electrically charged particles radiate energy Exosphere outer layer of thermosphere Assignment Draw and color a diagram of all Layers of the Earth. Include the temperature changes. May 1 9:14 AM 1

2 Class Assignment Groups will be assigned a type of atmospheric heating. Create a visual. who what where why how when. 2 days. May 1 12:31 PM 2

3 Section 2 Atmospheric Heating Objectives Describe what happens to solar energy that reaches Earth. Summarize the process of radiation, conduction, and convection. Explain the relationship between the greenhouse effect and global warming. It takes 8 minutes for the energy from the sun to reach Earth. So what happens when it gets here... Energy in the Atmosphere Radiation transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves Earth does not receive all energy of the sun When it hits Earth 25% is scattered 20% absorbed by ozone, clouds, atmospheric gases 50% absorbed by Earth's surface 5% is reflected by Earth's surface Conduction energy transfer through contact Thermal Conduction transfer of energy as heat through a material when energy from the sun has direct contact with the Earth's suface, heat is transferred to the atmosphere transfer from warm to cold Convection transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas convection current circulating substances due to temperature differences Greenhouse Effect warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases absorb and reradiate thermal energy Global Warming/Climate Change a gradual increase in average global temperature Mar 16 10:20 AM 3

4 Section 3 Global Winds and Local Winds Objectives Explain the relationship between air pressure and wind direction. Describe global wind patterns. Explain the causes of local wind patterns. Bill Nye Wind Why Air Moves? Wind movement of air caused by air pressure differences the greater pressure difference the greater the wind air rises at the equator and sinks at the poles air at the equator is warm and less dense low pressure air at poles is cool and more dense high pressure warm air moves towards the poles cold air moves towards the equator pressure belts every 30 o convection cells circular patterns pressure belts bands of high and low pressure that separate convection cells So...wind is air circulating because of temperature differences that cause pressure differences in the atmosphere Convection cells Coriollis Effect apparent curving of the path of winds and ocean currents due to the Earth's rotation Video Coriollis Effect = 3:05 Global Winds Polar Easterlies prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60 o and 90 o latitude in both hemispheres Westerlies prevailing winds that blow from west to east between 30 o and 60 o latitude in both hemispheres Trade Winds prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 o North latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 o south latitude to the equator sailors used the trade winds to sail between Europe and America Doldrums at the equator very little wind means = dull or sluggish The Horse Latitudes 30 o North and 30 o South latitude winds are weak when sailors would sail these waters and the winds were weak, they would throw the horses overboard to save drinking water for the sailors Jet Streams narrow belt of strong winds that blow in the upper troposphere do not follow regular paths Local Winds blow short distances local geographic features can cause local winds Sea Breeze daytime air over the ocean is cooler and forms an area of high pressure. The cool air flows to the land. describes the air coming from the sea to land occurs during the Spring and Summer Land Breeze night opposite of Sea Breeze air over ocean is warmer, than the air over the land and the cool air moves towards the ocean May 1 1:15 PM 4

5 Section 4 Air Pollution Objectives Compare primary and secondary air pollutants. Identify the major sources of air pollution. Explain the effects of an ozone hole. List five effects of air pollution on the human body. Identify ways to reduce air pollution. Air Pollution contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources Primary Pollutants pollutants put directly into the atmosphere by human or natural activity examples dust, smoke from forest fires, pollen CO, chemicals from paint, vehicle exhaust Secondary Pollutants pollutants that form when primary pollutants react with other primary pollutants or with naturally occurring substances examples ozone: produced when sunlight reacts with vehicle exhaust and air smog: produced when ozone and vehicle exhaust react with sunlight Examples Primary or Secondary???? smog, house dust, acid rain, pollen, soot, ground level ozone, volcanic ash Primary house dust pollen volcanic ash soot Secondary ground level ozone smog acid rain Sources of Human Caused Air Pollution Industrial Air Pollution burning of fossil fuels causes large amount of air pollutants that do not have pollution controls Indoor Air Pollution Look at Figure 4 Sources of indoor pollution Ventilation mixing of indoor with outdoor air to reduce air pollution Plants that are effective at removing indoor air pollutants include: philodendrons, spider planzts,chrysanthemums, Acid Precipitation rain, sleet, or snow that contains a high concentration of acids when fossil fuels are burned without pollution controls, they release sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide into the water in the atmosphere and create nitric acid and sulfuric acid Acid Precipitation on Plants Acidification increase in acidity of soil due to acid rain causes nutrients to be dissolved Acid Precipitation on Forests most noticeable in Eastern Europe leaves do not develop Acid Precipitation on Aquatic Ecosystems increases acidity of lakes, streams, rivers plants, animals, aquatic organisms may die worse in spring due to snow melting Just a fact: The smell that you notice after a thunderstorm is probably the smell of ozone from the lightning supplying energy to change O2 to O3. Ozone Hole hole over the Antarctic regions CFC's destroying ozone by changing it into oxygen CFC's = Chlorofluorocarbon Air Pollution and Health Look at chart on page 469. Clean Air Act passed in 1970 a law that give the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to control the amount of air pollutants that can be released from any source scrubber used to remove pollutants from a smokestack before they are released into the atmosphere Jan 4 9:53 AM 5

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