Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo

Transcription

1 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo ( 212) March 215 Bureau of Environment Tokyo Metropolitan Government

2 Contents 1 Tokyo in the World Final Energy Consumption Concepts for Calculation Final Energy Consumption Entire Tokyo Industrial Sector Commercial Sector Residential Sector Transport Sector Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Concepts for Calculation Basic Matters Categorization of GHGs CO 2 Emission Factor for Scope of Calculation Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Entire Tokyo CO 2 Emissions (Variable Cases) Entire Tokyo CO 2 Emissions (Fixed Cases) Entire Tokyo [Reference] Trends in Each Sector Other GHG Emissions Overview CH N 2O HFCs and Two Other Types [Reference] NF Reference Materials [Material 1] Calculation Methods for Final Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions (Overview) [Material 2] Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Tokyo and Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in Tokyo 39 [Material 3] New Energy Reduction Targets in Tokyo Figures and Tables Note: Values in this report have been rounded, and the sum of indicated values may not agree with the indicated total.

3 1 Tokyo in the World 1 Tokyo in the World Figure 1-1 indicates energy-derived CO2 emissions in major countries. Japan emits the fifth largest quantity after China, USA, India and Russia, accounting for 3.9% of the global emissions. Emissions from Tokyo are at the same level as Austria, Singapore, Finland, etc. The scale of final energy consumption also proves that Tokyo is a major consumer of energy, equivalent to the size of an European state, such as Denmark, Norway, and Portugal. China USA India Russia Japan Germany South Korea Canada Iran Saudi Arabia UK Brazil Mexico Indonesia Australia South Africa Italy France Turkey Poland Spain Thailand Taiwan Malaysia Netherlands Vietnam Czech Belgium Philippines Romania Greece Austria Singapore Finland Portugal Bulgaria Hungary Switzerland Sweden Denmark 1,954 1,659 1, Tokyo: 64.2 M tons , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5,74 8,251 * The 15 EU states represent the EU membership at the time of UNFCCC-COP3 (Kyoto Conference). Unit: M tons Figure 1-1 Energy-derived CO2 emissions by country (212) Note: The figure indicates the 2 largest emitters, from China (1st place) to Poland (2th place), and other selected major countries. Sources: IEA, "CO 2 Emissions From Fuel Combustion Highlights (214 Edition)", and Ministry of the Environment, "Energy-derived CO 2 Emissions in the World" 1

4 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo 2 Final Energy Consumption 2.1 Concepts for Calculation This chapter clarifies the state of energy consumption as the main cause of CO2 emissions in Tokyo. Figure 2-1 indicates the flow of energy in Japan. First, the primary energy supply of petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc., is undertaken through domestic production or importation. By way of the power generation/conversion s (power plants, petroleum refineries, etc.), final energy consumption is undertaken by consumers. In this survey, energy consumption on the demand side (i.e. final energy consumption) in the industrial/commercial/residential/transport s in Tokyo is calculated. For the calculation methods for final energy consumption, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1 (pages 36 to 38). Figure 2-1 Domestic Energy Balance and Flow (Overview) ( 212) Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Energy White Paper 214" Fuel Table 2-1 Heat conversion factors used in this survey ( 212) Specific unit Heat conversion factor MWh 3.6 Secondary energy conversion 1 m See materials of Tokyo Gas Other fuels (gasoline, kerosene, light oil,, etc.) Remarks (Unit: GJ/Specific unit) See the energy balance table, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Comprehensive Energy Statistics" Note: Secondary energy conversion is conducted for electricity, from the perspective of calculating final energy consumption on the demand side, excluding losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc. 2

5 2.Final Energy Consumption 2.2 Final Energy Consumption Entire Tokyo The final energy consumption in Tokyo in 212 stood at 671 PJ, which was 16% reduction from 81 PJ in 2, and 1% reduction from 677 PJ in 211. Respective increase rates vs. 2 for the industrial, commercial, and transport s stood at -37%, -4%, and -38%, while consumption in the residential increased by + 5%. Since 2, a decrease in gasoline and other fuel oils has substantially contributed to overall reduction in final energy consumption. Although electric consumption had been on an increasing trend, the behavior of power conservation took root in 211 and after, and power consumption has remained at the same level as 2 since then. Table 2-2 Final energy consumption by in Tokyo, and increases up to 212 Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 Vs. 25 Vs. 21 Vs. 211 Industrial s % % - 13.% - 3.3% Commercial s % % - 8.9% 1.6% Residential s % - 2.1% - 4.%.3% Transport s % % - 6.3% - 4.6% Final consumption s total % % - 7.2% -.8% Note 1: The residential does not include fuel consumption by family cars, which is included in the transport. Note 2: In the transport, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes service in Tokyo. Table 2-3 Final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo, and increases up to 212 Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 Vs. 25 Vs. 21 Vs % - 7.1% - 9.3% 1.% % - 11.% - 4.4%.2% % % - 11.% % Fuel oil % % - 6.2% - 2.7% Other % 44.4% 27.3% % Total % % - 7.2% -.8% Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. (PJ) Fuel oil Fuel oil Other Fuel oil Other Fuel oil Industrial Commercial Residential Transport 9 Figure 2-2 Final energy consumption by in Tokyo ( 212) 3

6 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Final Energy Consumption by Sector in Entire Tokyo In the composition in 212, the commercial took up the largest share (35%), followed by the residential (32%), transport (24%), and industrial (9%). As for al trends in the composition since 2, the commercial and the residential indicates an increasing trend, while the industrial and the transport have been showing a decreasing trend. (PJ) 1, 9 Three-year moving Industrial (9.1%) 5 4 Commercial (35.2%) 3 2 Residential (31.7%) Figure 2-3 Trends in final energy consumption by in Tokyo Transport (24.%) () 1% 9% Industrial 12.% Industrial 1.2% Industrial 9.7% Industrial 9.3% Industrial 9.1% 8% 7% Commercial 3.6% Commercial 34.6% Commercial 35.9% Commercial 34.4% Commercial 35.2% 6% 5% 4% 3% Residential 25.2% Residential 27.5% Residential 3.6% Residential 31.3% Residential 31.7% 2% 1% Transport 32.1% Transport 27.7% Transport 23.7% Transport 24.9% Transport 24.% % (81PJ) (79PJ) (723PJ) (677PJ) (671PJ) Figure 2-4 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by in Tokyo 4

7 2.Final Energy Consumption Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in Entire Tokyo In the fuel type composition in 212, electricity took up the largest share (44%), followed by city gas (28%) and fuel oil (26%). Since 2, the share of electricity has been increasing. While the share of electricity temporarily decreased in 211 due to the effect of power conservation, its share rose by approximately one point year on year in 212. In the meantime, the share of city gas has been slowly increasing. (PJ) 1, Other (.1%) 6 Fuel oil (25.6%) 5 (2.6%) 4 (28.%) (43.7%) () Figure 2-5 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo 1% Other.2% Other<.1% Other<.1% Other.2% Other.1% 9% 8% Fuel oil 35.5% Fuel oil 29.9% Fuel oil 25.4% Fuel oil 26.1% Fuel oil 25.6% 7% 6% 5% 4.1% 23.3% 26.8% 3.3% 27.2% 2.7% 27.8% 3.1% 28.% 2.6% 4% 3% 2% 36.9% 39.9% 44.7% 42.9% 43.7% 1% % (81PJ) (79PJ) (723PJ) (677PJ) (671PJ) Figure 2-6 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo 5

8 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Industrial Sector The final energy consumption in the industrial in 212 stood at 61 PJ, which was 37% reduction from 97 PJ in 2, and 3% reduction from 63 PJ in 211. Final energy consumption in the industrial has been decreasing since Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial In the trade composition in 212, manufacturing took up the largest share (68%), followed by construction (29%), agriculture, forestry and fishery (3%), and mining (< 1%). (PJ) 15 Final energy consumption has been continuously decreasing in manufacturing, which accounts for approximately 7% of the industrial. 133 Three-year moving average Agriculture, forestry and fisheries(2.5%) 5 Mining(.4%) Construction(29.4%) Manufacturing (67.7%) () Figure 2-7 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial 1% 9% 8% Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 2.3% Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 2.4% Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 2.7% Construction Mining Mining 17.2%.5% Construction.3% 24.% Construction 3.3% Mining.3% Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 2.4% Construction 3.3% Mining.3% Agriculture, forestry and fisheries 2.5% Construction 29.4% Mining.4% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% Manufacturing 8.1% Manufacturing 73.3% Manufacturing 66.7% Manufacturing 66.9% Manufacturing 67.7% 2% 1% % (97PJ) (81PJ) (7PJ) (63PJ) (61PJ) Figure 2-8 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by trade in the industrial 6

9 2.Final Energy Consumption Final Energy Consumption by fuel type in the Industrial Sector In the fuel type composition in 212, fuel oil took up the largest share (37%), followed by electricity (32%) and city gas (3%). Since 2, the share of fuel oil has been decreasing, while the shares of city gas and electricity have been increasing, indicating progress in fuel conversion. (PJ) Other(.2%) 5 Fuel oil(37.2%) (.8%) (3.1%) (31.7%) () Figure 2-9 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial 1% Other 1.8% Other.4% Other.2% Other.2% Other.2% 9% 8% Fuel oil 38.7% Fuel oil 36.2% Fuel oil 37.7% Fuel oil 38.4% Fuel oil 37.2% 7% 6% 5% 4% 28.6% 2.1% 32.4% 1.2% 3.5%.7% 29.3%.8% 3.1%.8% 3% 2% 1% 28.6% 29.8% 31.% 31.3% 31.7% % (97PJ) (81PJ) (7PJ) (63PJ) (61PJ) Figure 2-1 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial 7

10 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Factor Analysis in the Industrial Sector - The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP)* for respective trade affect final energy consumption in manufacturing, the main trade in the industrial. - Since 199, IIP increase rates have been generally declining in manufacturing in Tokyo. This is considered to be substantially affecting the decreasing final energy consumption. - In comparison with the nationwide IIP increase rates, the rates in Tokyo became smaller in 1994, and the gap with nationwide rates has become substantial since around * The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP) are a systematic representation of various activities related to production, shipment, and inventory at domestic business sites that produce mining and industrial products. The IIP used here refers to production indices weighted by added value, which are calculated for 169 items (496 items for nationwide indices), based on the dynamic statistics of production, the Census of Manufacturers, etc. ( 199=1) Steel industry Chemical industry Ceramics industry Paper pulps Food products and cigarettes Textile industry Nonferrous metal mining Metal machinery Other industries Entire manufacturing () Figure 2-11 IIP increases in manufacturing in Tokyo ( 199=1) 12 1 Japan 8 6 Tokyo () Figure 2-12 Comparison of IIP between Tokyo and Japan Note: IIP figures are weighted by added value. Source: Tokyo: Prepared from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (hereinafter referred to as "TMG"), "Tokyo Industrial Indices" Japan: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary" 8

11 2.Final Energy Consumption Commercial Sector The final energy consumption in the commercial in 212 stood at 237 PJ, which was 4% reduction from 245 PJ in 2, but 2% increase from 233 PJ in 211. Final energy consumption in the commercial has been increasing since 199, but took a downturn with a peak at around Final Energy Consumption by Building Application in the Commercial Sector In the building application composition in 212, office buildings took up the largest share (59%). Other applications included restaurants (8%), schools (7%), hotels (6%), etc. Since 2, the share of office buildings has been rising. This indicates the structural characteristics of Tokyo, where the corporate head office buildings, tenant buildings, etc., are accumulated. (PJ) Three-year moving average Other services(1.8%) Hospitals and medical facilities(4.9%) Schools(7.2%) Hotels(5.6%) Restaurants(8.4%) Other wholesalers and retailers(2.9%) 1 Other Product retailers (<.1%) Department stores(1.2%) 5 Office buildings(59.%) () Figure 2-13 Trends in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 14.% 13.8% 11.2% 11.2% 1.8% 4.8% 5.% 4.9% 6.% 5.3% 7.1% 7.% 7.2% 6.9% 7.% 5.5% 5.6% 5.6% 5.4% 6.% 8.6% 8.5% 8.4% 8.7% 9.5% 3.1% 3.% 3.5% 3.8% <.1% <.1% <.1% <.1% 1.3% 1.2% 1.5% 1.6% 53.9% 53.% 58.3% 58.5% 59.% Other services Hospitals and medical facilities Schools Hotels Restaurants Other wholesalers and retailers 2.9% Other Product retailers <.1% Department stores 1.2% Office buildingds 1% % (245PJ) (274PJ) (26PJ) (233PJ) (237PJ) Figure 2-14 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial 9

12 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Commercial Sector In the fuel type composition in 212, electricity (65%) and city gas (33%) combined accounted for 98% of the entire commercial. Since 2, the shares of electricity and city gas have been rising, indicating progress in the conversion from fuel oils to electricity and city gas. (PJ) Kerosene(.8%) Heavy oil A(.7%) (.3%) (33.5%) 15 1 (64.7%) () Figure 2-15 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial 1% Kerosene 1.5% Heavy oil A 3.1% Kerosene 1.3% Heavy oil A 1.6% Kerosene.7% Heavy oil A.5% Kerosene.8% Heavy oil A.9% Kerosene.8% Heavy oil A.7% 9% 8% 3.3% 1.6% 33.5%.8% 32.8%.3% 33.9%.3% 33.5%.3% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 63.5% 62.9% 65.7% 64.1% 64.7% 2% 1% % (245PJ) (274PJ) (26PJ) (233PJ) (237PJ) Figure 2-16 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial 1

13 2.Final Energy Consumption Factor Analysis in the Commercial Sector - The total floor area by building application is an index that affects final energy consumption in the commercial. - Since 199, the total floor area has been increasing in the commercial. While the total floor area in the commercial is generally increasing across Japan, the remarkably high rate of office buildings is characteristic in Tokyo. - The total floor area of office buildings in Tokyo has been steadily increasing since 199. (1,m2) 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, Office buildings Department stores Wholesalers and retailers Restaurants Hotels Schools Hospitals Other () Figure 2-17 Trends in total floor area by trade in Tokyo (1,m2) 5, 45, 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Office buildings Department stores Wholesalers and retailers Restaurants Hotels Schools Hospitals Other () Figure 2-18 Trends in total floor area by trade in Japan Note: "Department stores" include large-scale retail stores and supermarkets. Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary" 11

14 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Residential Sector The final energy consumption in the residential in 212 stood at 212 PJ, which was 5% increase from 22 PJ in 2, and.3% increase from 212 PJ in 211. Final energy consumption in the residential has been increasing since 199, but this upward trend is weakening these years Final Energy Consumption by Household Type in the Residential Sector In the household type composition in 212, multiple-person households accounted for 69%, while single-person households made up 31%. Since 2, the share of single-person households has been increasing in final energy consumption, indicating increase in aged single-person households, etc. (PJ) 3 Three-year moving average Multiple-person households(69.%) Single-person households(31.%) () Figure 2-19 Trends in final energy consumption by household type in the residential 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% Multipleperson households 76.% Multipleperson households 75.4% Multipleperson households 7.2% Multipleperson households 68.9% Multipleperson households 69.% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Singleperson households 24.% Singleperson households 24.6% Singleperson households 29.8% Singleperson households 31.1% Singleperson households 31.% (22PJ) (217PJ) (221PJ) (212PJ) (212PJ) Figure 2-2 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by household type in the residential 12

15 2.Final Energy Consumption Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Residential Sector In the fuel type composition in 212, electricity (5%) and city gas (43%) combined accounted for 92% of the entire residential. Although the share of electricity had been increasing since 2, the behavior of power conservation took root in 211 and after, and the share of electricity has remained at a level approximately two points lower than in 21. In the meantime, the share of city gas has remained at a level approximately two points higher than in 21. (PJ) Kerosene(4.4%) (3.2%) 15 (42.6%) 1 5 (49.8%) () Figure 2-21 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential 1% Kerosene 5.9% Kerosene 5.5% Kerosene 4.2% Kerosene 3.9% Kerosene 4.4% 9% 8% 7% 42.1% 4.2% 43.1% 3.6% 4.8% 2.8% 42.7% 3.2% 42.6% 3.2% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 47.8% 47.8% 52.2% 5.2% 49.8% 1% % (22PJ) (217PJ) (221PJ) (212PJ) (212PJ) Figure 2-22 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential 13

16 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Factor Analysis in the Residential Sector - The number of households is an index that affects final energy consumption in the residential. - Since 199, an increasing trend is more remarkable in single-person households than in multiple-person households. While this is also a nationwide trend, it is more remarkable in Tokyo. (thousand households) 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, All households Multiple-person households Single-person households 1, () Figure 2-23 Trends in the number of households in Tokyo Source: Prepared from Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (hereinafter referred to as "MIC"), "Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook" Inner circle: 199 Outer circle: 212 Singleperson 32.3% Inner circle: 199 Outer circle: 21 Multipleperson 52.6% Multipleperson 64.7% Singleperson 35.3% Singleperson 47.4% Multipleperson, 76.9% Singleperson 23.1% Multipleperson, 67.7% Tokyo Japan Figure 2-24 Comparison of the number of households between Tokyo and Japan Source: Prepared from MIC, "Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook" 14

17 2.Final Energy Consumption - The home appliance ownership rates are indices related to the shares of power consumption in the residential. - In general, ownership rates of major home appliances have been increasing in Tokyo. In these years, increases are remarkable in the ownership rates of PCs, optical disk players/recorders, etc. (per 1 households) 35 3 Room air conditioners 25 Color TVs 2 15 Electric refrigerators VTR Optical disc players/recorders PCs 1 Microwave ovens Toilets with bidet 5 Electric carpets Clothes dryers () Figure 2-25 Trends in the ownership rates of home appliances in Tokyo Note: The values for color TVs indicate the total of 29" or larger and below 29" for up to 23, and the total of CRT and flat-screen (LCD, plasma, etc.) for 24 and after. The values may not be continuous for some appliances between 23 and 29, due to the review of appliances in the source material. Source: Prepared from MIC "National Consumption Survey" and Cabinet Office "Trends in Household Consumption" 15

18 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Transport Sector The final energy consumption in the transport in 212 stood at 161 PJ, which was 38% reduction from 257 PJ in 2, and 5% reduction from 169 PJ in 211. Final energy consumption in the transport has been decreasing since Final energy Consumption by Means of Transportation in the Transport Sector In the composition in 212 by means of transportation, road transportation took up the largest share (89%). Other means included railways (9%), navigation (2%), and civil aviation (< 1%). Road transportation accounts for approximately 9% of the transport. In addition to the decreased traffic in Tokyo, road conditions have been improved, and performance of individual automobiles have been enhanced, thereby improving the actual mileage, and leading to the continuous decrease in final energy consumption. (PJ) Three-year moving average Civil aviation (.3%) Navigation (1.9%) Railways (9.3%) 1 5 Road transportation (88.6%) () Figure 2-26 Trends in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport 1% 9% 8% Civil aviation.2% Civil aviation.2% Civil aviation.2% Civil aviation.2% Civil aviation.3% Railways 6.1% Navigation 1.4% Railways 7.2% Navigation 1.4% Railways 8.9% Navigation 1.5% Railways 8.7% Navigation 1.4% Railways 9.3% Navigation 1.9% 7% 6% 5% 4% Road transportation 92.3% Road transportation 91.3% Road transportation 89.4% Road transportation 89.7% Road transportation 88.6% 3% 2% 1% % (257PJ) (219PJ) (172PJ) (169PJ) (161PJ) Figure 2-27 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport 16

19 2.Final Energy Consumption Final energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Transport Sector In the fuel type composition in 212, gasoline contained in fuel oil took up the largest share (58%), followed by light oil (25%) and electricity (9%). is consumed for the railway operation. Since 25, the share of gasoline has been decreasing, while the share of light oil consumed by diesel cars has been slightly increasing. (PJ) Other(1.9%) Jet fuel(.3%) 1 Gasoline(58.2%) 5 Light oil(24.6%) (5.8%) (9.3%) () Figure 2-28 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport 1% 9% 8% Other 1.2% Other 1.2% Other 1.3% Other 1.8% Other 1.9% Jet fuel.2% Jet fuel.2% Jet fuel.2% Jet fuel.2% Jet fuel.3% 7% 6% Gasoline 57.6% Gasoline 63.2% Gasoline 61.2% Gasoline 58.3% Gasoline 58.2% 5% 4% 3% 2% Light oil 27.8% Light oil 21.2% Light oil 21.3% Light oil 23.4% Light oil 24.6% 1% % 7.1% 7.1% 6.1% 7.2% 7.1% 7.6% 5.8% 8.9% 8.7% 9.3% (257PJ) (219PJ) (172PJ) (169PJ) (161PJ) Figure 2-29 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport 17

20 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Factor Analysis in the Transport Sector - The number of registered vehicles and the traffic are indices that affect final energy consumption by road transportation, the main means of transportation in the transport. - In Tokyo, passenger cars have been increasing at a rate that sets off the decrease in compact passenger cars. While freight vehicles have been decreasing, light cars have been increasing. The overall number remains mostly at the same level, with a slight decrease. - The traffic of passenger vehicles had been increasing until 2, and then took a downturn. In the meantime, freight vehicles have been slowing decreasing since 199. (1, cars) 4,5 Freight cars Compact freight cars Passenger cars Compact passenger cars Light cars 4, 3,5 3, Light cars 2,5 2, 1,5 Passenger vehicles 1, () Freight vehicles Figure 2-3 Trends in the number of registered vehicles in Tokyo Note: "Light cars" include light passenger cars and light freight cars. Sources: Tokyo Statistical Yearbook Registered Vehicles Based on Materials of the Road Transport Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "MLIT"), March 214 (Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association) (M car kilometers) 45, 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Passenger vehicles Freight vehicles () Figure 2-31 Trends in the traveling kilometers of vehicles in Tokyo Note: Passenger vehicles: light passenger cars, compact passenger cars, passenger cars, and buses Freight vehicles: light freight cars, compact freight cars, freight/passenger cars, freight cars, and special freight cars 18

21 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3.1 Concepts for Calculation Basic Matters This chapter clarifies the status of GHG emissions in Tokyo. The scope of GHGs includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), dinitrogen oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). These six types of gas are subject to the Kyoto Protocol. The GHGs other than CO2 (CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) are referred to as "Other GHGs." In this survey, the values are calculated based on the Ministry of the Environment, "Manual for Formulating Action Plans (Regional Measures) for Municipal Governments against Global Warming". This manual describes calculation methods for GHG emissions in each prefecture. Calculation methods used here reflect the actual status in Tokyo more accurately, incorporating information and findings that have been uniquely collected by TMG. For the calculation methods for GHG emissions in this survey, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1 (pages 36 to 38). GHG Table 3-1 GHGs and main source(s) of emission Global warming Main source(s) of emission potential CO 2 Carbon dioxide 1 Combustion of fuel, incineration of waste, industrial process, etc. CH 4 Methane 21 N 2O Dinitrogen oxide 31 Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc. Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc. HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons 14 to 11,7 Coolant, foaming agent, aerosol, etc. PFCs Perfluorocarbons 6,5 to 9,2 Cleaning agents, manufacturing of semiconductors and LCDs, etc. Electrical equipment using insulating gas, manufacturing of SF 6 Sulfur hexafluoride 23,9 semiconductors and LCDs, metal production, etc. Note: The "Global Warming Potential (GWP)" is a factor of the extent of greenhouse effect of a GHG, indicated in proportion to the extent of greenhouse effect of CO 2. The values indicated here are based on the Second Assessment Report (1995) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Categorization of GHGs GHGs are categorized into CO2 and other GHGs. CO2 is further categorized into energy-derived CO2 emissions and non-energy-derived CO2 emissions. "Energy-derived CO2 emissions" refers to CO2 that are generated through final energy consumption of electricity, etc. In this survey, non-energy-derived CO2 emissions include CO2 derived from waste. GHG Total emissions Categorization of GHGs Carbon dioxide Energy-derived CO2 emissions Non-energy-derived CO2 emissions Other GHGs (CH 4, N 2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF 6) Table 3-2 Categorization of GHGs Targeted Final energy consumption * Respectively calculated for the industrial, commercial, residential, and transport s. Waste * The amount of generation from the incineration of waste is calculated. Combustion of fuel, waste, industrial process, etc. 19

22 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo CO 2 Emission Factor for The CO2 emission factor for electricity changes every year, based on the power supply mix on the supply side. In this survey, "variable cases" are calculated applying yearly emission factors for the purpose of incorporating the influence of variation in power supply mix. At the same time, "fixed cases" are also calculated, fixating emission factors in 21 and later to the emission factor in 2 for the purpose of excluding the influence of variation in power supply mix. For the calculation of variable cases, the yearly emission factor is used for General Utility, and the yearly average emission factor is used for Power Producer and Suppliers (PPS). For the calculation of fixed cases, the emission factor for General Utility and the average emission factor for PPS in 21 and later are fixated to the relevant factors in 2 (General Utility:.328 kg-co2/kwh, and PPS:.493 kg-co2/kwh). Table 3-3 CO2 emission factors for electricity used in this survey (Unit: kg-co 2/kWh) General Utility PPS(average).493 All power supplies in Tokyo(average) General Utility PPS(average) All power supplies in Tokyo(average) Note: "Average" refers to the weighted average calculated in this survey is used, based on emission factors and sold electricity of electricity utilities that supply power in Tokyo. Table 3-4 Categorized calculation methods based on CO2 emission factors for electricity Classification Energy type Application of CO 2 emission factors Energy-derived CO2 emissions Variable cases Fixed cases Yearly emission factors are applied Emission factors in 21 and later are fixated to the emission factor in Scope of Calculation Most agricultural, forestry and fishery products, industrial products, etc., that are supplied in Tokyo are produced outside Tokyo, and therefore CO2 emissions from such activities occur outside Tokyo. Such CO2 emissions are excluded from this survey. CO2 emissions through power consumption are calculated using emission factors at sale, and include emissions during power generation outside Tokyo (these emissions are not recorded for the energy conversion s, but are allocated to the final energy consumption s). Figure 3-1 Image of GHG emissions in Tokyo 2

23 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Entire Tokyo The total GHG emissions in 212 stood at 69.5 million tons of CO2 equivalent. This is 12% increase from 61.8 million tons in 2, and 8% increase from 64.6 million tons in the previous fiscal year. Table 3-5 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] (Unit: 1, t-co 2 eq) Base year CO2 5,44 5,44 5,729 5,851 5,67 5,99 5,816 5,686 5,748 5,675 5,768 5,886 5,667 6,299 6,753 6,183 6,173 5,764 6,511 6,297 5,916 5,871 6,123 6,583 CH N2O HFCs PFCs SF Total 5,781 5,711 6,12 6,137 5,949 6,193 6,171 6,53 6,121 6,31 6,8 6,181 5,946 6,568 7,15 6,437 6,429 6,22 6,781 6,587 6,217 6,187 6,462 6,95 Note 1: The base years are specified by the Kyoto Protocol. The base year for CO 2, CH 4, and N 2O is 199, while the base year for HFCs and two other types (PFCs and SF 6) is Note 2: CO 2 emissions are calculated in the variable cases, where yearly CO 2 emission factors for electricity are applied. (1, t-co 2 eq) 8, 7,15 6,95 7, 6,781 6,568 6,587 6,12 6,137 5,949 6,193 6,437 6,171 6,53 6,121 6,31 6,8 6,181 6,429 6,462 6,217 6,187 5,946 6,22 6, 5,781 5,711 HFCs and two other types N 2 O CH 4 5, CO 2 4, Base year 3, 2, 1, Base Year () Figure 3-2 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] Table 3-6 (Reference)Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Fixed cases] (Unit: 1, t-co 2 eq) Base year CO2 5,44 5,44 5,729 5,851 5,67 5,99 5,816 5,686 5,748 5,675 5,768 5,886 5,758 5,862 5,697 5,756 5,853 5,695 5,694 5,569 5,47 5,51 5,125 5,19 CH N2O HFCs PFCs SF Total 5,781 5,711 6,12 6,137 5,949 6,193 6,171 6,53 6,121 6,31 6,8 6,181 6,37 6,131 5,96 6,1 6,11 5,953 5,963 5,859 5,771 5,826 5,464 5,475 Note 1: The base years are specified by the Kyoto Protocol. The base year for CO 2, CH 4, and N 2O is 199, while the base year for HFCs and two other types (PFCs and SF 6) is Note 2: CO 2 emissions are calculated in the fixed cases, where CO 2 emission factors for electricity for 21 and after are fixed to the emission factor in 2. 21

24 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo In the total GHG emissions, CO2 emissions account for 94.7% in 212, which was.6 point increase from the base year, but.5 point reduction from 2. In comparison with the national shares by GHG in 212, the share of CO2 emissions in Tokyo is mostly the same as that in Japan (95.%). 1% 1.2% 1.2% HFCs and two other types 3.7% 1% 4.1% 2.7% HFCs and two other types2.% 9% 8% 7% 1.5% 3.2% 1.6% 1.9% N 2 O.9% CH 4.7% 9% 8% 7% 2.6% 2.6% 2.1% 1.9% N 2 O 1.5% CH 4 1.5% 6% 6% 5% 4% CO % CO % CO % 5% 4% CO 2 9.7% CO % CO 2 95.% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% % Base year (Mt-CO 2 eq) 61.81(Mt-CO 2 eq) 69.5(Mt-CO 2 eq) % Base year (Billion t-co 2 eq) 1.34(Billion t-co 2 eq) 1.34(Billion t-co 2 eq) Tokyo Japan Figure 3-3 Composition ratios by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases] Source: Finalized Values for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan (1,t-CO 2 eq) 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, HFCs and two other types (+8.7%) 6,181 5,781 CO 2 N 2 O (+18.1%) CH 4 (-37.1%) (+8.2%) HFCs and two other types (+24.8%) 6,95 N 2 O (-41.5%) CH 4 (-58.9%) CO 2 (+11.8%) CO 2 (1Mt-CO 2 eq) HFCs and two other types (-3.5%) 12.6 N 2 O (-15.8%) CH 4 (-22.1%) CO 2 CO (+9.4%) 2 HFCs and two other types (-23.3%) 13.4 N 2 O 13.4 (-26.4%) CH 4 (-23.%) (+1.9%) CO 2 1, 2. Base Year Base Year Tokyo Japan Figure 3-4 Increase rates by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases] Note: The values in brackets respectively indicate increase in 2 from base year, and increase in 212 from 2. Source: Finalized Values for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan 22

25 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3.3 CO 2 Emissions (Variable Cases) Variable cases: yearly CO2 emission factors for electricity are applied, for the purpose of incorporating the influence of variation in power supply mix Entire Tokyo The total CO2 emissions in 212 stood at 65.8 million tons. This is 12% increase from 58.9 million tons in 2, and 8% increase from 61.2 million tons in the previous fiscal year. The CO2 emissions from electricity in 212 increased by 14% from the previous fiscal year, due to the deteriorated emission factor (the final energy consumption of electricity increased by 1% from the previous fiscal year (page 3)). Table 3-7 Total CO2 emissions by and increases up to 212 in Tokyo [Variable cases] CO2 emissions (1, t-co2) Increase rate (%) vs. 25 vs. 21 vs. 211 vs. Industrial s % - 9.8% 1.9% 2.8% Commercial s 1,89 2,318 2,243 2,322 2, % 12.4% 16.2% 12.3% Residential s 1,433 1,651 1,747 1,911 2, % 26.7% 19.7% 9.4% Transport s 1,764 1,517 1,25 1,218 1, % % -.8% - 1.8% Energy-derived CO 2 emissions 5,767 6,74 5,716 5,967 6, % 5.8% 12.4% 7.7% Non-energy-derived CO 2 emissions % 6.9% 2.9% 2.% Total CO 2 emissions 5,886 6,173 5,871 6,123 6, % 6.6% 12.1% 7.5% Note 1: The residential does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport. Note 2: In the transport, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes service in Tokyo. Table 3-8 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to 212 in Tokyo [Variable cases] CO2 emissions (1, t-co2) Increase rate (%) vs. 25 vs. 21 vs. 211 vs. 2,696 3,265 3,39 3,716 4, % 29.5% 24.7% 13.8% 926 1, % % - 4.4%.2% % % - 11.% % Fuel oil 1,931 1,62 1,243 1,199 1, % % - 6.1% - 2.7% Other % - 5.7% 1.7% % Energy-derived CO 2 emissions 5,767 6,74 5,716 5,967 6, % 5.8% 12.4% 7.7% Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. (1,t-CO 2 ) 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Other 1 Fuel oil , ,188 Fuel oil , ,543 Fuel oil ,196 Fuel oil 922 Other Waste Industrial Commercial Residential Transport Other Figure 3-5 CO2 emissions by in Tokyo ( 212) [Variable cases] 23

26 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo CO 2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO 2 Emissions) Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport s) with non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by in total CO2 emissions are as follows: (1,t-CO 2 ) 7, 6, 5, 4, 5,44 5,729 5,851 6,299 5,99 5,816 5,748 5,768 5,886 5,67 5,686 5,675 5,667 6,753 6,183 6,173 5,764 6,511 6,297 5,916 5,871 6,123 6,583 Industrial (8.1%) Commercial (39.6%) 3, 2, Residential (31.8%) 1, Transport (18.2%) Other(2.4%) () Figure 3-6 Trends in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Variable cases] 1% 9% Industrial 11.5% Industrial 9.5% Industrial 8.9% Industrial 8.4% Industrial 8.1% 8% 7% Commercial 32.1% Commercial 37.6% Commercial 38.2% Commercial 37.9% Commercial 39.6% 6% 5% 4% 3% Residential 24.3% Residential 26.7% Residential 29.8% Residential 31.2% Residential 31.8% 2% 1% % Transport 3.% Transport Transport Transport Transport 24.6% Other 2.% Other 1.6% 2.5% Other 2.6% 19.9% Other 2.5% 18.2% Other 2.4% (58.86Mt-CO 2 ) (61.73Mt-CO 2 ) (58.71Mt-CO 2 ) (61.23Mt-CO 2 ) (65.83Mt-CO 2 ) Figure 3-7 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Variable cases] Note 1: "Other" indicates CO 2 emissions from the incineration of waste. Note 2: The "energy conversion " as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo allocates CO 2 emissions in the relevant in accordance with demands of other respective s. Note 3: The "industrial process" as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo does not count the relevant emissions, due to the minimal CO 2 emissions from the industrial process, and the statistical difficulty. 24

27 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions In comparison with the national CO2 emission structure, Tokyo has a smaller share of the industrial (8% vs. 33% nationwide), and larger shares of the commercial (4% vs. 21% nationwide) and the residential (32% vs. 16% nationwide). (Mt-CO 2 eq) 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 1,15 1,159 1,211 1,224 1,237 1,231 1,151 1,196 1,231 1,251 1,236 1,273 1,279 1,278 1,282 1,296 1,263 1,276 1,241 1,214 1,191 1,141 1,141 Energy conversion (6.9%) Industrial (32.7%) Commercial (21.4%) 4 2 Residential (16.%) Transport (17.7%) Industrial process(3.3%) Waste(2.1%) () Figure 3-8 Trends in CO2 emissions in Japan Source: Finalized Values for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan 1% 9% 5.7% 6.2% 6.8% 7.1% Energy conversion 6.9% 8% 7% Industrial 37.3% Industrial 35.8% Industrial 35.3% Industrial 33.6% Industrial 32.7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Commercial 16.5% Residential 12.6% Commercial 18.4% Residential 13.6% Commercial 18.2% Residential 14.4% Commercial 2.2% Residential 15.2% Transport Transport Transport Transport 21.2% 19.8% 19.5% 18.5% 2.4% 2.3% 2.2% 4.3% 3.9% 3.4% 2.1% 3.3% Commercial 21.4% Residential 16.% Transport 17.7% (1.25Billion t-co 2 ) (1.28Billion t-co 2 ) (1.19Billion t-co 2 ) (1.24Billion t-co 2 ) (1.28Billion t-co 2 ) Industrial process 3.3% Waste 2.1% Figure 3-9 Composition ratios in CO2 emissions in Japan Source: Finalized Values for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan 25

28 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo CO 2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Fuel Type, Energy-derived CO 2 Emissions) Trends and composition ratios by fuel type in energy-derived CO2 emissions are as follows: (1,t-CO 2 ) 7, 6, 5, 6,199 5,776 5,767 5,621 5,715 5,538 5,682 5,55 5,62 5,562 5,641 5,568 5,337 6,631 6,9 6,74 5,666 6,43 6,424 6,17 5,775 5,716 5,967 Other(<.1%) Fuel oil(18.2%) (1.6%) (14.4%) 4, 3, 2, (65.8%) 1, () Figure 3-1 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] 1% Other.3% Other.1% Other (<.1%) Other.1% Other (<.1%) 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% Fuel oil 33.5% 16.1% 3.4% Fuel oil 26.4% 17.2% 2.6% Fuel oil 21.7% 16.9% 2.% Fuel oil 2.1% 15.5% 2.1% Fuel oil 18.2% 14.4% 1.6% 4% 3% 2% 46.7% 53.8% 59.3% 62.3% 65.8% 1% % (57.67Mt-CO 2 ) (6.74Mt-CO 2 ) (57.16Mt-CO 2 ) (59.67Mt-CO 2 ) (64.24Mt-CO 2 ) Figure 3-11 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. 26

29 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3.4 CO 2 Emissions (Fixed Cases) Fixed cases: CO2 emission factors for electricity in 21 and later are fixated to the emission factor in 2, Entire Tokyo for the purpose of excluding the influence of variation in power supply mix The total CO2 emissions in 212 stood at 51.1 million tons. This is 13% reduction from 58.9 million tons in 2, and.3% reduction from 51.2 million tons in the previous fiscal year. The CO2 emissions from electricity in 212 increased by 1% from the previous fiscal year, due to the exclusion of influence of the deteriorated emission factor (the final energy consumption of electricity increased by 1% from the previous fiscal year (page 3)). Table 3-9 Total CO2 emissions by and increases up to 212 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] CO 2 emissions (1, t-co 2) Increase rate (%) vs. 25 vs. 21 vs. 211 vs. Industrial s % 22.6% 12.4% 3.1% Commercial s 1,89 2,158 2,78 1,848 1,888.1% 12.5% 9.1% 2.1% Residential s 1,433 1,535 1,596 1,51 1, % 1.5% 5.3%.2% Transport s 1,764 1,499 1,185 1,162 1, % 25.7% 6.% 4.1% Energy-derived CO 2 emissions 5,767 5,754 5,355 4,969 4, % 14.% 7.6%.4% Non-energy-derived CO 2 emissions % 6.9% 2.9% 2.% Total CO 2 emissions 5,886 5,853 5,51 5,125 5, % 12.7% 7.3%.3% Note 1: The residential does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport. Note 2: In the transport, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes service in Tokyo. Table 3-1 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to 212 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] CO 2 emissions (1, t-co 2) Increase rate (%) vs. 25 vs. 21 vs. 211 vs. 2,696 2,946 3,29 2,718 2, % 6.5% 9.1% 1.3% 926 1, % 11.7% 4.4%.2% % 34.6% 11.% 16.7% Fuel oil 1,931 1,62 1,243 1,199 1, % 27.2% 6.1% 2.7% Other % 5.7% 1.7% 49.8% Energy-derived 5,767 5,754 5,355 4,969 4, % 14.% 7.6%.4% CO 2 emissions Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. (1,t-CO 2 ) 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Fuel oil Other , ,47 Fuel oil , Fuel oil ,114 Fuel oil 922 Other Waste Industrial Commercial Residential Transport Other Figure 3-12 CO2 emissions by in Tokyo ( 212) [Fixed cases] 27

30 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo CO 2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO 2 Emissions) Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport s) with non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by in total CO2 emissions are as follows: (1,t-CO 2 ) 7, * CO 2 emission factor for electricity is fixated to the value in 2 for calculation. 6, 5, 4, 3, 5,44 5,729 5,851 5,99 5,816 5,748 5,768 5,886 5,758 5,862 5,697 5,756 5,853 5,695 5,694 5,67 5,686 5,675 5,569 5,47 5,51 5,125 5,19 Industrial (8.5%) Commercial (37.%) 2, Residential (29.6%) 1, Transport (21.8%) Other(3.1%) () Figure 3-13 Trends in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Fixed cases] 1% 9% Industrial 11.5% Industrial 9.6% Industrial 9.% Industrial 8.8% Industrial 8.5% 8% 7% Commercial 32.1% Commercial 36.9% Commercial 37.7% Commercial 36.1% Commercial 37.% 6% 5% 4% 3% Residential 24.3% Residential 26.2% Residential 29.% Residential 29.5% Residential 29.6% 2% 1% Transport 3.% Other 2.% Transport 25.6% Other 1.7% Transport 21.5% Other 2.8% Transport 22.7% Other 3.% Transport 21.8% Other 3.1% % (58.86Mt-CO 2 ) (58.53Mt-CO 2 ) (55.1Mt-CO 2 ) (51.25Mt-CO 2 ) (51.9Mt-CO 2 ) Figure 3-14 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Fixed cases] Note 1: "Other" indicates CO 2 emissions from the incineration of waste. Note 2: The "energy conversion " as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo allocates CO 2 emissions in the relevant in accordance with demands of other respective s. Note 3: The "industrial process" as in national statistics is excluded from those for Tokyo because Tokyo does not count the relevant emissions, due to the minimal CO 2 emissions from the industrial process, and the statistical difficulty. 28

31 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Fuel Type, Energy-derived CO 2 Emissions) Trends and composition ratios by fuel type in energy-derived CO2 emissions are as follows: (1,t-CO 2 ) 7, * CO 2 emission factor for electricity is fixated to the value in 2 for calculation. 6, 5, 4, 3, 5,715 5,776 5,767 5,762 5,754 5,337 5,621 5,538 5,682 5,55 5,62 5,562 5,641 5,658 5,576 5,663 5,597 5,586 5,442 5,329 5,355 4,969 4,95 Other(.1%) Fuel oil(23.6%) (2.1%) (18.7%) 2, 1, (55.6%) () Figure 3-15 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases] 1% Other.3% Other.1% Other <.1% Other.1% Other.1% 9% 8% Fuel oil 33.5% Fuel oil 27.8% Fuel oil 23.2% Fuel oil 24.1% Fuel oil 23.6% 7% 6% 5% 16.1% 3.4% 18.2% 2.7% 18.1% 2.1% 18.6% 2.5% 18.7% 2.1% 4% 3% 2% 46.7% 51.2% 56.6% 54.7% 55.6% 1% % (57.67Mt-CO 2 ) (57.54Mt-CO 2 ) (53.55Mt-CO 2 ) (49.69Mt-CO 2 ) (49.5Mt-CO 2 ) Figure 3-16 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases] Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. 29