Laboratory Assignment #3
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1 UVIVERSITY OF IDAHO CE326/BAE356/FOR463 HYDROLOGIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Laboratory Assignment #3 Student Name: XXXXX Title: Infiltration Laboratory Date of Exercise: 3 October 200X Date of Submission: 17 October 200X
2 Introduction Infiltration is the term applied to the process of water entry into the soil, generally by downward flow through all or part of the soil surface. The rate of this process, relative to the rate of water supply, determines how much water will enter the root zone, and how much, if any, will run off (Hillel, 1998). Hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters in characterizing the transport of fluids and solutes through the vadose zone, but presents significant practical difficulty in measurement. In vadose applications, knowledge of the saturated hydraulic conductivity is often of limited use, as saturated conditions are rare in most locations. Yet, reliable methods of measuring unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are very few. One of the most common approaches to obtaining the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity relationship is to measure both the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the water retention curve and to estimate the unsaturated conductivity based on a conceptual model relating permeability to water content (van Genuchten, 1980). Thus this is very important to know the saturated hydraulic conductivity even if saturated conditions are rare. There are in general two types of laboratory tests for saturated hydraulic conductivity: constanthead and falling-head permeameters. It seems unrealistic however to measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the field soil by making laboratory measurements on discrete samples removed from their natural continuum. Such samples are generally dried, fragmented, and repacked into experimental containers so that the original structure is destroyed. Hence it is necessary to device and test practical methods foe measuring soil hydraulic conductivity on a realistic scale in situ (Hillel, 1998). There are several different field techniques to measure the saturated hydraulic conductivity. They could be divided into four categories: percolation tests, ring infiltrometers, disk infiltrometers and sprinkler infiltrometers. Objectives The main aim of this laboratory was to get acquainted with field methods commonly used to determine infiltration and/or select soil properties. In particular three methods/equipment were introduced and adequate measurements were taken. The methods are: Single Ring Infiltrometer Tension Infiltrometer Mini Disk Infiltrometer Methodology The field in front of the Buchanan Engineering Laboratory, the east side, was used as the experimental field for conducting the infiltration experiments. Procedures given in the assignment sheet were followed. Results Tables 1 and 2 present the results obtained from tension infiltrometer method respectively for 3cm and 0cm suction. The results were also graphically depicted on ryc.1 and ryc.2. Based on these graphs the regressions for the steady state infiltration conditions were calculated and infiltration rates were used as an input for calculation the saturated hydraulic conductivities by Alkeny Method Program. Table 2a shows the output of the program.
3 The indispensable data as well as the results from the Single Ring infiltrometer were collected in Tables 3a and 3b. Table 4 shows the Mini Disk infiltrometer data for 2cm suction. The parameters of the Mini Disk as well as the relevant soil parameters assumed as a silt loam are presented in table 5. Ryc.3 depicts graphically the result of Mini Disc infiltration experiment. Based on the graph the polynomial regression was evaluated which was used later on to calculate the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Discussion Results show that the values of measured saturated hydraulic conductivities vary proportional to the scale of the experiment. The biggest value of K sat was obtained by the Single Ring infiltrometer, which had the bigger infiltration area and was equal to 1.3 *10-3 cm/s. The values of K sat evaluated by the Tension infiltrometer were 3.9 *10-4 cm/s and 3.5 *10-4 cm/s for the 0cm suction and 3cm suction, respectively. The smallest value of K sat was calculated by the Mini Disc Infiltrometer and was equal to 7.4 *10-5 cm/s. Even though the experiments were conducted close to each other some differences in measuring K sat may be related to the heterogeneity of basic soil properties within the same type of soil, in this case assumed as silt loam. All of the applied methods/equipment have their limitations and the specific measurement errors are associated with them. Brief descriptions of these disadvantages as well as advantages for particular instruments are given below. Single Ring Infiltrometer It is inexpensive to construct and operate and only one person can set up and run several tests simultaneously, but it requires relatively much water. The simplicity of its design allows for ease in replication and operation. Lateral flow is the most serious limitation to the use of ring infiltrometers (Hills, 1971). A serious limitation to the use of ring infiltrometers is the method of placement. Hammering or jacking the rings into the ground can result in shattering of the soil structure (for dry soils) or compression (for moist soils) influencing the true value of saturated hydraulic conductivity. The practicality of the instrument is reduced by the fact the ring is relatively heavy. It also requires a flat undisturbed surface, which sometimes is not feasible. A very important aspect of this method is the edge effect. Flow along the edge of the cylinder may cause the measured infiltration rate to be too high. Tension Infiltrometer It is a more complex device than the ring infiltrometer and, preferably, two persons are needed to conduct the experiment. It is critical to maintain excellent contact between the disc and the soil, which is not always easy to do especially when there is no loose fine soil close at hand to prepare the surface. It also requires a flat undisturbed surface, which sometimes is not feasible. It could happen during the experiment that the mariotte bottle needs to be refilled. To do this, the tap has to be turned off and this disrupts the experiment. One distinct advantage of disc permeameters, according to Stephens (1996), is that they can operate in soils containing macropores because the pressure head along the bottom of the membrane during testing is maintained at a slight tension with respect to atmospheric pressure, so water does not flow into macropores. On the other hand I think that it prevents to mimic the natural occurring conditions within the macropore soils. Mini Disk Infiltrometer
4 This device is very simple, small and handy and uses very little water in comparison to above methods and can be easily operated by one person. Like in every disc infiltrometer method it is crucial to maintain excellent contact between the disc and the soil which was extremely difficult while running the experiment. The soil surface must be really smooth and level. Definitely the ring stand and clamp are necessary to suspend the infiltrometer due to its small dimensions and light weight. There were some difficulties taking the readings due to its small height. The hydraulic conductivity is obviously affected by structure as well as by texture, being greater if the soil is highly porous, fractured or aggregated than if it is tightly compacted and dense. Hydraulic conductivity depends not only on total porosity but also on the sizes on conducting pores. Cracks, worm holes, and decayed root channels called generally macropores are present in the field and may affect flow in different ways, depending on the direction and conditions of the flow process but in general these passages will run full of water and contribute to the observed flux and measured conductivity (Hillel, 1998). Summary In this laboratory students were acquainted with field methods commonly used to determine infiltration and/or select soil properties. Three methods were presented: Single Ring Infiltrometer, Tension Infiltrometer and Mini Disk Infiltrometer. Results show that the values of measured saturated hydraulic conductivities vary depends on the applied method and generally they are proportional to the scale of the experiment. Every method has its specific limitations associated with it that constrain its applications. References 1. Hillel, D Environmental Soil Physics. Academic Press. 2. Or, D., Jon M. Wraith, Markus Tuller Agricultural and Environmental Soil Physics. Not published 3. Selker, J.S. et al Vadose zone processes. Lewis Publishers. 4. van Genuchten, M.T A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44: Klute, A. et al Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Second Edition. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. 6. Hills, R.C Lateral flow under cylinder infiltrometers: A graphical correction procedure. J. Hydrology 13: Stephens, Daniel B Vadose Zone Hydrology. Lewis Publishers
5 Appendices: Tab.1 Tension infiltrometer data for 3 cm suction Height of water Elapsed Time Elapsed Volume for Cumulative in the cylinder time differ. time given height volume [cm] [sec] [sec] [min] [cm3] [cm3] Ryc.1 Cumulative infiltration for 3cm suction Infiltrated volume of water [cm3] y = x R 2 = time [min]
6 Tab.2 Tension infiltrometer data for 0 cm suction Height of water Elapsed Time Elapsed Volume for Cumulative in the cylinder time differ. time given height volume [cm] [sec] [sec] [min] [cm3] [cm3] Ryc.2 Cumulative infiltration for 0cm suction Infiltrated volume of water [cm3] y = x R 2 = time [min] Tab. 2a Values achieved by Alkeny Method Program tension Q cm3/min K cm/s cm cm Tab.3a Single Ring infiltrometer data Time Height of Height of Volume of Infiltration water water water [min] [in.] [cm] [cm3] [cm] Tab.3b Single Ring infiltrometer data ring diameter in ring diameter cm ring area cm2 k cm/min k cm/s
7 Tab.4 Mini Disc infiltrometer data for 2cm suction Elapsed Elapsed Reading Infiltrated SQRT Infiltration time time volume volume time [min] [sec] [cm3] [cm3] [-] [cm] Tab.5 Other Mini Disc infiltrometer data Mini Disc parameters silt loam soil parameters radius 1.59 cm alpha /cm suction 2 cm n suction area 7.94 cm2 A(0.5) k cm/s Ryc. 3. Mini Disc Infiltration experiment Cumulative infiltration [cm] y = x x R 2 = SQRT of time
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