Microalgae culture training for Samoa Fisheries staff

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Microalgae culture training for Samoa Fisheries staff"

Transcription

1 Final report for Mini-project MS0503: Microalgae culture training for Samoa Fisheries staff Aleluia Taise Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Division, Apia, Samoa 1

2 Background Marine microalgae are known to be the basic source of important nutrients essential for larval development for almost all marine invertebrates, allowing growth and transformation through to juvenile and adult stages to proceed. Diatoms Chaetocerus gracilis and Navicula ramoissima are currently cultured for feed for aquaculture commodities in Samoa, namely for sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Both species are produced in a small algal laboratory located in the Fisheries Division main office in Apia (Fig. 1a), in 3000 ml glass conical flasks, and 500 ml and 1000 ml glass cylinders (Fig. 1b). 2), freshwater hatchery in Apia (Fig. 3) and the algal laboratory. Upgrading the facilities and purchase of backup equipment were also made possible. Aquaculture in Samoa is at its infancy stage, focussing all efforts on initiative, operational and developing activities. Aquaculture at the subsistence or village level is popular however, as one of the objectives for MAF s work sequence for the next five years as stated in the Samoa Development Strategic Plan (SDS), which marks the progress of aquaculture development in Samoa. Other objectives included in the Division s SDS are: to formulate an aquaculture sector plan to provide a directive measure for all aquaculture activities: develop Figure 1. Samoa Fisheries Division, Apia (a) microalgae laboratory, and (b) diatom culture in flasks. Aquaculture activities in Samoa over the years have been haphazard primarily due to insufficient resources to work with, and of course the limited technical knowledge of staff. Financial support from the government has been limited, called for the collaboration of the Division with foreign aid agencies through which, several small funded projects were developed to assist mainly research trial activities. Major results were the establishment of the marine hatchery facility at Toloa (Fig. Figure 2. Samoa Fisheries Division, Toloa marine hatchery. a technical manual for sea urchin aquaculture; develop a manual for microalgal culture, and to formulate a hygiene protocol for the hatchery and algal laboratory. There are four main aquatic species involved with aquaculture in Samoa. These include marine species such as: giant clam Tridacna sp; sea urchin T. gratilla; and trochus Trochus nilotica; and freshwater tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Since the objective is to establish a commercial aquaculture venture, the essential aspect of the process would be to increase hatchery production of larvae through effective management and technical measures to enhance survival rate. One of these measures is to uphold production and supply of microalgae for feed. Feed quality and quantity are important aspects for larval rearing, as they would always have to approximately match the morphological and nutritional characteristics of the larvae for better results. Contamination of the algal cultures by any means is undesirable, therefore it is important to maintain good hygiene in the hatchery and algal laboratory at all times. 2

3 Figure 3. Samoa Fisheries Division, Apia freshwater raceways for tilapia culture. Training The knowledge and skills of Fisheries Aquaculture staff on the technical and managerial aspects of microalgal culture are limited. This, in addition to the initiative of SFD to formulate a manual for microalgae culture, called for further technical training of aquaculture officer, Aleluia Taise. Ms Taise undertook a three-week attachment in Australia with the Live Prey Unit at the Northern Fisheries Centre (NFC) in Cairns, Queensland, from April 20 to May The training aimed to enhance staff capacity at operating and managing all aspects of the laboratory, particularly with regard to maintaining good hygiene and sustaining production. At NFC (Fig. 4 a,b), marine microalgae are culture mainly for larval feed for echinoderms such as sea cucumber (sandfish) and for enrichment for zooplankton such as rotifers and copepods, which are then fed to larvae of fish and crustaceans. The seawater system involves an intensive series of filtration techniques (including UV light) to minimize contamination from other unwanted microalgae species as well as protozoans and bacteria. The seawater for microalgal culture is further sterilised by addition of sodium hypochlorite (chlorine). However, it was suspected by DPI&F staff that the crash of some of the microalgal cultures could have been due to the poor quality of the chlorine. Chlorine may not be very effective after two weeks and could deteriorate the cultures. Over the three weeks that was allocated for the Figure 4. Northern Fisheries Centre Live Prey Unit microalgae facilities (a) stock cultures, and (b) scaled up algae production in carboys and plastic bags. training, each day a lesson was learnt. Although the same activities were performed daily, each step was important. Outcomes of the training included the following: Acquired practical experience in inoculation and maintenance of stock cultures; 3

4 Acquired knowledge for serial dilution procedure necessary when algal cultures are contaminated to bring the culture density down to ~1 cell/ml; Enhanced knowledge of counting cells under microscope; Enhanced knowledge on the appropriate optimal range of physical parameters for culture of microalgae such as water temperature, salinity and light intensity; Acquired an insight into different types of microalgae utilized for aquaculture in Cairns; Acquired knowledge of possible alternatives to encounter some problems and fill the gaps in the process in Samoa; Built initiative; and Enhanced knowledge of keeping a good hygiene level in the hatchery and laboratory. The training at DPI&F in Cairns was both beneficial and challenging. Of course, resource availability was not an issue at NFC in comparison to aquaculture in Samoa. One subject that was surprising was that even local farmers possess their own hatchery and small, but effective, algal laboratory or so-called work bench. A field trip to fish farms south of Cairns during the attachment revealed that farmers are utilising different methods to keep their facility operating, taking into account the limited resources available to them. Application for aquaculture in Samoa Samoa has relatively good seawater quality, which eases the demand for establishment of costly UV treatment and huge water storage tanks. The water temperature and salinity are quite stable, although sometimes variations occur due to heavy rainfall or exposure to the sun. It is anticipated to establish polycarbonate clear roofing or alternatively at the marine hatchery to compensate for that problem. There had been failure to produce giant clam juveniles for species T. maxima for the last three spawning runs, and was suspected to be caused by either dramatic drop in water salinity due to freshwater influx from heavy rains or toxicity from using too much chlorine powder when cleaning the cement tanks prior to spawning. At the hatchery, all equipment used is soaked in a chlorine bath of unknown concentration overnight. Flasks and laboratory material at the algal laboratory are thoroughly rinsed with 70 or 90% alcohol after cleaning with detergent. At NFC, chlorine is in liquid form (sanichlor) of standard ratio and utilized at different concentrations for sterilization according to the type of equipment or material to be cleaned or sterilized. The standard alcohol concentration used at NFC is 70% which lyses or ruptures the cell membrane and actually kills bacteria and other micro-organisms. Use of 90% alcohol results in dessication of the cell and would cause it to remain inactive, but the cell would become active again once water or moisture come sin contact. Any concentration less than 70% is not effective. Conclusions In brief, the training at NFC was advantageous and helped to enhance the capacity of the Samoa Fisheries trainee at performing different operations for microalgae culture development. Enhanced knowledge and ideas obtained from the training are proposed to assist formulation of the microalgae manual for Samoa Fisheries Division Aquaculture group and be able to address the gaps in the hatchery and algal laboratory processes in Samoa. Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries in Cairns Queensland, especially to Ms Cathy Hair, Dr Richard Knuckey, Mrs Gale Semmens and Mr Damien McKeering, for all the kind support and assistance provided during my training and stay in Cairns. Special thanks to ACIAR for financial support, which enabled me to undertake this training attachment. FA AFETAI LAVA 4

5 Final report for Mini-project MS0502: Microalgae culture training for Tonga Fisheries staff Malimali Siola a Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries Nuku alofa, Tonga 1

6 Approach: Training will be provided to a member of the Aquaculture staff at Tonga Fisheries for the maintenance and scale-up of micro-algae cultures in support of the aquaculture hatchery activities of Tonga Fisheries. Mr. Siola a Malimali, the prior head of Aquaculture from Tonga Fisheries is currently undertaking study at AMC in Launceston towards a Master s degree. Upon completion he will return to Tonga and resume his Aquaculture duties. A short course on micro-algae culture was run by the University of Tasmania, School of Aquaculture in Launceston between 27 June and 1 July, Mr. Malimali attended the course and his report is below: Report of Mr. Siola a Malimali (Fisheries, Tonga). Background A microalgae growing course was carried out at the University of Tasmania, School of Aquaculture, Launceston. The course was an intensive introduction to laboratory and hatchery-scale algal culture technique. The objective was to provide participants with a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of growing microalgae in laboratory and hatchery-scale system. The course was conducted on a lecture-based theory and hand-on practical session providing participants with training in algal culture techniques. The 5 day course covered several aspects of microalgae culture including: Basic microalgae physiology Influence of light, temperature and nutrients on algal growth Nutritional quality for feeding larval aquatic animals Discussion on specific issues and problems with culturing in a hatchery context. Participants from different institutions and industries working with microalgae were interested to further their knowledge on microalgae culture. The Tongan participant was able to attend the course through the funding from ACIAR Projects. Daily schedule Day 1 - Algal taxonomy-major algal groups, diversity and taxonomy - Principles and theory of algal growth - Observed aquaculture microalgae - Inoculate 40ml tube culture & estimate biomass by fluorescence - Set up and inoculate 70L minibag & estimate bag biomass by fluorescence Day 2 - Algal growth in batch culture - Growth in semi-continuous and continuous culture - Hatchery-scale production cultures - Observe aquaculture and harmful microalgae - Estimate biomass of 40ml tube and 70L minibag by fluorescence - Inoculate f/2 plates and slopes, example of aquaculture algae on solid f/2 media - Serial dilution of algal culture & incubate plates at 25 0 c Day 3 - Algal physiology-photosynthesis, respiration and catabolism, algal growth responses to light, algal nutrients, growth media and response to nutrient limitation - Algal growth responses to temperature, Summary and overview of physiology - Estimate biomass by fluorescence - Estimate biomass by cell count - Practice flaming and pour/pipette transfer - Serial dilution isolation 2

7 - Observe and practice micropipette making and manipulation - Streak 7 stereomicroscope isolation of colonies/cells Day 4 - Hatchery nutrition- Nutrition components and gross composition of microalgae, marine larval nutrition, effect of light, temperature and nutrient stress, live feed & supplementation, artificial and alternative diets. - Estimate biomass by fluorescence - Calculate growth rate in minibags culture - Examine growth on f/2 plate and slope Benefits of course attendance The course is very useful to the Ministry of Fisheries in Tonga as it currently interested developing pearl oyster culture using hatchery propagation. After attending the course, I had some idea about microalgae culture and will be able to use it for the development of pearl oyster industry in Tonga. After attending the course I will be able to grow algae and improve my knowledge and experience from there onward. In addition, learning about harmful microalgae was very interesting. Day 5 - Harmful algae and phytoplankton monitoring strategies - Discussion and brainstorming for solution to common algal problems and issues in hatchery context. - Course finish 3

Training Manual on Live Feed for Marine Finfish and Shellfish Culture

Training Manual on Live Feed for Marine Finfish and Shellfish Culture CMFRI Training manual Ser. No.: 9/2016 Training Manual on Live Feed for Marine Finfish and Shellfish Culture VISAKHAPATNAM REGIONAL CENTRE ICAR-CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE OCEAN VIEW LAYOUT,

More information

FIRST LEVEL COURSE IN ORNAMENTAL AQUACULTURE

FIRST LEVEL COURSE IN ORNAMENTAL AQUACULTURE FIRST LEVEL COURSE IN ORNAMENTAL AQUACULTURE PROPONENT Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via brecce bianche 60131, Ancona, Italy. THE COURSE The degree

More information

ECONOMICAL IMPACT OF ROTIFER CULTURE PROBLEMS IN A HATCHERY. Larvi 05

ECONOMICAL IMPACT OF ROTIFER CULTURE PROBLEMS IN A HATCHERY. Larvi 05 ECONOMICAL IMPACT OF ROTIFER CULTURE PROBLEMS IN A HATCHERY Larvi 05 What is the cost structure in a marine hatchery? Producing in a hatchery is: 40% Labour 14% Investment 8.5%Energy Source of following

More information

Optimum Nutritional Requirement for the growth of Chaetoceros Calcitrans

Optimum Nutritional Requirement for the growth of Chaetoceros Calcitrans Research Journal of Marine Sciences ISSN 2321 1296 Optimum Nutritional Requirement for the growth of Chaetoceros Calcitrans Abstract Bindhu K.B. Department of Botany, Carmel College, Mala, Thrissur, Kerala,

More information

New mud crab hatcheries for Bangladesh design concepts and draft budget for a demonstration-scale and full-scale commercial hatchery

New mud crab hatcheries for Bangladesh design concepts and draft budget for a demonstration-scale and full-scale commercial hatchery Attachment 2 New mud crab hatcheries for Bangladesh design concepts and draft budget for a demonstration-scale and full-scale commercial hatchery Colin Shelley, Disclaimer This report is based on information

More information

Tilapia. Tilapia have been introduced into more than 90 countries on all the continents except Antarctica

Tilapia. Tilapia have been introduced into more than 90 countries on all the continents except Antarctica Tilapia Tilapia have been introduced into more than 90 countries on all the continents except Antarctica * tilapia second most important fish in aquaculture American Tilapia Association - http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ata.html

More information

Mississippi Oyster Status/Management

Mississippi Oyster Status/Management Mississippi Oyster Status/Management 293 Stations 75 One Minute Dredge 586 m² Dive Samples 661 Total Samples Collected 2016 Oyster Mortalities Sequence of Events High levels of Dermo (Perkinsus marinus

More information

Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Evaluating an Aquatic Organism's Aquaculture Potential 1

Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Evaluating an Aquatic Organism's Aquaculture Potential 1 FA146 Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Evaluating an Aquatic Organism's Aquaculture Potential 1 Cortney L. Ohs and R. LeRoy Creswell 2 Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Evaluating an

More information

The ballast water challenge

The ballast water challenge The ballast water challenge The movement of organisms via the transport of water from one ecological system or part of the world to another can pose serious ecological and health threats in the host environment.

More information

EWS for Algae: A Superior Algae Harvesting Process

EWS for Algae: A Superior Algae Harvesting Process ALGAE HARVESTING High-Speed, Chemical-Free Algae Harvesting WHITE PAPER Electro Water Separation EWS for Algae: A Superior Algae Harvesting Process Background Current equipment used to mechanically harvest

More information

School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences

School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences 1 School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences Fisheries science combines a general foundation in chemistry, mathematics and biological sciences

More information

MARICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES INT L., INC.

MARICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES INT L., INC. MARICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES INT L., INC. P.O. BOX 1020, OAK HILL, FLORIDA, USA 32759 TELEPHONE: 386-345-3337 FAX: 386-345-3786 Email:McMaster@MaricultureTechnology.com STATUS OF POMPANO FARMING METHODOLOGIES

More information

Understanding the Environmental Requirements for Fish

Understanding the Environmental Requirements for Fish Lesson C3 2 Understanding the Environmental Requirements for Fish Unit C. Animal Wildlife Management Problem Area 3. Fish Management Lesson 2. Understanding the Environmental Requirements for Fish New

More information

food webs quiz What will most likely happen to the foxes and the wolves if the rabbits are removed? C. D.

food webs quiz What will most likely happen to the foxes and the wolves if the rabbits are removed? C. D. Name: ate: 1. The picture below shows an energy pyramid. 3. Which model correctly shows energy flow in a food chain?.. What will most likely happen to the foxes and the wolves if the rabbits are removed?...

More information

Florida Aquaculture Plan August 2017

Florida Aquaculture Plan August 2017 Florida Aquaculture Plan August 2017 Prioritized recommendations for applied research and economic development by the Aquaculture Review Council for the purposes of creating new technologies, improved

More information

Parinya Sutthinon 1, Wara Taparhudee 2 * and Renu Yashiro 1 ABSTRACT

Parinya Sutthinon 1, Wara Taparhudee 2 * and Renu Yashiro 1 ABSTRACT Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 104-109 (2007) Nursing of Babylon Snail (Babylonia areolata Link, 1807) from Veliger Larvae to Early Juveniles Using Different Materials Attached on Edge of Nursing Tanks

More information

Facility & Technology of Water Recirculating Aquaculture

Facility & Technology of Water Recirculating Aquaculture Facility & Technology of Water Recirculating Aquaculture SUN Jianming Dalian Huixin Titanium Equipment Development CO.LTD Research Center for Facility Fishery Engineer of Liaoning Province Outline Ⅰ. General

More information

5 - Chlorophyll Analysis Lab.

5 - Chlorophyll Analysis Lab. 5 - Chlorophyll Analysis Lab. Objectives: To determine the chlorophyll a concentration. Introduction: Chlorophylls are the essential photosynthetic pigments present in all green plants and algae, and allow

More information

Carbon Dioxide Fertilization of Marine Microalgae (Dunalliela sp.) Cultures

Carbon Dioxide Fertilization of Marine Microalgae (Dunalliela sp.) Cultures www.carboschools.org Carbon Dioxide Fertilization of Marine Microalgae (Dunalliela sp.) Cultures Sally Soria-Dengg, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany sdengg@ifm-geomar.de Version 1.0, September 2008 Aim: This

More information

Teacher Background Information Making Fuel from Algae Lesson Plan

Teacher Background Information Making Fuel from Algae Lesson Plan Teacher Background Information Making Fuel from Algae Lesson Plan 1. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are a finite resource including coal, oil, and natural gas. These were produced from materials such as algae

More information

Transformation: Theory. Day 2: Transformation Relevant Book Sections

Transformation: Theory. Day 2: Transformation Relevant Book Sections Day 2: Transformation Relevant Book Sections We will follow the protocols provided in various industry-standard kits, instead of the protocols described in these chapters, but the chapters provide good

More information

AQUACULTURE SUMMARY. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture Report FAO 2016

AQUACULTURE SUMMARY. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture Report FAO 2016 AQUACULTURE SUMMARY The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture Report FAO 2016 The following report is a summary of the The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016 1 : Contributing to food security

More information

DAIRY WATERS. (Coliform Group and Escherichia coli) [E. coli verification required only on source water] IMS #24

DAIRY WATERS. (Coliform Group and Escherichia coli) [E. coli verification required only on source water] IMS #24 DAIRY WATERS (Coliform Group and Escherichia coli) [E. coli verification required only on source water] IMS #24 [Unless otherwise stated all tolerances are ±5%] 1. Laboratory Requirements a. Cultural Procedures

More information

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS. Q.1. What are the different ways in which water gets contaminated?

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS. Q.1. What are the different ways in which water gets contaminated? 18 POLLUTION OF AIR 18 AND WATER TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS Q.1. What are the different ways in which water gets contaminated? Ans. The different ways in which water gets contaminated are : (a)

More information

Food for thought Coral Reef Food Web. Photo credit: George Stoyle

Food for thought Coral Reef Food Web. Photo credit: George Stoyle Food for thought Coral Reef Food Web Photo credit: George Stoyle Notes for teachers: Food for thought is an interactive food webs game, designed to give pupils an appreciation for the fact that every organism

More information

Use of Algae Appliance for Harvesting and Microbiological Control of Algal Biomass

Use of Algae Appliance for Harvesting and Microbiological Control of Algal Biomass Use of Algae Appliance for Harvesting and Microbiological Control of Algal Biomass By Jose Sanchez Piña, General Manager Algae Division, OriginOil Inc European Algae Biomass, Vienna Austria, April 24-25,

More information

THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF ENVIRO TECH CHEMICAL SERVICES INC. S. BromMax 7.1 TO THE FRESHWATER ALGAE, SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM,

THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF ENVIRO TECH CHEMICAL SERVICES INC. S. BromMax 7.1 TO THE FRESHWATER ALGAE, SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM, THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF ENVIRO TECH CHEMICAL SERVICES INC. S BromMax 7.1 TO THE FRESHWATER ALGAE, SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM, FRESHWATER CRUSTACEAN, DAPHNIA MAGNA, AND THE FRESHWATER FISH, PIMEPHALES PROMELAS

More information

Tilapia farming in Samoa

Tilapia farming in Samoa SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ON THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR TILAPIA. (8th 11th December 2009, New Caledonia 09 ) Tilapia farming in Samoa General Information about Samoa Proud of Samoa

More information

a) Temperature b) Light c) Decomposition d) Mixing/Turbulence e) Salinity

a) Temperature b) Light c) Decomposition d) Mixing/Turbulence e) Salinity Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Productivity Activity Introduction: DO is often used as an indicator of water quality. You have probably read or seen news reports of fish kills that have been linked to sewage

More information

Need & Opportunities for more integrated farming practices in coastal and offshore aquaculture. Patrick Sorgeloos Ghent University, Belgium

Need & Opportunities for more integrated farming practices in coastal and offshore aquaculture. Patrick Sorgeloos Ghent University, Belgium Need & Opportunities for more integrated farming practices in coastal and offshore aquaculture Patrick Sorgeloos Ghent University, Belgium The Ny-Ålesund Symposium 2016 Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard-Norway, September

More information

13 March 2016 Price is valid for available stock and 30 days from listed date; else is a guideline price.

13 March 2016 Price is valid for available stock and 30 days from listed date; else is a guideline price. 13 March 2016 Price is valid for available stock and 30 days from listed date; else is a guideline price. Item kg Price excluding VAT & excluding delivery Price excluding VAT & excluding delivery Chloramine

More information

The Promise and Challenges of Microalgae as a Source of Transportation Fuel. November 17, Jerry Brand

The Promise and Challenges of Microalgae as a Source of Transportation Fuel. November 17, Jerry Brand The Promise and Challenges of Microalgae as a Source of Transportation Fuel November 17, 2011 Jerry Brand Algal Biomass Summit Minneapolis, MN Oct. 25 27, 2011 The current excitement about algae So why

More information

Food Chains, Food Webs, and Bioaccumulation Background

Food Chains, Food Webs, and Bioaccumulation Background Food Chains, Food Webs, and Bioaccumulation Background Introduction Every living organism needs energy to sustain life. Organisms within a community depend on one another for food to create energy. This

More information

De Hoop Nature Reserve Western Cape, South Africa. Shell midden that is over 100,000 years old

De Hoop Nature Reserve Western Cape, South Africa. Shell midden that is over 100,000 years old Humans & the Sea De Hoop Nature Reserve Western Cape, South Africa Shell midden that is over 100,000 years old Shell fish hooks of South Coastal Californians (3000 BC-AD 900) 7 billion Human Population

More information

QIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit (Cat #: 12243)

QIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit (Cat #: 12243) QIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit (Cat #: 12243) Things to do before starting Add the provided RNase A solution to Buffer P1 before use. Use one vial of RNase A (centrifuge briefly before use) per bottle of Buffer

More information

Aquaculture, Bivalve molluscs and Seafood safety

Aquaculture, Bivalve molluscs and Seafood safety INSTITUTO PORTUGUÊS DO MAR E DA ATMOSFERA (IPMA, I.P.) Aquaculture, Bivalve molluscs and Seafood safety Maria Leonor Nunes Head of Aquaculture and Upgrading Divison WHO ARE WE? IPMA, I.P. is a governmental

More information

Outline. Sampling purpose D-2 standard Ballast water biology Indicative vs detailed analysis Organisms detection methods Viability Minimum dimension

Outline. Sampling purpose D-2 standard Ballast water biology Indicative vs detailed analysis Organisms detection methods Viability Minimum dimension Outline Sampling purpose D-2 standard Ballast water biology Indicative vs detailed analysis Organisms detection methods Viability Minimum dimension Sampling Purpose Compliance with D-2 (Ballast Water Performance

More information

Name Hour AP Biology Lab: Dissolved Oxygen in Aquatic Ecosystem: The Relationship between Temperature, DO, and Respiration Rates

Name Hour AP Biology Lab: Dissolved Oxygen in Aquatic Ecosystem: The Relationship between Temperature, DO, and Respiration Rates Name Hour AP Biology Lab: Dissolved Oxygen in Aquatic Ecosystem: The Relationship between Temperature, DO, and Respiration Rates Although water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, biological life

More information

CHEMNIUM NACLO SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE GENERATOR

CHEMNIUM NACLO SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE GENERATOR CHEMNIUM NACLO SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE GENERATOR www.chemnium.com R ALL FOR BETTER WATER SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE NACLO APPLICATION Tap Water Disinfection Food & Beverage Processing Disinfection Waste Water Treatment

More information

Lab Exercise 13: Growth Curve

Lab Exercise 13: Growth Curve Lab Exercise 13: Growth Curve OBJECTIVES 1. Know the different phases of a standard growth curve. 2. Understand and perform direct measurement of bacterial growth through serial dilutions and standard

More information

Master 5.1, Newspaper Articles. Special Edition December 14. Special Edition March 17

Master 5.1, Newspaper Articles. Special Edition December 14. Special Edition March 17 Master 5.1, Newspaper Articles THE DAILY HERALD Special Edition December 14 Study Forecasts Future Food Shortage A new study published in the Journal of World Agriculture raises concerns that in the future

More information

INTRODUCTION TO OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS FINGERLING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION TO OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS FINGERLING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS WATER HARVESTING AND AQUACULTURE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION TO OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS FINGERLING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Eggs Fry Fingerlings INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AQUACULTURE AND AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

More information

Includes the coastal zone and the pelagic zone, the realm of the oceanographer. I. Ocean Circulation

Includes the coastal zone and the pelagic zone, the realm of the oceanographer. I. Ocean Circulation Includes the coastal zone and the pelagic zone, the realm of the oceanographer I. Ocean Circulation II. Water Column Production A. Coastal Oceans B. Open Oceans E. Micronutrients F. Harmful Algal Blooms

More information

4/28/2013. Transmission of Light in Seawater. Color in the Ocean Color of ocean ranges from deep blue to yellow-green Factors Turbidity from runoff

4/28/2013. Transmission of Light in Seawater. Color in the Ocean Color of ocean ranges from deep blue to yellow-green Factors Turbidity from runoff 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 CHAPTER 13 Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer Chapter summary in haiku form Primary produce Sunlight and phytoplankton Ocean is garden Chapter Overview Productivity

More information

Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities. Biosecurity. Use of Biosecurity. Practices, procedures and policies to prevent introduction and spread

Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities. Biosecurity. Use of Biosecurity. Practices, procedures and policies to prevent introduction and spread Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities Biosecurity Practices, procedures and policies to prevent introduction and spread Infectious diseases Microorganisms Bacteria, viruses, fungi Parasites Aquatic invasive

More information

Ecosystem Comparison

Ecosystem Comparison 4 th grade Lesson Plan Ecosystem Comparison Standards: 2.a. Students know plants are the primary source of matter and energy entering most food chains. 3.a. Students know ecosystems can be characterized

More information

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine life in Long Island Sound. Christopher J. Gobler, PhD

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine life in Long Island Sound. Christopher J. Gobler, PhD Impacts of ocean acidification on marine life in Long Island Sound Christopher J. Gobler, PhD Ocean acidification Lower ph, acidification Calcifying shellfish potentially vulnerable to ocean acidification

More information

Intensive Production of Ornamental Fish in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Intensive Production of Ornamental Fish in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Copyright National Aquaculture Training Institute Pty Ltd 2011 Slide 1 Intensive Production of Ornamental Fish in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Managing Director National Aquaculture Training Institute

More information

Fishnote. Redclaw Crayfish Aquaculture. (Cherax quadricarinatus) INTRODUCTION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT. No: 32 November I. Ruscoe, Fisheries, Darwin

Fishnote. Redclaw Crayfish Aquaculture. (Cherax quadricarinatus) INTRODUCTION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT. No: 32 November I. Ruscoe, Fisheries, Darwin Fishnote No: 32 November 2002 Redclaw Crayfish Aquaculture (Cherax quadricarinatus) I. Ruscoe, Fisheries, Darwin INTRODUCTION Redclaw is a species of freshwater crayfish native to the westerly and northerly

More information

STUDENT WORKBOOK. Marine Aquaculture: Raising Salt Water Fish in Your Classroom. by Brandy M. Moran Clifford A. Goudey and Alan L.

STUDENT WORKBOOK. Marine Aquaculture: Raising Salt Water Fish in Your Classroom. by Brandy M. Moran Clifford A. Goudey and Alan L. STUDENT WORKBOOK Marine Aquaculture: Raising Salt Water Fish in Your Classroom by Brandy M. Moran Clifford A. Goudey and Alan L. Hankin Marine Advisory Services Supported by the National Sea Grant College

More information

EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR RESIDUAL POLYMER AND AQUATIC TOXICITY TESTING FOR DREDGE SLURRY DEWATERING

EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR RESIDUAL POLYMER AND AQUATIC TOXICITY TESTING FOR DREDGE SLURRY DEWATERING EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR RESIDUAL POLYMER AND AQUATIC TOXICITY TESTING FOR DREDGE SLURRY DEWATERING Randy Wilcox, P.E. 1, Gregg E. Lebster 1, and Bruce Rabe 2 ABSTRACT Chemical conditioning is typically

More information

Virginia Cobia Farms. Industry Experience in Good Practice Recirculation Systems

Virginia Cobia Farms. Industry Experience in Good Practice Recirculation Systems Virginia Cobia Farms Industry Experience in Good Practice Recirculation Systems Elements of the Presentation Introduction Overview of Virginia Cobia Farms and its Cobia Products Overview of Recirculation

More information

HiPer Transformation Teaching Kit

HiPer Transformation Teaching Kit HiPer Transformation Teaching Kit Product Code: HTBM017 Number of experiments that can be performed: 10 Duration of Experiment: 4 days Day 1- Preparation of media and revival of E. coli Host Day 2- Inoculation

More information

Ecosystem consists of the organism which live in a particular area, the relationship between them, and their physical environment.

Ecosystem consists of the organism which live in a particular area, the relationship between them, and their physical environment. Ecosystem consists of the organism which live in a particular area, the relationship between them, and their physical environment. An ecosystem can be terrestrial (on land) or aquatic (in water) An ecosystem

More information

Guidelines for the transportation of fish

Guidelines for the transportation of fish Guidelines for the transportation of fish Transportation of Fish in Bags By L. Swann, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program, Purdue University - Fish, shellfish, and plants often are transported in sealed

More information

GOOD AQUACULTURE PRACTICES FOR ORNAMENTAL FRESHWATER ANIMALS FARM

GOOD AQUACULTURE PRACTICES FOR ORNAMENTAL FRESHWATER ANIMALS FARM THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD TAS 7426-2012 GOOD AQUACULTURE PRACTICES FOR ORNAMENTAL FRESHWATER ANIMALS FARM National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

More information

UNIVERSITEIT GENT. Laboratory of Microbiology K.L. Ledeganckstr. 35 B-9000 Gent (BELGIUM) SOP. Standard Operating Procedure

UNIVERSITEIT GENT. Laboratory of Microbiology K.L. Ledeganckstr. 35 B-9000 Gent (BELGIUM) SOP. Standard Operating Procedure SOP Standard Operating Procedure Author: Acronym: Date last modified: Geert Huys ASIARESIST-SAMPLE 13-01-2003 Title: SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PROCESSING PROCEDURES FOR THE ISOLATION OF AQUACULTURE-ASSOCIATED

More information

Fish room manual for visiting scientists. Ahituv Lab

Fish room manual for visiting scientists. Ahituv Lab Fish room manual for visiting scientists Ahituv Lab Purpose This document is intended to give a brief overview of the Ahituv lab Zebrafish facility. Visitors working with zebrafish should known and understand

More information

CORAL USES AND PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOLOMON ISLANDS

CORAL USES AND PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOLOMON ISLANDS CORAL USES AND PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOLOMON ISLANDS During a recent visit to Solomon Islands, staff from SPC's Aquaculture Section and the Solomon Islands Ministry of Fisheries and

More information

Final report for Mini-project MS0603: Margo Deiye, Ricky Star and Lucky Burramen 1 Satya Nandlal 2. Nauru Fisheries and Marine Resources Autority 2

Final report for Mini-project MS0603: Margo Deiye, Ricky Star and Lucky Burramen 1 Satya Nandlal 2. Nauru Fisheries and Marine Resources Autority 2 Final report for Mini-project MS0603: Eradication of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), restocking of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and improved aquaculture pond management in Nauru Margo Deiye,

More information

Bacterial Transformation and Protein Purification

Bacterial Transformation and Protein Purification Bacterial Transformation and Protein Purification Group 4 Natalie Beale Gregory A. Pate Justin Rousseau Dohee Won Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to perform a genetic transformation and

More information

COMMISSION REGULATION (EC)

COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) 6.8.2009 Official Journal of the European Union L 204/15 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 710/2009 of 5 August 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of

More information

2.4 TYPES OF MICROBIAL CULTURE

2.4 TYPES OF MICROBIAL CULTURE 2.4 TYPES OF MICROBIAL CULTURE Microbial culture processes can be carried out in different ways. There are three models of fermentation used in industrial applications: batch, continuous and fed batch

More information

MARINE POLLUTION DEGRADATION MITIGATION MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR IMPROVING MARINE ENVIRONMENT

MARINE POLLUTION DEGRADATION MITIGATION MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR IMPROVING MARINE ENVIRONMENT MARINE POLLUTION DEGRADATION MITIGATION MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR IMPROVING MARINE ENVIRONMENT The health of the world s oceans and marine life is degrading rapidly as a result of excess human activities.

More information

INTRODUCTION water-soluble Figure 1.

INTRODUCTION water-soluble Figure 1. INTRODUCTION Natural waters contain bacteria. The aerobic gram negative bacillus of the genera Psedomonas, Alcalignes, and Flavobacterium are common in natural waters. Many of these bacteria are able to

More information

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Aquaculture. ActionPlan

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Aquaculture. ActionPlan Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Aquaculture ActionPlan 2007 Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) 2007 All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any

More information

The Lemna Production System An Alternative biological system for the treatment of high saline waters from coal seam gas and coal mining operations

The Lemna Production System An Alternative biological system for the treatment of high saline waters from coal seam gas and coal mining operations PO Box 870 Armidale NSW 2350 Ph: 02 6772 8791 bellbtwm@northnet.com.au www.duckweed.com.au The Lemna Production System An Alternative biological system for the treatment of high saline waters from coal

More information

Project 7: Wound Cultures and Identification

Project 7: Wound Cultures and Identification Project 7: Wound Cultures and Identification Readings: https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wound-culture/tab/test Identification of Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria Guide to laboratory

More information

Project 5: Urine Cultures and Identification

Project 5: Urine Cultures and Identification Project 5: Urine Cultures and Identification Readings: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/urine-culture http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/558845 (Listen to the two lectures by Dr. Robert A. Weinstein.)

More information

Seafish summary FAO World aquaculture 2010 (published 9 November 2011)

Seafish summary FAO World aquaculture 2010 (published 9 November 2011) Seafish summary FAO World aquaculture 2010 (published 9 November 2011) Key details Global production of fish from aquaculture, (including finfish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals for human

More information

Eutrophication: Too Much of a Good Thing?

Eutrophication: Too Much of a Good Thing? Name Class Date Skills Practice Lab DATASHEET FOR IN-TEXT LAB Eutrophication: Too Much of a Good Thing? Plants depend on nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates to survive. However, when people release

More information

Farmed Fish & Shellfish Sourcing transparency 2017

Farmed Fish & Shellfish Sourcing transparency 2017 Farmed Fish & Shellfish Sourcing transparency 2017 Atlantic Halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus Norway Near Stavanger Halibut is a high value marine flatfish that is farmed in small volumes by a handful

More information

Ecosystem refers to the organism which live in a particular area, the relationship between them, and their physical environment.

Ecosystem refers to the organism which live in a particular area, the relationship between them, and their physical environment. Ecosystem refers to the organism which live in a particular area, the relationship between them, and their physical environment. Ecosystem have two components: Biocenosis: is the set of living being in

More information

Climate change effects on seafood safety and physiology in contaminated environments

Climate change effects on seafood safety and physiology in contaminated environments Integrated assessment of water quantity and quality and Global Change Climate change effects on seafood safety and physiology in contaminated environments Maulvault, A.L., Custódio, A., Anacleto, P., Repolho,

More information

Control of Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Aquaculture

Control of Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Aquaculture iv Control of Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Aquaculture 2003 Author ISBN 81-7035-283-5 All rights reserved. Including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof except for brief

More information

AquaInTech Inc. microbial products for improving shrimp productivity and farming profitability.

AquaInTech Inc. microbial products for improving shrimp productivity and farming profitability. PRO4000X tablets Reduces ammonia, vibrio loads and accumulated organic matter. Alters pond ecosystem improving the quality of the production environment. AquaInTech Inc. microbial products for improving

More information

Rodrigo Schveitzer, Dariano Krummenauer, Tzachi M. Samocha*, Timothy C. Morris, and Skylar Woodring.

Rodrigo Schveitzer, Dariano Krummenauer, Tzachi M. Samocha*, Timothy C. Morris, and Skylar Woodring. Performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in Super- Intensive Limited-Discharge Raceways with Foam Fractionation and Dissolved Oxygen Monitoring Systems as Management Tools Rodrigo Schveitzer, Dariano Krummenauer,

More information

Nursery Culture of the Bay Scallop

Nursery Culture of the Bay Scallop NRAC Publication No. 215-2010 University of Maryland, 2113 Animal Science Building College Park, Maryland 20742-2317 Telephone: 301-405-6085, FAX: 301-314-9412 E-mail: nrac@umd.edu Web: http://www.nrac.umd.edu

More information

LAB. LAB BENCH DISSOLVED OXYGEN & AQUATIC PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

LAB. LAB BENCH DISSOLVED OXYGEN & AQUATIC PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Period Date LAB. LAB BENCH DISSOLVED OXYGEN & AQUATIC PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Go back to The Biology Place s Lab Bench so you can walk through the Dissolved Oxygen experiment as a virtual laboratory. Web

More information

A LAYMAN S GUIDE TO GEOTHERMAL AQUACULTURE. Kenan C. Smith Geo-Heat Center January 1981

A LAYMAN S GUIDE TO GEOTHERMAL AQUACULTURE. Kenan C. Smith Geo-Heat Center January 1981 A LAYMAN S GUIDE TO GEOTHERMAL AQUACULTURE Kenan C. Smith Geo-Heat Center January 1981 INTRODUCTION The following paper is designed as an aid to anyone contemplating a venture into commercially raising

More information

ONTARIO SCIENCE CENTRE. Teacher Guide. Way to Glow Program

ONTARIO SCIENCE CENTRE. Teacher Guide. Way to Glow Program ONTARIO SCIENCE CENTRE Teacher Guide Way to Glow Program Table of Contents Bacterial transformation background information 3 Experimental procedure 5 Expected results 7 Post-program activity sheet 8 Post-program

More information

Histological preparation of embryonic and adult zebrafish eyes

Histological preparation of embryonic and adult zebrafish eyes Histological preparation of embryonic and adult zebrafish eyes Richard J. Nuckels 1 and Jeffrey M. Gross 1,2,3 1 Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology 2 Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology

More information

Coal Ash Concrete Blocks for Reduction of Algal Growth and Ammonia Toxicity

Coal Ash Concrete Blocks for Reduction of Algal Growth and Ammonia Toxicity 2011 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference May 9-12, 2011 in Denver, CO, USA http://www.flyash.info/ Coal Ash Concrete Blocks for Reduction of Algal Growth and Ammonia Toxicity Sangchul Hwang, Perla Torres,

More information

How multiple stressors affect habitat and water quality for freshwater pearl mussels. Freshwater Biologists Meeting, Trinity College 4 th March 2016

How multiple stressors affect habitat and water quality for freshwater pearl mussels. Freshwater Biologists Meeting, Trinity College 4 th March 2016 How multiple stressors affect habitat and water quality for freshwater pearl mussels Freshwater Biologists Meeting, Trinity College 4 th March 2016 Freshwater pearl mussel life strategy is to live long

More information

Ecology. Limiting factors. Introduction to Marine Ecology. Ecological communities and ecosystems

Ecology. Limiting factors. Introduction to Marine Ecology. Ecological communities and ecosystems Introduction to Marine Ecology Physical limiting factors light, temperature, salinity, nutrients, gases variation within the ocean: depth and geography Marine habitats: where to make a living Marine feeding

More information

Eutrophication: from nutrients to algae

Eutrophication: from nutrients to algae Eutrophication: from nutrients to algae Problem statement: Which nutrients are important for algal growth? Have you ever seen foam on the beach and wondered what it is and where it came from? Method: Chemical

More information

Coliforms, Total and E. coli

Coliforms, Total and E. coli Coliforms, Total and E. coli DOC316.53.01213 m-coliblue24 Broth PourRite Ampules 1 Method 10029 Scope and application: For potable water, nonpotable water, recreation water and wastewater. 1 USEPA accepted.

More information

Marine Primary Productivity: Measurements and Variability

Marine Primary Productivity: Measurements and Variability Why should we care about productivity? Marine Primary Productivity: Measurements and Variability Photosynthetic activity in oceans created current O 2 -rich atmosphere Plankton form ocean sediments & fossil

More information

SUNLIGHT & OCEAN ZONATION

SUNLIGHT & OCEAN ZONATION PLANKTON, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY EPSS 15 Fall 2017 LAB #7 SUNLIGHT & OCEAN ZONATION Sunlight is critical to the distribution of oceanic life The base of the food chain (phytoplankton)

More information

Principles of Ecology Ecosystem: Ecosystem Processes-I (Part-1)

Principles of Ecology Ecosystem: Ecosystem Processes-I (Part-1) Paper No. : 12 Module : 29 Ecosystem: Ecosystem Processes-I (Part-I) Development Team Principal Investigator: Co-Principal Investigator: Paper Coordinator: Content Writer: Content Reviewer: Prof. Neeta

More information

POLLUTION. algae >>> zooplankton >>> small fish >>> large fish >>> mammals

POLLUTION. algae >>> zooplankton >>> small fish >>> large fish >>> mammals OBJECTIVE: POLLUTION By the end of this lab you will be able to describe how chemical pollution, thermal pollution and acid rain affect the growth and reproduction of organisms. You will also determine

More information

Cargo Ships: Space Shuttles for Aliens

Cargo Ships: Space Shuttles for Aliens Cargo Ships: Space Shuttles for Aliens Dayne Buddo Senior Research Officer Natural History Division Institute of Jamaica An alien species is one that originates from another location, usually another country.

More information

21.4 Recombinant DNA technology Calculation worksheet. AQA Biology. Calculating the efficiency of DNA transfer during genetic engineering

21.4 Recombinant DNA technology Calculation worksheet. AQA Biology. Calculating the efficiency of DNA transfer during genetic engineering Calculating the efficiency of DNA transfer during genetic engineering Specification references 3.8.4.1 MS 0.1, MS 0.3 Learning outcomes After completing this worksheet you should be able to: manipulate

More information

Plasmid Midiprep Plus Purification Kit. Cat. # : DP01MD-P10/ DP01MD-P50 Size : 10/50 Reactions Store at RT For research use only

Plasmid Midiprep Plus Purification Kit. Cat. # : DP01MD-P10/ DP01MD-P50 Size : 10/50 Reactions Store at RT For research use only Plasmid Midiprep Plus Purification Kit Cat. # : DP01MD-P10/ DP01MD-P50 Size : 10/50 Reactions Store at RT For research use only 1 Description: The Plasmid Midiprep Plus Purification Kit provides simple

More information

General List of Activities Eligible for Investment Promotion

General List of Activities Eligible for Investment Promotion Section 1: Agriculture and Agricultural Products Activities Conditions Incentives 1.1 Manufacture of biological fertilizers, organic fertilizers, nano-coated organo chemical fertilizer and bio-pesticides

More information

Water Testing Analysis and Appraisal

Water Testing Analysis and Appraisal Water Testing Analysis and Appraisal at a rural village in Siem Reap, Cambodia By Fairfield Methodist Sec School Science Project 2011 Abstract We assessed the water conditions and water quality in Cambodia.

More information

KILL-TIME STUDIES Antimicrobial Activity of EO H 2 O Using Clostridium difficile spores Test Solutions: Acidic H 2 O Submitted December 12, 2011

KILL-TIME STUDIES Antimicrobial Activity of EO H 2 O Using Clostridium difficile spores Test Solutions: Acidic H 2 O Submitted December 12, 2011 KILL-TIME STUDIES Antimicrobial Activity of EO H 2 O Using Clostridium difficile spores Test Solutions: Acidic H 2 O Submitted December 12, 2011 December 20, 2011 PREPARED FOR: Rob Dahl Viritec, LLC. BY:

More information

Guidelines for the Husbandry of Amphibians and Reptiles

Guidelines for the Husbandry of Amphibians and Reptiles I. PURPOSE A. Amphibians and reptiles differ from other animals used in biomedical research in several ways. Therefore, it is very important to understand their physical and biological requirements in

More information

AQUACULTURE (118) DESCRIPTION STANDARDS, OBJECTIVES, AND INDICATORS STUDENTS WILL EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF FFA IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

AQUACULTURE (118) DESCRIPTION STANDARDS, OBJECTIVES, AND INDICATORS STUDENTS WILL EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF FFA IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. DESCRIPTION Students will gain knowledge and develop skills with respect to the scientific method in the context of raising and breeding fish. Course topics include fish ecology, anatomy and physiology,

More information

Future current: The high flow of change in global salmon farming technology

Future current: The high flow of change in global salmon farming technology Future current: The high flow of change in global salmon farming technology With the world s leading producing nation halting all licence allocations for traditional, open-pen marine farming, there is

More information