2016 Webinar Sponsors

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1 Copyright 2016 American Water Works Association 2016 Webinar Sponsors 2 Please consider the environment before printing. 1

2 Webinar Moderator Lauren Wasserstrom Associate Engineer American Water Works Association Lauren Wasserstrom is an engineer at American Water Works Association in the Engineering and Technical Services Department. In this capacity, Lauren provides technical advice, information and process guidance to AWWA s volunteers on matters related to water quality, water research, conservation, and sustainable infrastructure. Prior to joining AWWA, Lauren spent the last three years at the EPA in Cincinnati, Ohio conducting research related to corrosion and metal accumulation in water distribution systems to assess the relationship between pipe scale formation and water treatment history, and the potential behavior for contaminant release over time. 3 Enhance Your Webinar Experience Close Programs Instant messengers Other programs not in use GoToWebinar Support 4 Please consider the environment before printing. 2

3 Webinar Survey Immediately upon closing the webinar Survey window opens Thank you 5 Products or Services The mention of specific products or services in this webinar does not represent AWWA endorsement AWWA does not endorse or approve products or services 6 Please consider the environment before printing. 3

4 Panel of Experts David Cornwell President EE&T, Inc. Rebecca Slabaugh Project Environmental Engineer Arcadis Christopher Hill Vice President Arcadis 7 Agenda I. CCT: What s New Understanding Potential Impacts on Your System II. The Long-Term Lead and Copper Rule: Questions Utilities Are Asking III. Managing Change and Process Control to Maintain Effective CCT David Cornwell Rebecca Slabaugh Christopher Hill 8 Please consider the environment before printing. 4

5 Ask the Experts David Cornwell Rebecca Slabaugh Christopher Hill Enter your question into the question pane at the lower right hand side of the screen. Please include your name and specify to whom you are addressing the question. 9 CCT: What s New Understanding Potential Impacts on Your System David Cornwell President EE&T, Inc. 10 Please consider the environment before printing. 5

6 Agenda Differences between particulate and dissolved lead how to identify and control Why the use of polyphosphates might not reduce lead levels How changing water quality can release lead Evaluating CCT Brief statement on copper 11 Good practice, the current LCR, and the NDWAC recommendations all focus on effective corrosion control Don t Forget Traditional Iron and Copper Corrosion Longevity of piping, appurtenances, and plumbing Reliable delivery of water Preventing staining/red water 12 Please consider the environment before printing. 6

7 Three Things We Have Learned about Pb Corrosion Control Particulate lead is very important and harder to control and harder to predict release Polyphosphate is not a lead corrosion inhibitor might make Pb worse Changes in ORP can cause lead releases Effort to-date has focused on controlling Pb in solution Balancing corrosion management goals is getting trickier ORP changes as a function of treatment, time and pipe conditions 13 Lets First Look at Lead Solubility Dissolved Lead We have learned a lot in 20 years A few key items: Orthophosphates have a narrow effective ph range, but.. Lead IV can be important in lowering lead levels, but. We really only have 3 methods to reduce dissolved lead 14 Please consider the environment before printing. 7

8 Lead Corrosion Control Strategies Adjust ph to and add PO 4 Yes Yes Can PO 4 be used? No Can ph be adjusted to >9? The three primary lead CCT methods. Silicates can also be considered No Maintain ph >9 and optimal DIC Yes Can DIC be adjusted low? Can high free chlorine residual be maintained? Yes Maintain free chlorine residual in order to promote and maintain Pb(IV) scale No No 4 Maintain free chlorine residual in order to promote and maintain Pb(IV) scale Yes Can high free chlorine residual be maintained? No 4 Re-evaluate OCCT Reconsider PO 4 Source: Brown et al. JAWWA Classic Pb(II) Solubility, Fresh Surface, Effect of DIC mg Pb/L mg C/L 5 mg C/L 10 mg C/L 20 mg C/L 35 mg C/L 50 mg C/L 75 mg C/L 100 mg C/L ph mg Pb/L ph = 7.0 ph = 7.5 ph = 8.0 ph = mg C/L 4.8 mg C/L mg PO 4 /L Source: Schock Presentation to NDWAC WG 16 Please consider the environment before printing. 8

9 Effect of ph and PO 4 on Lead Release DIC = 10 mg C/L, 1 mg PO 4 /L Pb mg/l Dissolved Pb with ortho-p Total Pb with ortho-p Dissolved Pb with CO 3 Total Pb with CO 3 Orthophosphate lowers Pb(II) solubility vs DIC 0.01 US Action Level ph Source: Schock Presentation to NDWAC WG 17 Particulate Pb in Water Usually Comes from Pb Scales Pb Pb e (corrosion) Results in dissolved lead Pure Pb scales: Lead carbonates: PbCO 3 & Pb 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 Lead phosphates: Pb 3 (PO 4 ) 2 & Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH PbO 2 may also be formed if free chlorine is used in the distribution system But, often mixed lead scales of Ca, Al, Mn, Fe 18 Please consider the environment before printing. 9

10 Source: Schock ACE Types of Systems Impacted by Particulates: EE&T WRF 4569 Sampling Study Independent of corrosion control approach, no participating utility was dominated system-wide by any lead form i.e., none were all particulate dominated and none were all dissolved dominated Individual houses 12 % of houses were always dissolved dominated 21 % of houses were always particulate dominated 67 % were dominated by particulate Pb some dates, and dissolved Pb other dates Everyone is Impacted 20 Please consider the environment before printing. 10

11 Lead (µg/l) Evaluation Options For Particulate Lead We need to first determine if our system is particulate lead or dissolved lead dominated or both Do a series of profiles around town and measure total and dissolved lead Some precautions Follow guidance for properly conducting the test Filter type Separating the aliquots & timing is important 21 Particulate vs. Dissolved Lead Profile EE&T WRF initial - Total 1 mo - Total 2 mo - Total LSL initial - Diss 1 mo - Diss 25 Mostly Dissolved Lead--- Small delta between total and dissolved lead Profile Volume (L) Source: EE&T, WRF Please consider the environment before printing. 11

12 Lead (µg/l) Particulate vs. Dissolved Lead Profile initial - Total 1 mo - Total 2 mo - Total initial - Diss 1 mo - Diss 2 mo - Diss T change service line LSL Highly particulate lead Big delta between total and dissolved lead Profile Volume (L) Source: EE&T, WRF What If We Have Particulate Lead If dissolved lead is high CCT could possibly be improved If particulate lead is high: Traditional CCT methods for may not help Using ortho- or poly-phosphate? Look at scales on pipes? Might lead to adjustments in treatment to form better scales still a research area High velocity whole house flush might reduce particles 24 Please consider the environment before printing. 12

13 Use of Whole House Flush to Reduce Lead Particles EE&T WRF 4584 also WITAF 306 Location KQ (Flush no PLSR 08/2014) initial 1 mo 2 mo 30 Lead Drop after Flush Location HX (Flush no PLSR 10/2014) Total Lead (µg/l) initial 1 mo 2 mo Total Lead (µg/l) H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 Profile Volume (L) H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 Profile Volume (L) This is high velocity unidirectional type flush 25 Polyphosphates Poly vs. Ortho P Polyphosphates are chelating agents: They can keep lead soluble and form weak scales Source: Edwards and McNeil JAWWA 2002 Time Control Ortho Poly Time Time Boffardi, B.P. & Sherbondy, A.M. ~ Control of lead corrosion by chemical treatment. NACE Corr 27~12, Please consider the environment before printing. 13

14 Types of Systems Impacted Potentially anyone using polyphosphates or blended phosphate and have LSLs Trick is balancing lead and iron/manganese Why are some systems on poly and below AL? No lead lines? Might consider more focused testing Something we still don t know? 27 ORP Changes PbO 2 Rapidly Converts to Pb 2+ when Free Chlorine is Lowered or Changed to NH 2 Cl Pb 0 is the electron donor PbO2 is the electron acceptor Pb 0 + PbO H + 2 Pb H 2 O Product is Pb 2+ Reaction is very rapid IF PbO2 is in contact with lead pipe directly or through conducting scale 28 Please consider the environment before printing. 14

15 Eh (volts) Changes in ORP Can Mobilize Mn, Which Then Can Carry Sorbed Pb Mn (0.05 mg/l) DIC = 18 mg C/L MnO 2 Mn ++ Mn 3 O 4 MnCO 3 Lower ORP.4 Lose CL, lower O2,.6 25 C change to NH2CL, Microbial chemistry changes ph Example of ORP Change altering Pb release 29 Types of Systems Impacted by ORP Change Water quality zones in distribution system can be different Higher temperature lower chlorine WQ changes effecting scales or solubility ORP Reduction Lots of unlined cast iron hard to maintain free chlorine Changes in oxygen levels can impact low ORP systems 30 Please consider the environment before printing. 15

16 Evaluation Options for WQ Changes Ortho vs. Poly, etc. Pipe Loops-WRF 4317 Pipe Rigs-WRF 4286 Coupon studies Desktop Studies Investigate potential for microbial growth with phosphate & chloramine especially 31 Evaluation Options-WRF Please consider the environment before printing. 16

17 Coupon Study at EE&T: ZnPO4 (3:1) Mild Steel Lead 33 Don t Forget Copper Different part of proposed rule not tied to lead portion Current lead sampling does not capture proper copper sampling emphasis should be on new copper First step is determine if your water is classified as corrosive to Cu 34 Please consider the environment before printing. 17

18 Alkalinity (mg/l as CaCO3 ) Alkalinity (mg/l as CaCO3 ) Calculating Corrosivity to Copper Copper corrosivity depends on alkalinity and ph or orthophosphate dose (anoxic wells non-corrosive) Corrosive: Take action Corrosive: Take action Non-corrosive: Maintain WQPs Non-corrosive Maintain WQPs ph Orthophosphate Dose (mg/l as PO4 ) 35 Understand Your System Multiple customer driven or regulatory driven futures confirming what you know and finding out what you don t know are key to being prepared. Making changes in a hurry leads to problems, preparing now will smooth future transitions 36 Please consider the environment before printing. 18

19 We Have a Lot To Do But Who Better Than Our Professionals in Water 37 Ask the Experts David Cornwell Rebecca Slabaugh Christopher Hill Enter your question into the question pane at the lower right hand side of the screen. Please include your name and specify to whom you are addressing the question. 38 Please consider the environment before printing. 19

20 The Long-Term Lead and Copper Rule: Questions Utilities Are Asking Rebecca Slabaugh Project Environmental Engineer Arcadis 39 Rationale Much has changed since the LCR was established in 1991 EPA is considering revisions to the current LCR 40 Please consider the environment before printing. 20

21 Learning Objectives Explain potential LCR revisions Recognize areas where additional information or guidance is needed Understand actions your utility can take now to prepare for the LT-LCR 41 Agenda Provide recap of LCRWG recommendations Discuss questions utilities are asking Summarize existing resources and remaining gaps 42 Please consider the environment before printing. 21

22 Final Recommendations Proposed to EPA in August 2015 LCRWG initially focused on 5 topics lessons learned warranted a fresh look 43 Questions Utilities Are Asking Can Be Grouped Into These Topics Pb & Cu Tap Sampling LSLR Public Education CCT 44 Please consider the environment before printing. 22

23 Lead and Copper Tap Sampling Requirements May Look Very Different Component Current Requirement Anticipated Future Requirement Lead First draw samples collected from high risk sites Minimum # of samples based on system size Actions triggered if 90 th percentile exceeds action level Copper Combined with lead tap sampling Various sampling protocols offered as part of a voluntary customer-initiated sampling program Actions triggered if exceed household action level or system action level Separate copper requirements from lead Focus on water quality parameter monitoring 45 Active Lead Service Line Replacement Programs are Key To Getting the Lead Out What if my lead levels are below the action level? What if I only have goosenecks? What if I can t do a full replacement? When do I need to have this complete? Source: Sandvig et al. (2008). Contribution of service line and plumbing fixtures to lead and copper rule compliance issues. Denver: Awwa Research Foundation. 46 Please consider the environment before printing. 23

24 Additional Information on Funding Sources for LSLR is Needed Who will pay for replacement? What if I don t own any (or only a portion) of the LSL? 47 Public Education is a Critical Component for All Water Systems What methods of communication are recommended? Are there other sources of lead that I need to communicate? Source: USEPA (2016) 48 Please consider the environment before printing. 24

25 Current Focus on Improving Public Access to Information About LSLs and Monitoring Results LSL information How do I update my materials inventory? Will I need to post customers addresses? Monitoring results What should I post? Source: MWRA (2016) 49 Periodic Review of CCT is A Best Practice Evaluating CCT When should I review? Who should conduct the review? CCT studies Will I need to do conduct a study? What kind of study: desktop or demonstration? 50 Please consider the environment before printing. 25

26 Available Resources LCRWG Report of the Lead and Copper Rule Working Group To the National Drinking Water Advisory Council. AWWA Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement. Denver, CO: AWWA. AWWA Communicating About Lead Service Lines: A Guide for Water Systems Addressing Service Line Repair and Replacement. Denver, CO: AWWA 51 Identified Gaps Assessment of financial impacts to public water systems Identification of potential funding mechanisms and incentives for LSLR Tax deductions to support replacement of customer s portion Explicit authorization to use WIFIA and SRF Disclosure, inspection and potential replacement upon sale of a home Improved utility guidance Cutting and flushing of LSLs Developing materials inventories 52 Please consider the environment before printing. 26

27 Summary LCR revisions are coming Take steps now to prepare Update your materials inventory Discuss what an active LSLR program might look like for your utility Develop a water quality monitoring program 53 Ask the Experts David Cornwell Rebecca Slabaugh Christopher Hill Enter your question into the question pane at the lower right hand side of the screen. Please include your name and specify to whom you are addressing the question. 54 Please consider the environment before printing. 27

28 Managing Change and Process Control to Maintain Effective CCT Christopher Hill, PE, BCEE Vice President Arcadis 55 Rationale Changes in WQ and operating conditions can impact CCT and LCR compliance After this presentation, you will have tools to maintain effective CCT 56 Please consider the environment before printing. 28

29 Learning Objectives As a result of this presentation you should understand Factors that influence CCT effectiveness How to maintain effective CCT 57 Agenda Factors that influence corrosion Managing change to maintain CCT Water quality monitoring Process control strategies 58 Please consider the environment before printing. 29

30 Corrosion is Impacted by Many WQ Parameters Change in parameter Impact on various pipe materials Pb Cu Fe ph alkalinity * * TDS * * * DIC * * NOM chlorine * Varies with other water quality parameters. 59 System Changes Can Impact Corrosion Control Effectiveness Source Treatment Distribution New source Blending of sources Oxidants/disinfectants Inhibitor changes (type or dose) Ozone, chlorine dioxide, or UV Enhanced/modified coagulation Modified CCT Major process modifications/additions Conversion to chloramines Switch from chlorine gas to sodium hypochlorite Nitrification Nitrification control 60 Please consider the environment before printing. 30

31 Pb Solubility, ph and DIC 61 Case Study Impact of DIC on Pb History Pre Lead and Copper Rule Add zinc orthophosphate for red water control Finished water ph 7.6 VERY low alkalinity (< 5 mg/l as CaCO 3 ) VERY low DIC < 2 mg C/L (13 mg/l as CaCO 3 ) 1991 Lead and Copper Rule Struggle to comply with Pb Action Level Why?? Boissonneault (1994) 62 Please consider the environment before printing. 31

32 Eh (volts vs. SHE) Case Study Impact of DIC on Pb Considered many options: ph adjustment ph adjustment + zinc orthophosphate ph adjustment + zinc polyphosphate DIC adjustment + zinc orthophosphate This utility ultimately chose to increase DIC from 13 to 60 mg/l as CaCO 3 to improve ph stability and continue zinc orthophosphate addition 63 Pb Solubility and Oxidation Reduction Potential Pb 4+ Pb Please consider the environment before printing. 32

33 Case Study Impact of ORP November 2000 Switch from free Cl 2 to NH 2 Cl August 2004 Begin Orthophosphate addition June 1994 Increase free Cl 2 to address total coliform 15 ug/l Pb Action Level 65 Case Study Impact of Cl:SO 4 Cl:SO 4 ratio 90 th percentile Pb Ferric coagulation Cl:SO4 = th percentile Pb = 33 ug/l Cl:SO 4 = 0.58 Alum coagulation Cl:SO4 < th percentile Pb = 7.3 ug/l Return to alum coagulation Cl:SO4 = th percentile Pb = 3 ug/l 66 Please consider the environment before printing. 33

34 Baseline Water Quality is Critical to Assessing CCT and Upsets LCR Monitoring Requirements Total Organic Carbon Manganese Aluminum Tap Sampling Pb Cu WQP Sampling ph Alkalinity Orthophosphate* Silica* Calcium* DIC Free/Total Cl 2 *Depending on CCT method LCR monitoring focuses on compliance and is insufficient 67 Level 1 (Baseline) ph Total alkalinity DIC (measured) Phosphate (total and ortho) # Silica Disinfectant residual Ammonia* Chloride Sulfate Aluminum Iron (total and dissolved) What Do I Monitor? Level 2 (Supplemental) Temperature Hardness (total and Ca) Conductivity Dissolved oxygen ORP Lead (total and dissolved) Copper (total and dissolved) Iron (total and dissolved) HPC Color (apparent) TOC Turbidity Level 3 (Diagnostic) Bacterial speciation Sulfide Nitrite/nitrate* Manganese * Systems practicing chloramination only. # Systems using phosphate-based inhibitors only. Systems using silica-based inhibitors only. Systems utilizing alum or PACl for coagulation, or with high source water aluminum Systems using ferric salts for coagulation, with high percentage of CI mains, or those with high source water iron Lead and copper samples may be required to be reported to State or Federal primacy agency. Discuss implications prior to conducting additional Pb or Cu collection and analysis. 68 Please consider the environment before printing. 34

35 When and Where do I Monitor? EPTDS Level 1 daily, if practical Level 2/3 daily, if practical Reduce Level 2/3 after baseline established Customer Tap Compliance monitoring every 6 months Level 1/2/3 with compliance monitoring More frequent with agency consultation Distribution System Level 1 Monthly with TCR sampling Level 2/3 Monthly with TCR sampling More frequent at select locations if practical Increase monitoring frequency prior to and following changes in source, treatment, or distribution practice until return to baseline 69 Control Charts For WQPs Developed in manufacturing to provide statistical feed back on quality control and meeting specifications Ideally suited to provide utilities feedback on tightness of parameters Out of Control vs. In Control Control chart terms not a regulatory statement Out of control indicates room for operational improvement in reducing variability The better the chemicals are controlled the tighter the band gets Courtesy of EE&T 70 Please consider the environment before printing. 35

36 Orthophosphate (mg/l as P) 01/03/10 03/14/10 05/23/10 08/01/10 10/10/10 12/19/10 02/27/11 05/08/11 07/17/11 09/25/11 12/04/11 02/12/12 04/22/12 07/01/12 09/09/12 11/18/12 Group Data Approach Don t use individual data use statistical subsets ( bins ) Uses Control Limits for median or mean But median values eliminate outliers Follows original Shewhart control charts for process control Upper limits (UCL) and lower limits (LCL) are based on a 3 sigma range Control charts are not compliance values they are for process optimization and control Courtesy of EE&T 71 Example Grouped Data Water System D - Orthophosphate Median Ciontrol Chart - Weekly Data Subgroups weekly median UCL median of weekly medians LCL Goal = 0.7 Requirement = EE&T Control Chart Tool PROCESS WAS INITIALLY NOT IN CONTROL BUT MOVED TO UNDER CONTROL Source: Cornwell et al. JAWWA Feb Please consider the environment before printing. 36

37 Summary Corrosion chemistry is complex Maintaining CCT is ongoing process Establishing baseline is essential Process control is critical 73 Resources USEPA Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems. Brown, R., McTigue, N. & Cornwell, D Controlling Lead in Drinking Water. Denver, CO: Water Research Foundation. 74 Please consider the environment before printing. 37

38 Ask the Experts David Cornwell Rebecca Slabaugh Christopher Hill Enter your question into the question pane at the lower right hand side of the screen. Please include your name and specify to whom you are addressing the question. 75 Lead Resource Community Visit our Lead Resource Community at Watch the free videos from our seminar on Lead Service Line Replacement: Vital Tips from Leading Utility Managers 76 Please consider the environment before printing. 38

39 Resources M58 Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems This manual provides an explanation of the factors that influence corrosion, assesses corrosion-related impacts, and discusses the development of a strategy to implement and maintain effective corrosion control in the water distribution system. Catalog No USEPA Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems. Brown, R., McTigue, N. & Cornwell, D Controlling Lead in Drinking Water. Denver, CO: Water Research Foundation. 77 Upcoming Webinars June 1 Research and Applications of Membrane Technologies for Potable Water Reuse July 27 More Bang for Your Buck: Cost Effective Planning for Pipe Renewal August 24 Achieve Operational Reliability with a System-Wide Plan Register for a 2016 Webinar Bundle Individual Full Year Group Full Year 78 Please consider the environment before printing. 39

40 Upcoming Conferences Register Online at: 79 Thank You for Joining AWWA s Webinar As part of your registration, you are entitled to an additional 30-day archive access of today s program. Until next time, keep the water safe and secure. 80 Please consider the environment before printing. 40

41 Presenter Biography Information Dr. David Cornwell received his doctoral degree from the University of Florida in After completing this education, Dr. Cornwell taught engineering at the Michigan State University, and began EE&T, Inc. in He has worked with utilities throughout the country on water treatment, has conducted numerous WRF research grants, and has assisted AWWA in many regulatory developments. He has over 50 publications on water treatment and is recipient of the AWWA A P Black Research Award and the AWWA Honorary Member Award. He has worked with utilities on corrosion control throughout his career including conducting many OCCT studies for utilities. Dr. Cornwell has worked closely with the LCR TAW on the upcoming revisions to that rule. He has managed WRF and AWWA WITAF funded Lead and Copper Rule projects investigating OCCT, LSL replacement practices, and flushing prior to LSL replacement Ms. Slabaugh is a project manager with ARCADIS, specializing in the evaluation, planning, and preliminary design of drinking water treatment and distribution systems. Her experience includes corrosion control treatment, water system master planning, chloramine integration and nitrification control, regulatory compliance and drinking water treatment process selection and optimization studies. She is a member of the AWWA Lead and Copper Rule Technical Advisory Workgroup, and her master s level thesis research focused on the theory and practical applications associated with non-uniform copper corrosion in potable water. Chris Hill has more than 20 years of experience in drinking water quality and treatment. He has spent the last 10 years focusing on distribution system water quality issues, including internal corrosion, nitrification, and control of disinfection byproducts. He has extensive experience evaluating, developing and implementing strategies to improve distributed water quality throughout the U.S. He has worked with AWWA to develop guidance to assist utilities in managing changes in source water, treatment and distribution practices to avoid upsetting internal corrosion control, and to assess the potential impacts of the Long-Term Lead and Copper Rule to public water systems. He has significant research experience, has developed federal guidance for compliance with requirements of the safe drinking water act, and is co-author of recent AWWA Manuals M56: Fundamentals and Control of Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems and M58: Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems 81 CE Credits (CEUs) and Professional Development Hours (PDHs) AWWA awards webinar attendees CEUs. If you wish to take advantage of the opportunity to earn CEUs, visit Certificates will be available within 30 days of the webinar 82 Please consider the environment before printing. 41

42 How To Print Your CEU Certificate of Completion Within 30 days of the webinar, login to or register on the website. If you are having problems, please Once logged in, go to: My Account My Transcript Information To print your official transcript, click Print list To print certificates, click Download certificate Webinar Sponsors 84 Please consider the environment before printing. 42