Integral Sanitation Approach for Urban Areas Example: Durban ethikwini Municipality, South Africa. Heike Hoffmann

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1 Integral Sanitation Approach for Urban Areas Example: Durban ethikwini Municipality, South Africa Heike Hoffmann

2 What is an integral Sanitataion approach? Sanitation services in urban areas have to provided for all citizen - even if for areas which are not connected with the sewer network. -All households need an access to adequate sanitary facilities The finally destination of all products have to be planed, so that there is no negative impact to public health and environment. All sanitation channels have to be operated under aspect of sustainilibty WHERE WHAT - HOW interfaces can be used if there is defined WHO is responsible for urban sanitation?

3 Why do we need integral sanitation concepts? Sewer based systems: need a dense, consolidated and organized settlement structure, continuous drinking water supply, use of Flush toilet in households, willingness to pay for water and wastewater services - must be connected to a treatment plant, relatively high planning and investment cost relatively complex operation effort. On-Site Installationen: toilets/latrins without sewer connection need a stoarage tank for fecal material (septic- or holding tanks or pits or vaults or a container) storaeg normally is focussed on treatment (Pit Latrine- mineralization) but it may not work it urban areas, and there often is not area left for disposal or reuse of the products. There is a need of : 1. Acess to improved sanitary facilities 2. Treatment, disposal of fecalmaterial. Who has the Insitutional RESONSIBILITY who can pay for it, is there realy a market?

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5 How can it be financed? On-Site Installation as bathroom, water closet and household connection to sewer network - are considered as private solution Problem: poor people are not able or not willing to pay for a toilet and less for no sewer based services (mainly done by private emptier ) - Worldwide onsite Sanitation is donor financed (MDG 7 improved sanitation ) - Cheapest solutions (Pit Latrine) are preferred - Sanitation channel (products) often are not considerate, even in urban areas - Hygiene and Sanitation promotion often is not adapted on real necessity - Experiences with alternative technologies (UD Toilets) often are over financed; technologies are not adapted to up scaling concepts

6 Integral Sanitation Approach for Urban Areas SEWER BASED Private FLUSH WC SEWERAGE Public Responsibility WWTP SLUDGE TREATMENT TREATED EFFLUENTS NON SEWER BASED TOILET/ LATRINE (flush or dry) FECAL STORAGE Onsite EFFLUENT URINE TRANSPORT (motorized) PIPING (simplified) TREATMENT (fecal material, sludge) TREATMENT (solid free effluents) Optional connection STABILZED SLUDGE BIOGAS URINE - Onsite options: Treatment of fecal material complets in the storage tank - the storage is emptied or seald by user (Pits, Vaults) Treatment and/or infiltration/ reuse of effuentes by user (greywater, effluent of Septic Tank, urine from UD toilets) - Offsite options: Transport of stored and completely, partially or hardly stabilized fecal material (Wastewater, Fecal Sludge, Feces) either directly to the disposal/reuse or to further treatment: either into sewer based pathway or to separate treatment place/treatment plant Piping of solid free effluents (Greywater, Urine from UD-facilities or pre-treated effluent from Septic Tank) either directly to the discharge/reuse or to treatment plant: either into sewer based pathway or to a separate decentralized treatment plant

7 Interfaces (technical) in the integral sanitation approach UgaVac, Kampala FS Transfer station, Haiphong Underground holding tanks, Accra FS reception, Kampala

8 Integral Sanitation Approach for Urban Areas Example: Durban ethikwini Municipality, South Africa 2001 ethekwini Municipality ethekwini Water and Sanitation (EWS) 32 km²; 3,7 Mio habitants 3 Mio are living in 30% of urban area 0,7 Mio are living in periurban areas Drinking water supply: 7 drinking water treatment plants, supply of entire area connection to households or Waterpoints, or Yard taps - WATER for FREE in SA: 6m³/month x household Durban: 9m³/Mon x houseold 27 Wastewater treatment plants for about 1,2 Mio habitants + Industries and Housing program ( households) Onsite sanitation for about 0,7 Mio habitants

9 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Public Toilets in SLUMS 600 urbane informal settlements; Objective : access to water points + sanitation within 200 m 450 public toilet blocks (an container) with washing places and sewer connection 6-7 Toilets per block, 75 households Use for dree (without fee) caretaker paid by Municipality Container: Euro/2 units Wastwater to the treatment plants: 45 m³/ user x year)

10 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban UD Toilets (Double Vault Urine-Diversion Toilets) UD Toilets: dry toilet (without water flush) Stabilization of fecal material because of Urine-Separation Objective: Access to sanitation for periurban- rural areas within the protected drinking water area households with UD-Toilets + 9m³ drinking water 550 /UD-Toilet- 100% public subvention because of Full Treatment in the double vault, no service necessary. Stabilzed fezes with earth 70 L/user x year

11 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Drinking water supply 9m³ /month free automatically controlled Free use of drinking water in slums

12 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Private Supplier for UD Toilets - Envirosan Well designed Urine diversion Toilets Polypropylene PP (50 ) any other supply Use for double vault, single vault and UD- VIP-Latrine without odor UD Toilet seats/ year Municip. Richard Bay UD Toilets 3 citties in South Afrika UD-VIP Nigeria (5.000), Haiiti (3.000); Ghana; Malawi; Burundi (100)

13 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Private Supplier for UD Toilets - Envirosan Sanitation market will develope when effiency and qualtity of sanitation services are controled

14 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Research with KwaZulu Natal University Pollution Controll Group, Chris Buckley, Kitty Foxon and other. Aplicated Resarch together with the ethikwini utility 1. Fecal Sludge treatment and Hygenization 80% of user are infected with Ascaris Parasiten 60% with Gardia/Cryptosoridium) survive of Ascaris eggs in sludge and soil is > 8 years 2. Cooperation with EAWAG to Urine processing and reuse 3. L&B Gates Foundation Reinvent the toilet challenge

15 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Public emptying of private Pit-latrines Pit-Latrins: private use, 2-3m deep pits When it is filled it is abondoned and the user have to built a new Pit Latrine or it is emptied by a private service Objective: public service for empying Leerung and treatment 2005 necessity for Haushalte Manual emptying (Gulper) with local workers, trained and controled by the service provier once in 5 year for free Treatment: research with composting and Pelletizing Fecal sludge wih 25% TS / 60 L/user x year

16 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Sludge Pelletizer (PPS) Problem: treatment and disposal of fecal sludge which contains parasite eggs. Resarch with PPS- industrial drying Fuel/ Petrol drying 200 o C for 10min: 1. separating of garbbage (25% solids) 2. pressing to Pellets 3. Drying to 80% (solids) Container construction: 1m³ FS/h or 3m³sludge /h (without garbage) Energy: 8-10L Petroll/m³ Costs: / Container Reuse as fertilizer is possibel, 100% hygenized product

17 Integral Sanitation Approach example Durban Decentralized wastewater treatment Dezentralized treatment plants with simplefized sewer (condominal) Objectiv: treatment services for residential periurban areas with water supply, where the people use water WC. Alternativ: households use Septic Tanks and only the solid free effluents is treated in a dezentralized plant. Fecal sludge from Septic Tank L/ user x year

18 Integral Sanitation Approach for Urban Areas Example: Durban ethikwini Municipality, South Africa HOUSEHOLDS PUBLIC RESONSIBILITY SEWER BASED NON SEWER BASED PRIAVT FLUSH WC PUBLIC (SLUM) FLUSH WC PRIVATE PIT-LATRINE PRIVATE UD-TOILET SEWERAGE STOARGE Fecal Sludge Onsite Greywater Leachate STORAGE Dry Feces Onsite Greywater Urine WWTP FS Transport (Truck) SLUDGE TREATMENT FS Drying (Pelletizer) TREATED EFFLUENTS STABILZED SLUDGE BIOGAS (sludge) PELLETS (fecal sludge) decentralized DRIED FECES, onsite URINE, onsite

19 AfricaSan3, Kigali, Rwanda 17 th - 19 th July 2011 INTEGRATING FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT INTO URBAN SANITATION PLANNING Factors for successful strategic planning Responds to local demands for improved services. Identifies the most appropriate/ cost-effective sanitation technologies and service delivery mechanisms. Builds upon existing investments, local resources and capacities of different stakeholders. Realistic given the limitations of existing resources Promotes agreements and coordination with local authorities, local service providers and other stakeholders. Experiences EWS Durban + Public responsibility + Sewer + WWTP, UT-Toilets Pit-Latrines emptying, Public Toilets/slums- REUSE + National and municipal investment + Centralized sanitation decentralized/on-site + Public/private sector (no NGO)

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