AEE Technical Roundtable Measurement and Verification. Alec Stevens, PE April 8, 2014
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1 AEE Technical Roundtable Measurement and Verification Alec Stevens, PE April 8, 2014
2 The Old Days
3
4 What does DMI do? Engineering Consulting since 1989 Demand Management Institute Focused on Energy Efficiency, predominantly in Large C&I&I buildings 15 staff: 5 PEs, 7 Engineers, one tech, one co-op, one admin. Work for PAs (utilities), their customers, and other professional firms Independent not an ESCo, we do not design, install, or sell equipment Types of services Energy Studies Commissioning Modeling LEED And M&V!!
5 Why does DMI perform M&V work? To support energy modeling assumptions To confirm operation of equipment during commissioning To complete Impact Evaluation studies To develop load shapes To continuously monitor building performance To have fun (seriously)
6 Sources of M&V Data Metering equipment installed by DMI Temporary vs. permanent installation Existing metering/trending equipment at customer site Accuracy, availability, and ease of downloading are always an issue Utility company interval data Third party data (NOAA weather data, for example)
7 Some Unique M&V Projects Gas Street Lamps Research and Production Lab CHP Performance Verification of Design Assumptions TV Transmitter Retrofit River Monitoring
8 Gas Street Lamps Circumstances: unmetered, unregulated street lamps running 24/7 What were we trying to verify? How much gas does a street lamp use? How does this vary with line pressure? How much do you save by only running lamps at night? What did we measure? Gas flow (cubic feet) Gas pressure (inches H2O) Temperature ( F, as a safety, with alarm text msg)
9 Gas meter with pulse output Close up of gas control, transducer
10 Gas Street Lamps Data collected locally with logger Data collected for two weeks+ Typical savings of 155 therms per year per lamp Developed curve of energy use vs. line pressure
11 Research Lab Submetering Circumstances: One electric meter, one gas meter, many loads within building, all HVAC operating 24/7 What were we trying to verify? Where is the energy used within the building? Where are the opportunities for energy savings? Is energy use accurately reflected in cost of goods? What did we measure? Multiple Electric Loads and Gas Loads Gas and Electric Interval Data OA Temp and RH
12 Research Lab Submetering What did we measure? Five 100% OA AHUs (Fan kw) Ten Recirculating AHUs (Fan kw) Six Exhaust Fans (Fan kw) Three Boilers (Gas use) Three Chillers (Compressor kw) Two air compressors (Motor kw) Eight pieces of process equipment Ten pumps (Pump kw) Utility gas and electric meters (pulse outputs) Outside Air Temp and RH
13 Research Lab Submetering Ongoing data collection since 2010 Data collected for customer s use Process energy use and cycle time Recommendations based on data Chiller savings opportunities Reduction of constant ACH rates Serve offices with new AHUs Annual Energy Cost Savings ($) $350,000 14,000 $300,000 12,000 $250,000 10,000 $200,000 8,000 $150,000 6,000 $100,000 4,000 $50,000 2,000 $0-0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Unoccupied Ventilation Fan Turndown (%) Cost Savings ($) Energy Savings (MMBtu) Annual Energy Savings (MMBtu) Savings can be estimated and tracked
14 Combined Heat and Power Performance Circumstances: CHP system serving residential apartment complex What were we trying to verify? How much electricity and heat is being generated Is performance as expected? What did we measure? Electricity generated, gas consumed (pulses) Heat recovered and where it is used (flow, temp) Use of backup heating systems (gas valve, pulse) Parasitic Loads (amperage)
15 Combined Heat and Power Performance Measured data for 14 months Calculated performance variations based on seasonal changes in loads Made recommendations for future CHP installations
16 100% Monthly Recovered Heat Distribution 90% 80% Percent of Recovered Heat 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Month Average % of recovered heat Average % of recovered heat Average % of recovered heat
17 Combined Heat and Power Performance Annual Performance Summary Purchased $114,000 of Natural Gas Generated $35,000 worth of electricity Recovered $56,000 worth of heat Net Loss of $23,000 Lessons Learned Spark Spread was unfavorable long term contracts for expensive gas and cheap electricity Load to be served by recovered heat was not consistent enough either seasonally or on a daily basis CHP was set up to lead electrically instead of thermally
18 Verification of Design Assumptions Circumstances: Pharmaceutical Company Building new R&D Lab. Designer assumed 25W/sf plug loads as basis of design. What were we trying to verify? Was the plug load assumption reasonable? What did we measure? Plug load panel demand for four panels serving existing labs (kw) Square footage of each metered lab space (from drawings)
19 Verification of Design Assumptions Meters installed for several weeks Data collected at 5-min intervals Lab equipment inventoried and determined to be typical for new lab space that was being designed Results presented to design team actual plug load energy use substantially less than designer s assumption Allows for downsizing of equipment and energy savings
20 TV Transmitter Retrofit Circumstances: Old transmitter replaced with new, more efficient transmitter. Savings claimed and incentive paid. Project selected for impact evaluation study What were we trying to verify? Were the savings as expected? What did we measure? Nothing!! (The utility company provided interval data)
21 TV Transmitter Retrofit Interval data shows the whole story Consistent demand for the old transmitter (yellow) Problems with old transmitter (purple) Testing of new transmitter (white) Switchover to new transmitter (blue) Eliminated off-air hours
22 Old Tx online Problems with Tx Old Tx back online Both Tx run together New Tx with lower demand online
23 River Monitoring Just for Fun Circumstances: Former DMI office located next to dam on Charles River. What were we trying to verify? We wanted to demonstrate our ability to collect data and display on a website, and provide info to community What did we measure? Rainfall Air temperature and RH River water temperature and dissolved oxygen River Stage (height above dam)
24 River Monitoring Just for Fun Collected data for several years (until lease was over) Data sent back to office by Wifi Sensors powered by solar panel Worked with DCR, Charles River Watershed Association and local school science class Curve to convert river stage to discharge Provided data on company website Avoided poison ivy, floods, and drowning!
25
26 Lessons from 15 years of M&V Experience Figure out which measurements are critical to the outcome and focus on those Be suspect of facility trend data (OAT sensors, for example) Strike the right balance between cost, complexity, and accuracy The longer you can collect data, the better (usually) Meters don t always work right factor this into your budget and always verify that the data is reasonable Consider clever use of proxy variables, but do it with care Be safe and have fun!
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