Salinity Effects on Agricultural Irrigation Related Uses of Water White Paper Executive Summary December 1, 2016

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Salinity Effects on Agricultural Irrigation Related Uses of Water White Paper Executive Summary December 1, 2016"

Transcription

1 Purpose Salinity Effects on Agricultural Irrigation Related Uses of Water White Paper Executive Summary December 1, 2016 Summarize current state of knowledge regarding the effects of elevated EC (TDS) concentrations on crop yields with specific attention to seasonal tolerances. Additional information provided regarding federal, state, international regulations and guidelines and effects of elevated EC on turfgrass, landscape plants and wetland plants. Regulations to Protect Agricultural Irrigation Related Uses Federal Federal salinity related guidelines for use of water delivered to farms for crop irrigation purposes are dated. With the exception of boron (1986 published recommendation), no salinity criteria or guidelines have been published by EPA since California Site specific objectives, rather than region wide water quality objectives, commonly adopted by Regional Boards for salinity related constituents. State Board adopted EC objectives for waters in the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento San Joaquin Delta Estuary. Other States Most reviewed states have an agricultural irrigation beneficial use, but criteria to protect the use are limited. Wyoming has adopted implementation procedures specific to protecting agricultural uses. International Irrigation guidelines published for Australia/New Zealand, Canada and South Africa; others appear to rely extensively on 1985 Food & Agriculture Organization guidelines. Salinity Effects on Agricultural Irrigation Related Uses Effect of Salinity on Growth Stage Generally, plants are more sensitive to salinity during the seedling stage than during germination; seedlings are also more sensitive than older plants. It is generally agreed that most plants become increasingly tolerant to salinity as they grow older. Tolerance of Agricultural Crops to Salinity Traditional approach to protecting crops from salinity related constituents in irrigation water relied extensively on Maas Hoffman model, which relates crop yield potential to soil salinity. Technical foundation for application of the Maas Hoffman model is primarily research on the salt tolerance of specific crops conducted primarily from the 1940s through the 1970s. Some newer citations are available, but for the most part, salt tolerance data is significantly dated. Relationship between increased salinity and crop yield does not take into account modern management practices that can mitigate salinity impacts. This finding was noted by Hoffman (2010) in his analysis of salinity effects and protection of bean crops. For example, beans can be grown with drip irrigation on lands where they cannot be grown using other methods as this method results in the salinity of the root zone and irrigation water becoming similar. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 1

2 Executive Summary Alternatives to the use of the basic Maas Hoffman model for estimating impacts of salinity on crop yields include use of steady state and transient models. Steady state models assume constant conditions (e.g., application of irrigation water, ET, soil salinity of root zone); transient models rely on real time data which adds a temporal component to the analysis. In 2011, California workgroup published new irrigation recommendations to obtain maximum yields in crops with a threshold salinity sensitivity of 1 ds/m ; guidelines rely on a steady state model but incorporate a water uptake weighted average of root zone salinity and rainfall as factors. Recent Findings from Central Valley Studies Study of salt tolerance of bean, alfalfa, and almonds in the Southern Sacramento San Joaquin Delta concluded that based on all of the models evaluated the EC water quality objective could be increased to as high as 0.9 to 1.1 ds/m and all the crops normally grown in the South Delta would be protected. However, study cautions that the salt tolerance data for bean (most sensitive crop) are based on five experiments conducted more than 30 years ago and no data are available regarding the impact of salinity on beans at different stages of growth. Accordingly, the study recommends that new studies be conducted if bean is used as the basis for setting a water quality standard. Study of salt tolerance to corn and rice in the Yolo Bypass area using a transient model indicated that irrigation water with an EC w of 1.4 ds/m is fully protective of corn and rice in all of the dominant soil types grown both within and outside that area. Model results also showed that yield potential for both crops can be maintained at 100% over 89% of the years under worst case scenarios. However, illustrating the potential site specificity of these studies another rice study in the Glenn Colusa Irrigation District suggested yield loss may occur when EC e was in the range of 1 ds/m, which for that site s conditions would mean an EC w in the range of 1.0 (Dickey and Nuss 2002). Role of Management Practices in Mitigating Salinity Impacts Various approaches for developing salinity thresholds for crop yields do not take into account benefits gained from application of modern irrigation practices which can mitigate salt impacts at the local level. Water and salt management generally occurs at the district level. How water is managed within a district can have a significant impact on the effects of salinity on crops both spatially and temporarily. Tolerance of Turfgrass and Landscape Plants to Salinity Some varieties of cut flowers are particularly sensitive to relatively low salinity concentrations. However, overall as a group turfgrass and landscape plants do not appear to be any more sensitive to salinity than vegetable, fruit, or forage crops as a group. Tolerance of Wetland Plants to Salinity Review of common wetland plant species that provide habitat, cover and foraging for waterfowl in the Central Valley shows that these species have a wide range of salt tolerance. The least tolerant species, swamp timothy and smartweed, have soil salinity thresholds of up to 5 ds/m, less sensitive than many vegetable, fruit, or forage crops. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 2

3 Memorandum To: From: CDM Smith Date: December 1, 2016 Subject: Salinity Effects on Agricultural Irrigation Related Uses Background The Executive Committee identified the following focus area for policy discussion: (Focus Area #6): Define what constitutes Reasonable Protection of Existing and Probable Future AGR uses with respect to electrical conductivity and some specific individual ions. To support the discussion, the Executive Committee requested the development of technical information in the following area: Summarize current state of knowledge regarding the effects of elevated EC (TDS) concentrations on crop yields with specific attention to seasonal tolerances. This Technical Memorandum (TM) represents the findings from research completed to date in this technical area. In addition to the specific areas of research posed above, we provide a summary of federal and California water quality standards currently applicable to agricultural use of water for the purposes of irrigation. For comparative purposes, we also provide information from selected states and international sources. All California Regional Boards define the agricultural supply use (AGR) as follows: Uses of water for farming, horticulture, or ranching including, but not limited to, irrigation, stock watering, or support of vegetation for range grazing. This definition is broad, encompassing both irrigation and livestock watering. For this White Paper we only provide information regarding use of water for irrigation. Information regarding other agricultural uses of water, in particular stock watering, is being developed by others in a separate paper. This review primarily evaluated the state of knowledge regarding total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) impacts on crop yields. Where appropriate or relevant, this information is supplemented with data regarding specific salinity related ions, in particular sodium, chloride and boron. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 1

4 For the purposes of this document EC data are reported in decisiemens/meter (ds/m) since this is the standard unit used in the agricultural literature. Other expressions of EC or TDS data related to these units include: 1 ds/m is equivalent to 1millisiemen/centimeter (ms/cm) or 1 millimhos/centimeter (mmho/cm). Where EC is expressed in water quality data as microsiemens/cm (µs/cm), 1 ds/m equals 1,000 µs/cm. The relationship between EC (ds/m) and TDS (mg/l) varies with the salinity composition of the water. For example, (a) 1 ds/m EC = 640 mg/l TDS, where the EC of the water is < 5 ds/m; and (b) 1 ds/m EC = 800 mg/l TDS, where the EC of the water is > 5 ds/m (e.g., see Grattan 2002). Regulations to Protect Agricultural Irrigation Related Uses This section includes a summary of (a) federal requirements or guidelines for the protection of waters used as an agricultural irrigation source; (b) California requirements for the protection of waters used as an irrigation source; and (c) requirements or guidelines established by selected western states or international entities. Federal Requirements State adopted surface water quality standards are typically based on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance developed under Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act. However, for protection of waters designated as AGR the EPA has not adopted 304(a) criteria specific to the protection of agricultural related uses. Instead, the EPA Water Quality Standards Handbook (EPA 2012) states that the Green Book (FWPCA 1968) and Blue Book (NAS and NAE 1972) provide information regarding these uses and that adoption of water quality standards to protect human health and aquatic life uses is sufficient to protect agricultural uses. This statement is certainly true for toxic compounds, but for salinity related impacts this is not necessarily correct. With the exception of boron, the EPA has not established 304(a) criteria for salinity related criteria for the purposes of protection of human health or aquatic life. Prior to the establishment of the EPA in 1972 and between 1972 and 1986 after the EPA was founded, the federal government published a series of documents that summarized the state of knowledge regarding appropriate water quality criteria to protect various beneficial uses of surface waters. These documents are often best known by the color of their covers, i.e., green, blue, red and gold books. The two earliest publications, Green Book (FWPCA 1968) and Blue Book (NAS and 1972), provide information on a wide range of potential uses of surface water. Later publications, Red Book (EPA 1976) and Gold Book (EPA 1986), emphasized the protection of human health and aquatic life uses. Following is a summary of the salinity related agricultural irrigation use protection recommendations contained in these publications. Green Book The Green Book (FWPCA 1968) provides recommended criteria for salinity (EC and TDS) (Table 1). In addition, this document provided information regarding the relative tolerance of common crop plants to salt based on EC (Figure 1, which provides information for vegetable crops; this 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 1

5 document contains similar figures for field and forage crops). The source for the Green Book information is a 1954 U.S. Department of Agriculture publication (US Salinity Laboratory Staff 1954). With regards to salinity hazard, this report stated the following: Waters with TDS less than about 500 mg/l are used by farmers without awareness of any salinity problem, unless, of course, there is a high water table. Also, without dilution from precipitation or an alternative water supply, waters with TDS of about 5,000 mg/l usually have little value for irrigation. Within these limits, the value of water appears to decrease as the salinity increases. Where water is to be used regularly for irrigation of relatively impervious soil, its value is limited if the TDS is in the range of 2,000 mg/l (emphasis in the original). Table 1. Salinity hazard associated with various types of agricultural water use based on assumptions associated with the development of these data for the Green Book (adapted from FWPCA 1968). Water Use TDS (mg/l) EC (ds/m) Water for which no detrimental effects will usually be noticed Water which can have detrimental effects on sensitive crops Water that may have adverse effects on many crops and requiring careful management practices Water that can be used for tolerant plants on permeable soils with careful management practices < 500 < , ,000 2, ,000 5, The Green Book also provides the following guidelines for specific salinity related ions: Sodium Water having sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values between 8 and 18 may have an adverse effect on the permeability of soils containing an appreciable proportion of clay because its use causes undesirable amounts of sodium to be adsorbed. Where used on sensitive crops, SAR values above 4 may be detrimental because of sodium phytotoxicity. Water low in salt but high in bicarbonate content may present a permeability hazard with low SAR values. Chlorides Although not phytotoxic to most crops, some chloride phytotoxicity has been found for some fruit crops. No limit has been established for chloride tolerant crops because detrimental effects from salinity per se ordinarily deter crop growth first. For chloride sensitive crops, chloride content in the soil solution may range from 10 to 50 meq/l with permissible levels in irrigation water ranging from 1 to 20 meq/l. More restrictive criteria should be considered where sprinkler irrigation is used. Boron Water containing more than 4 mg/l boron is generally unsatisfactory for all crops. In general, sensitive crops will show slight to moderate injury at boron levels of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l; semi tolerant, 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l; and tolerant crops, 2.0 to 4.0 mg/l. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 2

6 Figure 1. Crop salt tolerance in terms of soil salinity (EC e ) and percent yield loss based on specific water management and water distribution/drainage assumptions associated with the development of these data for the Green Book (originally Figure IV 1 in FWPCA 1968). Blue Book The Blue Book (NAS and NAE 1972) includes a chapter that provides recommendations for use of water for irrigation. For the most part these guidelines reiterate what was published in the Green Book. For example: Salinity Crops vary considerably in their tolerance to soil salinity in the root zone, and the factors affecting the soil solution and crop tolerance are varied and complex. Therefore, no recommendation can be given for these. For specific crops, however, it is recommended that the salt tolerance values (EC e ) for a saturation extract established by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff be used as a guide for production. The U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff reference is the same reference used in the Green Book. The Green Book TDS and EC guidelines shown in Table 1 above are included in the Blue Book. Chlorides Permissible chloride concentrations depend upon type of crop, environmental conditions and management practices. A single value cannot be given, and no limits should be established, because detrimental effects from salinity per se ordinarily deter crop growth first. Bicarbonates Specific recommendations for bicarbonates cannot be given without consideration of other soil and water constituents. Sodium No specific recommendations for sodium. Instead the recommendations address sodium effects on soils: To reduce the sodium hazard in irrigation water for a specific crop, it is recommended that the SAR value be within the tolerance limits determined by the U.S. Soil Salinity Laboratory Staff. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 3

7 Boron From the extensive work on citrus, one of the most sensitive crops, the maximum concentration of 0.75 mg boron/l for use on sensitive crops on all soils seems justified. Recommended maximum concentrations for semitolerant and tolerant plants are considered to be 1 and 2 mg/l, respectively. For neutral and alkaline fine textured soils, the recommended maximum concentration of boron in irrigation water used for a 20 year period on sensitive crops is 2.0 mg/l. With tolerant plants or for shorter periods of time higher boron concentrations are acceptable. Red Book For salinity related constituents, the EPA only established one recommended water quality criterion to protect waters used for irrigation boron at 0.75 mg/l applicable to sensitive plants during long term irrigation (EPA 1976). This criterion was primarily based on impacts to citrus observed above the 0.75 mg/l threshold. The Red Book also includes criteria for chlorides and sulfates but only to protect drinking water use. The Red Book contains no water quality criteria for EC or TDS for protection of water used for irrigation. Gold Book The Gold Book (EPA 1986) contains the same recommendations for boron as contained in the Red Book 0.75 mg/l for boron. Similarly, the inclusion of recommended criteria for chlorides and sulfates is based on the protection of a drinking water use. The Gold Book contains no water quality criteria for EC or TDS for protection of water used for irrigation. In summary, the federal water quality criteria recommendations for the protection of an AGR use as applied to water used for irrigation are (1) general and limited; (2) based on 1954 recommendations; and (3) include recognition that the selection of an appropriate criterion for salinity is dependent on site factors, in particular management practices and plant type. California Requirements All California Regional Boards have adopted an agricultural supply beneficial use to protect all agricultural related uses of water (AGR). This use applies to both agricultural use of water for irrigation and stock watering. This White Paper focuses on only on the former agricultural use of water. Few California regions have adopted AGR objectives in Basin Plans applicable to all waters with an AGR use; instead, most Basin Plans include site specific objectives (SSO) for salinity related constituents (surface water and groundwater). Table 2 summarizes the objectives adopted across the state. In addition to the Basin Plans adopted by each Regional Board, the State Water Resources Control Board (State Board) adopted Water Quality Control Plan for the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento San Joaquin Delta Estuary (December 13, 2006) contains EC water quality objectives for specific waterbodies taking into account, where appropriate, season and water year type (e.g., wet vs. dry). Of particular importance is the EC objective established for the San Joaquin River at Airport Way Bridge in Vernalis. The maximum 30 day running average of mean daily EC is 0.7 ds/m for April through August and 1.0 ds/m for the remainder of the year. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 4

8 Table 2. Summary of salinity related water quality objectives applicable to the AGR use adopted by California Regional Boards (NA None Applicable) Regional Board Salinity Related Constituents Explicitly Applicable to Entire Region TDS (mg/l) EC (ds/m) Cl (mg/l) SAR B (mg/l) Narratives Site Specific Objectives Region 1 NA NA NA NA NA Region 2 NA (adj) 2.0 Region 3 NA NA NA NA 0.75 Current: Surface waters or groundwaters designated AGR shall not contain concentrations of chemical constituents in amounts that adversely affect such beneficial use. Proposed: Remove above language specific to AGR. Proposed amendment states that AGR will be adequately addressed by the requirement that all beneficial uses of water are protected. Proposed new language: Waters shall not contain chemical constituents at concentrations that cause nuisance or adversely affect beneficial uses. Groundwater with a beneficial use of agricultural supply shall not contain concentrations of chemical constituents in amounts that adversely affect such beneficial use. In determining compliance with this objective, the Water Board will consider as evidence relevant and scientifically valid water quality goals from sources such as the Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations; University of California Cooperative Extension, Committee of Experts; and McKee and Wolf s Water Quality Criteria, as well as other relevant and scientifically valid evidence. Waters shall not contain concentrations of chemical constituents in amounts which adversely affect the agricultural beneficial use. Interpretation of adverse effect shall be as derived from the University of California Agricultural Extension Service guidelines provided in Table 3 3 (see Attachment A of this document). Salt concentrations for irrigation waters shall be controlled through implementation of the antidegradation policy to the effect that mineral constituents of currently or potentially usable waters shall not be increased. It is emphasized that no controllable water quality factor shall degrade the quality of any groundwater resource or adversely affect long term soil productivity. Selected waterbodies have TDS, EC and boron SSOs using 90% and 50% percentile upper limits for a calendar year State Board adopted San Francisco Bay/Sacramento San Joaquin Delta Estuary Water Quality Control Plan that contains EC SSOs that are seasonal and flow based (see text) SSOs for TDS, chloride, sulfate, boron and sodium established in selected surface waters and groundwaters 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 5

9 Table 2. Summary of salinity related water quality objectives applicable to the AGR use adopted by California Regional Boards (NA None Applicable) Regional Board Salinity Related Constituents Explicitly Applicable to Entire Region TDS (mg/l) EC (ds/m) Cl (mg/l) SAR B (mg/l) Narratives Site Specific Objectives Region 4 NA NA NA NA NA Surface waters (or groundwaters) shall not contain chemical constituents at concentrations in amounts that adversely affect any designated beneficial use. SSOs for TDS, chloride, sulfate, boron and SAR established in selected surface waters. SSOs for TDS, sulfate, chloride and boron established for selected groundwaters Where surface waters not specifically listed, footnotes include table of objectives for TDS, chloride and sulfate presented as a range. Sources include McKee and Wolf (1963), Ayers and Westcot (1985), Blue Book and others. Region 5 Sacramento/ San Joaquin River Drainages NA NA NA NA NA NA Sacramento/San Joaquin Selected waterbodies have TDS, EC, and chloride objectives Region 5 Tulare Lake Basin NA NA NA NA NA For inland surface water, waters shall be maintained as close to natural concentrations of dissolved matter as is reasonable considering careful use of the water resources. For groundwaters, all waters shall be maintained as close to natural concentrations of dissolved matter as is reasonable considering careful use of the water resources. No proven means exist at present that will allow ongoing human activity in the Basin and maintain groundwater salinity at current levels throughout the Basin. Accordingly, the water objectives for groundwater salinity control the rate of increase. Selected waterbodies have sitespecific EC objectives Maximum average annual increase in salinity measured as EC shall not exceed values specified in Table III 4 of the Basin Plan. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 6

10 Table 2. Summary of salinity related water quality objectives applicable to the AGR use adopted by California Regional Boards (NA None Applicable) Regional Board Salinity Related Constituents Explicitly Applicable to Entire Region TDS (mg/l) EC (ds/m) Cl (mg/l) SAR B (mg/l) Narratives Site Specific Objectives Region 6 NA NA NA NA NA Surface waters and groundwaters designated as AGR shall not contain concentrations of chemical constituents in amounts that adversely affect the water for beneficial uses (i.e., agricultural purposes). In determining compliance with objectives including references to the AGR designated use, the Regional Board will refer to water quality goals and recommendations from sources such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, University of California Cooperative Extension, Committee of Experts, and McKee and Wolf's Water Quality Criteria (1963). Selected waterbodies have TDS, EC, chloride, sulfate, boron, SAR or adjusted SAR, % sodium objectives; objectives based on annual mean but in some cases also a 90th percentile value is included. Region 7 NA NA NA NA NA Discharges of wastes or wastewater shall not increase the TDS content of receiving waters, unless it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Regional Board that such an increase in TDS does not adversely affect beneficial uses of receiving waters. TDS SSOs for specific waterbody reaches; any discharge (except agricultural) shall not cause TDS in surface waters to exceed annual average of 2000 mg/l or 4000 mg/l (waterbody dependent) and no discharge shall exceed 4,500 mg/l; SSOs applicable to the Salton Sea. Region 8 NA NA NA Region 9 NA NA NA NA NA Groundwater Hardness of receiving waters shall not be increased as a result of waste discharges to levels that adversely affect beneficial uses. Waters designated for use as an agricultural supply shall not contain chemical constituents in amounts that adversely affect such beneficial use. Table 3 1 in the Basin Plan provides guidelines for irrigated agriculture. SSOs for TDS, hardness, chloride, sulfate, and sodium for selected inland waters, both surface water and groundwater SSOs for TDS, chloride, sulfate, % sodium, iron, manganese, boron for selected inland waters, both surface water and groundwater not to be exceeded more than 10% of the time in any on year period. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 7

11 Other State Requirements For the purposes of this White Paper, we reviewed a number of western states water quality standards to determine if any states have established water quality standards to protect the use of water for irrigation that are innovative or unique. Table 3 summarizes the findings from this effort. A number of states focus groundwater protection standards on use of federal Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and secondary MCLs (SMCLs). The assumption appears to be that protection of groundwater as a drinking water supply will also provide protection for other beneficial uses of groundwater. Of all the western states reviewed, one was of particular interest Wyoming. This state has adopted implementation procedures specific to protecting agricultural uses (both irrigation and stock watering). This information has been included in this document as Attachment B. International Requirements The water quality guidelines or standards established by selected international organizations and countries were reviewed for the purposes of this White Paper. Following is a summary of the findings. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Ayers and Westcot (1985; originally published in 1976) serves as a primary source for guidelines commonly used to set water quality objectives for the protection of water used for irrigation. This document was prepared for the FAO, an office of the United Nations. Since its original publication and subsequent revision, Ayers and Westcot (1985) is one of the most commonly cited authorities on the effects of salinity on agriculture. In particular, Ayers and Westcot (1985) published, Guidelines for Interpretations for Water Quality for Irrigation (Table 4), which provides water quality recommendations for several salinity related constituents, including EC, TDS, SAR, sodium, chloride and boron. Per the authors, the basis for the use of these guidelines is as follows: General Intent: These guidelines are intended to cover the wide range of conditions encountered in irrigated agriculture. Several basic assumptions have been used to define their range of usability. If the water is used under greatly different conditions, the guidelines may need to be adjusted. Wide deviations from the assumptions might result in wrong judgments on the usability of a particular water supply, especially if it is a borderline case. Where sufficient experience, field trials, research or observations are available, the guidelines may be modified to fit local conditions more closely. Crop Yield Potential: Full production capability of all crops, without the use of special practices, is assumed when the guidelines indicate no restrictions on use. A restriction on use indicates that there may be a limitation in choice of crop, or special management may be needed to maintain full production capability. A restriction on use does not indicate that the water is unsuitable for use (emphasis in the original). 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 8

12 Table 3. Salinity related water quality standards established by selected western states State Use & Definition Narrative Numeric Comments Arizona Surface Water Agricultural Irrigation: Use of surface water for crop irrigation Groundwater protected for drinking water use Surface Water None identified Groundwater General narrative that no pollutant shall be discharged that impairs the use of the water Surface Water Boron = 1.0 mg/l Salinity Only criteria are TDS objectives specific to the Colorado River below Hoover Dam (established by the Colorado Salinity Control Forum): o The flow weighted average annual salinity (as mg/l TDS) in the lower mainstem of the Colorado River shall be maintained at or below the following concentrations: (a) below Hoover Dam 723 mg/l; (b) below Parker Dam 747 mg/l; (c) Imperial Dam 879 mg/l Groundwater Only criteria are MCLs State is subject to requirements of Colorado Salinity Control Forum Manage salts to meet TDS numeric criteria applicable to Colorado River below Hoover Dam (see previous column) Colorado Surface Water Agriculture Use: Surface waters are suitable or intend to become suitable for irrigation of crops usually grown in Colorado and which are not hazardous as drinking water for livestock Groundwater Agriculture is a designated use of groundwater (no specific definition identified) Surface Water None identified Groundwater None specific to agriculture; however, rules include the following: Where a table value [numeric criterion] is exceeded by the background level, the applicable standard for that parameter shall be either 1) the table value or 2) the background level for that parameter. This determination shall be made considering the increased risk to public health, crops, or livestock associated with the background levels, the extent of the exceedance above the table value, the degree to which the pollution is deemed correctable and subject to treatment; and the economic reasonableness of such treatment requirements. Surface Water Boron = 0.75 mg/l TDS criteria only applicable to groundwater: o If background TDS is mg/l, then maximum allowable concentration (MAC) is 400 mg/l or 1.25 times the background level, whichever is least restrictive o If background TDS is ,000 mg/l, then MAC is 1.25 the background level o If background TDS is > 10,000 mg/l, then no MAC Groundwater Same boron and TDS criteria as applied to surface water Subject to requirements of Colorado Salinity Control Forum Manage salts to meet TDS numeric criteria applicable to Colorado River below Hoover Dam (see Arizona) 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 9

13 Table 3. Salinity related water quality standards established by selected western states State Use & Definition Narrative Numeric Comments Idaho Surface Water Agricultural Water Supply: Water quality appropriate for the irrigation of crops or as drinking water for livestock. Applies to all surface waters of the state Groundwater Agriculture Water Supply is a beneficial use designated for groundwater Surface Water Water quality criteria for agricultural water supplies will generally be satisfied by the water quality criteria set forth in Section 200 (general narrative criteria). Should specificity be desirable or necessary to protect a specific use, Water Quality Criteria 1972" (Blue Book), Section V, Agricultural Uses of Water, NAS and NAE (1972) will be used for determining criteria. Groundwater None identified Surface Water None identified Groundwater No specific agricultural irrigation criteria; MCLs and SMCLs apply to all groundwater of the state Kansas Surface Water Agricultural Water Supply: The use of classified surface waters other than classified stream segments for agricultural purposes, including Irrigation, which means the withdrawal of classified surface waters other than classified stream segments for application onto land. Groundwater unclear, appear to be focused on protection of drinking water use Surface Water None identified Groundwater None identified Surface Water Boron = 0.75 mg/l Adopted site specific background concentrations for sulfate and chloride Groundwater None identified Montana Surface Water Agricultural Water Supply Use: no definition found Groundwater Waters classified based on natural specific conductance (EC 1 irrigation use; EC = 1 to 2.5 some irrigation; EC = 2.5 to 15, salt tolerant crops only; EC > 15 not protected for irrigation) Surface Water None identified Groundwater None identified Surface Water For specific watersheds adopted seasonal monthly average values and not to exceed values for EC and SAR. In general EC criteria can be characterized as follows: Monthly averages for named mainstem rivers range from 1 to 2.5 EC ds/m with not to exceed values ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 EC ds/m. For tributaries to named mainstem rivers no sample may exceed 0.5 EC ds/m Groundwater None identified Prepared document with basis for surface water EC/SAR criteria; driven by winter use of salt for roads 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 10

14 Table 3. Salinity related water quality standards established by selected western states State Use & Definition Narrative Numeric Comments Nebraska Nevada Surface Water Class A Waters used for general agricultural purposes (e.g., irrigation and livestock watering) without treatment; Class B Waters where the natural background water quality limits its use for agricultural purposes. No water quality criteria are assigned to protect this use. Groundwater All groundwaters protected as water supply for drinking, irrigation, livestock water, and other uses Surface Water Irrigation Use: The water must be suitable for irrigation without treatment Groundwater Unclear, appear to be protected for drinking water Surface Water Wastes or toxic substances introduced directly or indirectly by human activity in concentrations that would degrade the use (i.e., would produce undesirable physiological effects in crops or livestock) shall not be allowed. Groundwater Although all listed l uses shall be protected [includes irrigation], the highest and most sensitive beneficial use of groundwater is drinking water. Groundwater that is suitable for drinking water is usually suitable for other beneficial uses. Therefore, protecting groundwater for drinking water use normally protects it for all beneficial uses. Surface Water None identified Groundwater None identified Surface Water Class A Conductivity not to exceed 2,000 umhos/cm between April 1 and September 30 (appears this value is not to be exceeded at any time) Groundwater TDS, chloride and sulfate secondary MCLs apply Surface Water waterbody specific TDS standards adopted either as single values not to be exceeded or as annual averages. In some waters two values established: (a) value to protect the use; (b) value to maintain because existing water quality is better than the use protection value. SSOs vary across the state, e.g.: Northwest Region waterbodies 500 mg/l single sample or 95 th percentile (whichever is less) Truckee River (except Lake Tahoe) 500 mg/l annual average (but a number of watershed have lower values to protect existing water quality) Colorado River Colorado River TDS criteria established by Colorado River Salinity Control Forum apply (see Arizona) Groundwater MCLs and SMCLs appear to apply, but not clear State using drinking water protection as surrogate for protection of other potential uses of groundwater 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 11

15 Table 3. Salinity related water quality standards established by selected western states State Use & Definition Narrative Numeric Comments New Mexico Oklahoma Oregon Surface Water Irrigation Use: Application of water to land areas to supply the water needs of beneficial plants Groundwater Protected as current or future domestic and agricultural water supply use Surface Water Irrigation Agriculture Use: A subcategory of the agriculture beneficial use requiring water quality conditions that are dictated by individual crop tolerances Groundwater Beneficial uses have been assigned in all groundwaters that have a mean concentration of TDS of < 10,000 mg/l. Groundwater classified in one of four TDS classes Surface Water Irrigation established as a beneficial use; no definition found Groundwater General Policy: Groundwater shall be protected for both existing and future beneficial uses so that the State may continue to utilize the resource for whatever beneficial uses the natural water quality allows. High quality groundwater shall be maintained for present and future uses. State includes agricultural water supply as a beneficial use for groundwater. Surface Water TDS attributable to other than natural causes shall not damage or impair the normal growth, function or reproduction of animal, plant or aquatic life Groundwater None identified Surface Water Surface waters of the State shall be maintained so that toxicity does not inhibit continued ingestion by livestock or irrigation of crops Groundwater None identified Surface Water None identified Groundwater None identified Surface Water Boron = 0.75 mg/l Groundwater Boron = 0.75 mg/l Surface Water Segment and monitoring station specific criteria established for TDS, chloride and sulfate. Table note (1) provides information regarding basis for and implementation of these criteria. TDS criteria vary widely across the state, e.g.: Low TDS in Segment yearly mean varies: 133 to 184 mg/l; sample mean varies: 156 to 230 mg/l. High TDS in Segment yearly mean varies from 2,010 to 2,457 mg/l; sample mean varies from 2,396 to 3,157 mg/l. Groundwater Only criteria appear to be MCLs and SMCLs Surface Water None identified Groundwater None identified Subject to requirements of Colorado Salinity Control Forum Manage salts to meet TDS numeric criteria applicable to Colorado River below Hoover Dam (see Arizona) Surface Water standards include Irrigation Agriculture assessment criteria for 305(b) report State implementation procedures include methods for evaluating reasonable potential to exceed criteria for yearly mean and sample standards for development of effluent limits in permits Antidegradation Policy includes the following regarding Recurring Activities Since the baseline for applying the antidegradation policy to an individual source is the water quality resulting from the source's currently authorized discharge, and since regularlyscheduled, recurring activities remain subject to water quality standards and the terms and conditions in any applicable federal and state permits, certifications and licenses, the following activities will not be considered new or increasing discharges and will therefore not trigger an antidegradation review under this rule so long as they do not increase in frequency, intensity, duration or geographical extent: (a) Rotating grazing pastures, (b) Agricultural crop rotations 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 12

16 Table 3. Salinity related water quality standards established by selected western states State Use & Definition Narrative Numeric Comments Texas Surface Water No specific irrigation use adopted; however, agriculture protection generally applies Groundwater No specific use designated; but, general nondegradation goal established. Groundwater management/ protection based on classification of groundwater into one of four classes based on TDS Surface Water Concentrations and the relative ratios of dissolved minerals such as chlorides, sulfates, and total dissolved solids must be maintained such that existing, designated, presumed, and attainable uses are not impaired Groundwater None identified Established salinity waterbody specific criteria (maximum annual average) for chloride, sulfate and TDS. Criteria are listed by waterbody segment and highly variable within some watersheds and across the state, e.g.: Red River Basin (northern Texas) 350 mg/l to 46,000 mg/l Sabine River Basin (east Texas) 200 mg/l to 500 mg/l Brazos River Basin (southeast to northwest Texas) 300 mg/l to 53,450 mg/l. Guadalupe River Basin (southwest Texas) 400 mg/l to 1,120 mg/l Implementation procedures state that Basic uses such as navigation, agricultural water supply, and industrial water supply are normally assumed for all waters Utah Surface Water Waters designated as Class 4 are protected for agricultural uses including irrigation Groundwater Four TDS classifications based on use of water for drinking; classifications define how protection requirements Surface Water None identified Groundwater Protection requirements based on use as a drinking water source and TDS Surface Water TDS = 1,200 mg/l maximum concentration applicable to any waterbody designated with an agricultural use. For assessment purposes, up to 10% of representative sample data may exceed this value. Boron = 0.75 mg/l Groundwater None identified Numerous waterbodies have site specific TDS criteria that exceed the 1,200 mg/l criterion ranging from 1,450 mg/l to 9,700 mg/l Washington Surface Water Agricultural Water Supply Use; no specific definition identified Groundwater General nondegradation goal to protect all existing and future beneficial uses of groundwater, including agricultural irrigation Surface Water None identified Groundwater Protection of drinking water use protects all other uses Surface Water None identified Groundwater Use MCLs and SMCLs to protect all potential and future beneficial uses 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 13

17 Table 3. Salinity related water quality standards established by selected western states State Use & Definition Narrative Numeric Comments Wyoming Surface Water Established irrigation use Groundwater Groundwater placed into classes based on suitable use. Class II is suitable for agriculture (no specific definition identified) Surface Water All Wyoming surface waters which have the natural water quality potential for use as an agricultural water supply shall be maintained at a quality which allows continued use of such waters for agricultural purposes. Degradation of such waters shall not be of such an extent to cause a measurable decrease in crop or livestock production. Unless otherwise demonstrated, all Wyoming surface waters have the natural water quality potential for use as an agricultural water supply. The procedures used to implement this section are described in the Agricultural Use Protection Policy (see Attachment B). Groundwater Water shall be protected for its intended use and uses for which it is suitable. Water not being put to use shall be protected for all uses for which it is suitable Surface Water No explicit numeric criteria; narrative implemented through comprehensive implementation policy (Attachment B) Groundwater Boron = 0.75 mg/l TDS = 2,000 mg/l SAR = 8 Residual Sodium Carbonate (measure of potential hazard which exists when waters high in carbonate and bicarbonate and relatively low in calcium and magnesium are used for irrigation = 1.25 meq/l State has adopted an Agricultural Use Implementation Policy that is used to derive effluent limits in permits (Attachment B) Subject to requirements of Colorado Salinity Control Forum manage salts to meet TDS numeric criteria applicable to Colorado River below Hoover Dam Table Notes: 1. Relevant portions of Oklahoma Water Quality Standards for protection of irrigation agriculture beneficial use (Title 785, Chapter 45: 5 13) (b) Definitions. The following words and terms, when used in this Section, shall have the following meaning unless the context clearly indicates otherwise: (1) "Long term average concentration" means the arithmetic mean of at least ten samples taken across at least twelve months. (2) "Short term average concentration" means the arithmetic mean of all samples taken during any 30 day period. (e) General criteria for the protection of Irrigation Agriculture. This subsection prescribes general criteria to protect the Irrigation Agriculture subcategory. For chlorides, sulfates and total dissolved solids at 180 C (see Standard Methods), the arithmetic mean of the concentration of the samples taken for a year in a particular segment shall not exceed the historical "yearly mean standard" determined from the table in Appendix F of this Chapter. For permitting purposes, the long term average concentration shall not exceed the yearly mean standard. Yearly mean standards shall be implemented by the permitting authority using long term average flows and complete mixing of effluent and receiving water. For permitting purposes, the short term average concentration shall not exceed the sample standard. Sample standards shall be implemented by the permitting authority using short term average flows and complete mixing of effluent and receiving water. The data from sampling stations in each segment are averaged, and the mean chloride, sulfate, and total dissolved solids at 180 C are presented in Appendix F of this Chapter. Segment averages shall be used unless more appropriate data are available. (f) Historic concentrations. The table in Appendix F of this Chapter contains statistical values from historical water quality data of mineral constituents. In cases where mineral content varies within a segment, the most pertinent data available should be used (g) Criteria to protect Irrigation Agriculture subcategory. For the purpose of protecting the Irrigation Agriculture subcategory, neither long term average concentrations nor short term average concentrations of minerals shall be required to be less than 700 mg/l for TDS, nor less than 250 mg/l for either chlorides or sulfates. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 14

18 Table 4. Guidelines for interpretations of water quality for irrigation 1 (adapted from Ayers and Westcot 1985) Water Quality Concern Salinity 2 Infiltration as related to SAR and EC w (infiltration rate increases with increased salinity) Specific Ion Toxicity Degree of Restriction on Use Constituent Slight to None Moderate Severe Electrical Conductivity (irrigation water) (EC w ) (ds/m) < > 3.0 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) < ,000 > 2,000 SAR = 0 3 EC w > 0.7 EC w = EC w < 0.2 SAR = 3 6 EC w > 1.2 EC w = EC w < 0.3 SAR = 6 12 EC w > 1.9 EC w = EC w < 0.5 SAR = EC w > 2.9 EC w = EC w < 1.3 SAR = EC w > 5.0 EC w = EC w < 2.9 Sodium surface irrigation SAR <3 SAR = 3 9 SAR > 9 Sodium sprinkler irrigation SAR <3 SAR > 3 Chloride surface irrigation SAR <4 SAR = 4 10 SAR > 10 Chloride sprinkler irrigation SAR <3 SAR > 3 Boron (mg/l) < > 3.0 Nitrogen (NO 3 N) (mg/l) < > 30 Miscellaneous Effects Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) overhead sprinkling only (me/l) < > 8.5 ph Normal Range = Adapted from University of California Committee of Consultants EC w means electrical conductivity in water used for irrigation, a measure of the water salinity. 3 SAR means sodium adsorption ratio. See Figure1 in Ayers and Westcot (1985) for the SAR calculation procedure not provided here. At a given SAR, infiltration rate increases as water salinity increases. The values provide a means to evaluate the potential infiltration problem by SAR as modified by EC w. 4 For surface irrigation, most tree crops and woody plants are sensitive to sodium and chloride; use the values shown. Most annual crops are not sensitive; use the salinity tolerance tables (Tables 4 and 5 in Ayers and Westcot 1985 not provided here). For chloride tolerance of selected fruit crops, see Table 14 in Ayers and Westcot (1985) not provided here. With overhead sprinkler irrigation and low humidity (< 30 percent), sodium and chloride may be absorbed through the leaves of sensitive crops. For crop sensitivity to absorption, see Tables 18, 19 and 20 in Ayers and Westcot (1985) not provided here. 5 For boron tolerances, see Tables 16 and 17 in Ayers and Westcot (1985) not provided here. 6 NO 3 N means nitrate nitrogen reported in terms of elemental nitrogen (NH 4 N and Organic N should be included when wastewater is being tested). Restriction on Use Information: The divisions are somewhat arbitrary since change occurs gradually and there is no clearcut breaking point. A change of 10 to 20 percent above or below a guideline value has little significance if considered in proper perspective with other factors affecting yield. Field studies, research trials and observations have led to these divisions, but management skill of the water user can alter them. Values shown are applicable under normal field conditions prevailing in most irrigated areas in the arid and semi arid regions of the world. 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 15

19 Ayers and Westcot (1985) identify the primary source of the guidelines as an adaptation of the recommendations of the University of California Committee of Consultants (1974). Ayers and Branson (1977) stated the following regarding the work of this Committee: In early 1973, the University California Committee of Consultants was requested by the State Water Resources Control Board staff to submit a set of guidelines for interpretation of water quality for agriculture. These were to set forth a method of agricultural water quality evaluation and also suggest numerical guidelines that could be used in the comprehensive water quality management plans then being prepared to manage the water resources of each of the state s 16 water basins. The guidelines were prepared by the U.C. Committee of Consultants in collaboration with the U.S. Salinity Laboratory (Riverside), and staff of the State Water Resources Board. These guidelines (first submitted April 1973 and modified slightly since then) have been adopted as official guidelines by several state agencies, used extensively in planning and management of irrigated agriculture, and found to be useful and practical in production agriculture. They were the basis for the recently published (October 1976) FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 Water Quality for Agriculture prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, for use worldwide by FAO field personnel. These guidelines are not rigid but are simply what their name implies guidelines. They do not mean that the problems indicated necessarily will occur if suggested values are exceeded. They do mean that certain problems can be expected if guidelines are exceeded unless adequate management practices are adopted that will correct, delay, or prevent the problem. Management practices include leaching, selection of tolerant crops, and improved water management to produce more crop per drop of water used. Each type of problem is best met by fairly specific management practices. Canada Canada has established Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for many constituents (Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines 2012). These guidelines are published online in a searchable database by constituent and by designated use. Attachment C, Table C 1 summarizes the guidelines applicable to salinity related constituents for the protection of irrigation. South Africa The Republic of South Africa has published extensive guidelines for use of water for irrigation (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry 1996). Attachment C, Table C 2 summarizes the guidelines applicable to salinity related constituents for the protection of irrigation. Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand have jointly published guidelines for use of water for irrigation (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand 2000). Attachment D provides the relevant excerpt from this document. Trigger Values are provided for chloride and sodium based on risk of crop damage. Chloride concentration concerns are twofold: (a) prevention of foliar injury due 12/1/16 VERSION No. 3 16

Lecture 8: Irrigation Water Quality

Lecture 8: Irrigation Water Quality The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department Irrigation and Drainage- ECIV 5327 Lecture 8: Irrigation Water Quality Prepared by Husam Al-Najar Physical Parameters used in the evaluation

More information

Quality of reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation. Clinton Williams Lead Research Soil Scientist USDA-ARS ALARC

Quality of reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation. Clinton Williams Lead Research Soil Scientist USDA-ARS ALARC Quality of reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation Clinton Williams Lead Research Soil Scientist USDA-ARS ALARC Cost for Increasing Water Supply Option Cost (acre-ft) Desalination $1,400 Recycling for

More information

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Bringing the University to You

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Bringing the University to You COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Bringing the University to You Fact Sheet-02-91 SAMPLING AND INTERPRETATION OF LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION WATER Robert Morris and Dr. Dale Devitt TAKING A WATER SAMPLE FOR ANALYSIS Contact

More information

Sharon Benes Professor, Dept. Plant Science CSU Fresno. UC-ANR Vegetable Crops Program Team Meeting December 10, 2014; Davis, CA

Sharon Benes Professor, Dept. Plant Science CSU Fresno. UC-ANR Vegetable Crops Program Team Meeting December 10, 2014; Davis, CA Sharon Benes Professor, Dept. Plant Science CSU Fresno UC-ANR Vegetable Crops Program Team Meeting December 10, 2014; Davis, CA 1 Agricultural Salinity & Drainage Hanson, Grattan & Fulton (2006). Ag &

More information

Chapter 5 DRAINAGE WATER CHARACTERISTICS Sharon Benes 1, Tim Jacobsen 2, and Lisa Basinal 2

Chapter 5 DRAINAGE WATER CHARACTERISTICS Sharon Benes 1, Tim Jacobsen 2, and Lisa Basinal 2 Chapter 5 DRAINAGE WATER CHARACTERISTICS Sharon Benes 1, Tim Jacobsen 2, and Lisa Basinal 2 1 Dept. of Plant Science & Center for Irrigation Technology (CIT), California State University, Fresno, sbenes@csufresno.edu

More information

Irrigation and Runoff Management. Water Quality for Irrigation. Soil Salinity and Sodicity

Irrigation and Runoff Management. Water Quality for Irrigation. Soil Salinity and Sodicity Irrigation and Runoff Management Water Quality for Irrigation Soil Salinity and Sodicity Dr. Sharon Benes, Fresno State Franz Niederholzer, UC Farm Advisor fjniederholzer@ucdavis.edu Irrigation and Runoff

More information

Treated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation Guidelines EPB 235

Treated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation Guidelines EPB 235 Treated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation Guidelines EPB 235 JAN 2014 1. Introduction 1.1 General The purpose of this guideline is to assist the owners of wastewater treatment works and consultants considering

More information

Managing Pistachio Tree Health Under Saline Conditions. Mae Culumber, Ph.D. UC Cooperative Extension Advisor Fresno County

Managing Pistachio Tree Health Under Saline Conditions. Mae Culumber, Ph.D. UC Cooperative Extension Advisor Fresno County Managing Pistachio Tree Health Under Saline Conditions Mae Culumber, Ph.D. UC Cooperative Extension Advisor Fresno County Pistachios are salt tolerant.right? Higher threshold than other tree crops but

More information

15. Soil Salinity SUMMARY THE ISSUE

15. Soil Salinity SUMMARY THE ISSUE 15. Soil Salinity AUTHORS: B.H. Wiebe, R.G. Eilers, W.D. Eilers and J.A. Brierley INDICATOR NAME: Risk of Soil Salinization STATUS: Provincial coverage (AB, SK, MB), 1981 to 2001 SUMMARY At very low levels,

More information

MARK CREEK DEMONSTRATION PROJECT

MARK CREEK DEMONSTRATION PROJECT MARK CREEK DEMONSTRATION PROJECT OCC Tasks 20 and 21 FY 1990 319(h) Task 210 EPA Grant # C9-006704-90-0 Submitted by: Oklahoma Conservation Commission Water Quality Division 413 NW 12 th Oklahoma City,

More information

pdfmachine trial version

pdfmachine trial version IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY OF DIFFERENT AREAS OF PUNJAB By Amina Mumtaz* and Zia-ur-Rehman Abstract: A detailed study was conducted in different areas of Punjab inorder to access the suitability of water

More information

WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS Vol. II -Salinization of Soils - Hideyasu Fujiyama, Yasumoto Magara

WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS Vol. II -Salinization of Soils - Hideyasu Fujiyama, Yasumoto Magara SALINIZATION OF SOILS Hideyasu Fujiyama Professor of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan Yasumoto Magara Professor of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Keywords: Capillary effect;

More information

IRRIGATING FORAGE WITH RECYCLED WATER: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES. Stuart Pettygrove 1 ABSTRACT

IRRIGATING FORAGE WITH RECYCLED WATER: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES. Stuart Pettygrove 1 ABSTRACT IRRIGATING FORAGE WITH RECYCLED WATER: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES Stuart Pettygrove 1 ABSTRACT Irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater is a modern form of recycling that is practiced throughout

More information

East TX Test Site (1/2 Treated)

East TX Test Site (1/2 Treated) 1 East TX Test Site (1/2 Treated) 2 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY ( CEC ) It is a measure of the quantity of cations reversibly adsorbed per unit weight of soil. CEC is expressed in meq/100 g of mass (meq is

More information

Water management: Table Of Contents

Water management: Table Of Contents Water management: Table Of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS...1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER MANAGEMENT...2 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION...2 PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL...2 DRAINAGE...3 LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD...4 LAND PREPARATION...4

More information

Water Quality. CE 370 Lecture 1. Global Distribution of Earth s s Water

Water Quality. CE 370 Lecture 1. Global Distribution of Earth s s Water Water Quality CE 370 Lecture 1 Global Distribution of Earth s s Water Water Demand and Supply in Saudi Arabia Total Water Consumption = 22 billion m 3 /Year Water Demand Water Supply Industrial Domestic

More information

Agricultural Water Quality Criteria Irrigation Aspects

Agricultural Water Quality Criteria Irrigation Aspects ISSN 0729-3135 October 1983 Agricultural Water Quality Criteria Irrigation Aspects P.R. George Resource Management Technical Report No.30 Disclaimer The contents of this report were based on the best available

More information

The nitrate contamination concern

The nitrate contamination concern Section A The nitrate contamination concern In 1974, the U.S. Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This law required the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine the level of contaminants

More information

Groundwater Recharge: A Role for Almonds? December 9, 2015

Groundwater Recharge: A Role for Almonds? December 9, 2015 Groundwater Recharge: A Role for Almonds? December 9, 2015 Speakers Gabriele Ludwig, Almond Board (Moderator) Daniel Mountjoy, Sustainable Conservation Joel Kimmelshue, Land IQ Helen Dahlke, University

More information

Throughout the United States

Throughout the United States Evaluating Recycled Waters for Golf Course Irrigation To avoid problems, analyze recycled water thorougwy before starting to use it to irrigate a golf course, and monitor it regularly thereafter. BY M.

More information

It has been over two years since numeric nutrient

It has been over two years since numeric nutrient FWRJ How to Comply With Numeric Nutrient Criteria and Facilitate Permit Renewal Russel Frydenborg and Beck Frydenborg It has been over two years since numeric nutrient criteria (NNC) were adopted, and

More information

02/06/1437. Brackish Water Definition. Impact of Irrigation with Brackish Water on Soil and Plants. How can Salinity be expressed

02/06/1437. Brackish Water Definition. Impact of Irrigation with Brackish Water on Soil and Plants. How can Salinity be expressed : Brackish Water Definition According to the Commonwealth of Australia (2011), brackish water is defined as the water that has more saline than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from

More information

Irrigation Water Testing & Interpretation. Dennis Martin, PhD Professor & Turfgrass Extension/ Research Specialist

Irrigation Water Testing & Interpretation. Dennis Martin, PhD Professor & Turfgrass Extension/ Research Specialist Irrigation Water Testing & Interpretation Dennis Martin, PhD Professor & Turfgrass Extension/ Research Specialist National Climate Prediction Center http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ http://drought.unl.edu/dm/monitor.html

More information

Soil Properties under Tree Plantations, Crops and Pastures Irrigated with Paper Mill Effluent at Albury in 2013

Soil Properties under Tree Plantations, Crops and Pastures Irrigated with Paper Mill Effluent at Albury in 2013 Soil Properties under Tree Plantations, Crops and Pastures Irrigated with Paper Mill Effluent at Albury in 213 Peter Hopmans July 21 A commercial in confidence report prepared by Timberlands Research Pty

More information

Groundwater Quality in the Red River Basin and Rolling Plains in Texas

Groundwater Quality in the Red River Basin and Rolling Plains in Texas Groundwater Quality in the Red River Basin and Rolling Plains in Texas Srinivasulu Ale Assistant Professor (Geospatial Hydrology) Sriroop Chaudhuri Postdoctoral Research Associate Texas A&M AgriLife Research,

More information

PROPOSED GUIDELINES SALINITY/NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING. in the SAN DIEGO REGION (9)

PROPOSED GUIDELINES SALINITY/NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING. in the SAN DIEGO REGION (9) Item No. 7; Supporting Document No. 2 PROPOSED GUIDELINES SALINITY/NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING in the SAN DIEGO REGION (9) Suggested framework and guidelines for salinity/nutrient management plans required

More information

Aquatrols Guide to Assessing and Managing Turfgrass Salinity Issues in Irrigation Water and Soils

Aquatrols Guide to Assessing and Managing Turfgrass Salinity Issues in Irrigation Water and Soils Aquatrols Guide to Assessing and Managing Turfgrass Salinity Issues in Irrigation Water and Soils PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDE The purpose of this guide is to simplify the often confusing, and sometimes contradictory

More information

WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OFFICE OF OIL AND GAS. GENERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PERMIT Permit Number: GP-WV-1-07

WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OFFICE OF OIL AND GAS. GENERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PERMIT Permit Number: GP-WV-1-07 WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OFFICE OF OIL AND GAS GENERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PERMIT Permit Number: GP-WV-1-07 FACT SHEET, RATIONALE AND INFORMATION FOR GENERAL PERMIT FOR

More information

FORAGE PRODUCTION AND SOIL RECLAMATION USING SALINE DRAINAGE WATER. Stephen Kaffka, Jim Oster, Dennis Corwin 1 INTRODUCTION

FORAGE PRODUCTION AND SOIL RECLAMATION USING SALINE DRAINAGE WATER. Stephen Kaffka, Jim Oster, Dennis Corwin 1 INTRODUCTION FORAGE PRODUCTION AND SOIL RECLAMATION USING SALINE DRAINAGE WATER Stephen Kaffka, Jim Oster, Dennis Corwin 1 INTRODUCTION In semi-arid or arid locations, salinity can become a problem for farmers who

More information

Water Conservation Field Day - Agenda

Water Conservation Field Day - Agenda Water Conservation Field Day - Agenda 10:00 am 10:30 11:30 12:00 1:00 pm 2:00 Welcome and Introduction Nursery Tour Substrate Aeration, Drainage, & Water Holding Capacity Demonstration Lunch (only those

More information

Managing Irrigation Water Quality

Managing Irrigation Water Quality PNW 597-E August 2007 Managing Irrigation Water Quality for crop production in the Pacific Northwest A Pacific Northwest Extension publication Oregon State University University of Idaho Washington State

More information

Proposed New 18 CFR Part Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale and Other Formations:

Proposed New 18 CFR Part Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale and Other Formations: Proposed New 18 CFR Part 440 - Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale and Other Formations: SUBCHAPTER B SPECIAL REGULATIONS * * * * PART 440 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN SHALE AND OTHER FORMATIONS Sec. 440.1 Purpose,

More information

Water Quality and Food Production in Saskatchewan. Garth Weiterman, PAg Frances Thauberger, AAg

Water Quality and Food Production in Saskatchewan. Garth Weiterman, PAg Frances Thauberger, AAg Water Quality and Food Production in Saskatchewan Garth Weiterman, PAg Frances Thauberger, AAg Presentation Outline 1. Water & Irrigation in SK 2. History of Water Quality Analysis 3. Reservoir Sampling

More information

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FIELD MONITORING 1. Bradford D. Brown ABSTRACT

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FIELD MONITORING 1. Bradford D. Brown ABSTRACT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FIELD MONITORING 1 Bradford D. Brown ABSTRACT Nutrient Management Plan Field Monitoring enables producers to evaluate the effectiveness of their Nutrient Management Plan implementation

More information

Selective Removal Of Sodium And Chloride? Mono-Valent Selective Ion Exchange Membrane For Desalination And Reuse Enhancement.

Selective Removal Of Sodium And Chloride? Mono-Valent Selective Ion Exchange Membrane For Desalination And Reuse Enhancement. Selective Removal Of Sodium And Chloride? Mono-Valent Selective Ion Exchange Membrane For Desalination And Reuse Enhancement Charlie (Qun) He, Carollo Engineers, Inc., CHE@Carollo.com, 4600 E Washington

More information

Final Report FATE OF COALBED METHANE PRODUCED WATER IN DISPOSAL PONDS IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN

Final Report FATE OF COALBED METHANE PRODUCED WATER IN DISPOSAL PONDS IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN Final Report FATE OF COALBED METHANE PRODUCED WATER IN DISPOSAL PONDS IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN 1. Abstract T.J. Kelleners, Associate Professor Soil Physics K.J. Reddy, Professor of Environmental Quality

More information

EC A Water Quality Criteria for Irrigation

EC A Water Quality Criteria for Irrigation University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1997 EC97-782-A Water Quality Criteria for

More information

Otter Creek Watershed TMDL Project. Stakeholder Meeting June 6, 2013

Otter Creek Watershed TMDL Project. Stakeholder Meeting June 6, 2013 Otter Creek Watershed TMDL Project Stakeholder Meeting June 6, 2013 1 Meeting Purpose Meet with watershed & technical advisory group members and watershed landowners to provide basic Otter Creek TMDL project

More information

Soil Health Research Landscape Tool, v Data Dictionary Soil Health Institute 12/21/2016

Soil Health Research Landscape Tool, v Data Dictionary Soil Health Institute 12/21/2016 Soil Health Research Landscape Tool, v.12-21-16 Data Dictionary Soil Health Institute 12/21/2016 The Soil Health Research Landscape tool provides up-to-date information on soil health-related research

More information

GRASS VALLEY WASTEWATER TREATMENT INQUIRY

GRASS VALLEY WASTEWATER TREATMENT INQUIRY GRASS VALLEY WASTEWATER TREATMENT INQUIRY REASON FOR INVESTIGATION The 2003-2004 Grand Jury investigated the status of wastewater treatment in unincorporated Nevada County. This year, the Grand Jury investigated

More information

Water Chemistry. Water 101

Water Chemistry. Water 101 Water Chemistry Water 101 I. Introduction A. Water is not pure Many different kinds of chemicals dissolved in it Ions, organic chemicals, organic matter, particulate matter, and gases can all be in water

More information

Total Dissolved Solids

Total Dissolved Solids Total Dissolved Solids LabQuest 12 INTRODUCTION Solids are found in streams in two forms, suspended and dissolved. Suspended solids include silt, stirred-up bottom sediment, decaying plant matter, or sewage-treatment

More information

International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research

International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research Research Article ISSN: 2321-3124 Available at: http://ijmcr.com Rapid Assessment of Reservoir Water Quality and Suitability indices for Irrigation

More information

WATER QUALITY OF NEAMȚ RIVER - TÂRGU NEAMȚ TOWN (NEAMȚ COUNTY)

WATER QUALITY OF NEAMȚ RIVER - TÂRGU NEAMȚ TOWN (NEAMȚ COUNTY) WATER QUALITY OF NEAMȚ RIVER - TÂRGU NEAMȚ TOWN (NEAMȚ COUNTY) C. ROBA 1, C. ROŞU 1*, I. PIŞTEA 1, G. PÎSLARU 1 ABSTRACT. Water quality of Neamț River - Târgu Neamț TOWN (Neamț County). The purpose of

More information

Understanding Environmental Impacts of Horticulture

Understanding Environmental Impacts of Horticulture Lesson A1 3 Understanding Environmental Impacts of Horticulture Unit A. Horticultural Science Problem Area 1. Exploring the Horticulture Industry Lesson 3. Understanding Environmental Impacts of Horticulture

More information

Poly Met Mining, Inc. NPDES Antidegradation Review - Preliminary MPCA Determination

Poly Met Mining, Inc. NPDES Antidegradation Review - Preliminary MPCA Determination January 10, 2018 Poly Met Mining, Inc. NPDES Antidegradation Review - Preliminary MPCA Determination Antidegradation Procedures Overview Poly Met Mining, Inc. (PolyMet) submitted an NPDES/SDS application

More information

Assessment of the Suitability of Water Quality for Irrigation in Minna, Niger State

Assessment of the Suitability of Water Quality for Irrigation in Minna, Niger State International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry Volume 1, Issue 2, December 2014, PP 13-17 ISSN 2394-5907 (Print) & ISSN 2394-5915 (Online) Assessment of the Suitability of Water Quality

More information

Hamdy A. (ed.). Regional Action Programme (RAP): Water resources management and water saving in irrigated agriculture (WASIA PROJECT)

Hamdy A. (ed.). Regional Action Programme (RAP): Water resources management and water saving in irrigated agriculture (WASIA PROJECT) Sustainable use of highly saline water for irrigation of crops under arid and semi-arid conditions: new strategies. Corn yield response to saline irrigation water applied with a trickle system under Mediterranean

More information

Good Agricultural Practices & Good Handling Practices Program. Water Quality Issues Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Good Agricultural Practices & Good Handling Practices Program. Water Quality Issues Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) USDA-Agricultural Marketing Service Good Agricultural Practices & Good Handling Practices Program Water Quality Issues Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. The USDA GAP&GHP Audit Verification Program Checklist,

More information

Government Involvement in Desalination

Government Involvement in Desalination Chapter 7 Government Involvement in Desalination provements in distillation technologies. Any future Federal funding for R&D could lead to further im- provements in membrane technology and desali- nation

More information

SSC-JE STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION CIVIL ENGINEERING IRRIGATION & HYDROLOGY STUDY MATERIAL IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

SSC-JE STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION CIVIL ENGINEERING IRRIGATION & HYDROLOGY STUDY MATERIAL IRRIGATION ENGINEERING 1 SSC-JE STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION CIVIL ENGINEERING IRRIGATION & HYDROLOGY STUDY MATERIAL SSC-JE Syllabus : Irrigation Engineering : Definition, Necessity, Benefits, III effects of irrigation, types

More information

ARKANSAS NUTRIENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT. EPA Region 6 Nutrient RTAG Dallas, Texas April 14, 2015

ARKANSAS NUTRIENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT. EPA Region 6 Nutrient RTAG Dallas, Texas April 14, 2015 ARKANSAS NUTRIENT CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT EPA Region 6 Nutrient RTAG Dallas, Texas April 14, 2015 CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES Assessment Methodology Beaver Lake Wadeable Streams Nutrient Trading-Act 335

More information

Chapter 2.3. Manure and Fertilizer as Sources of Nutrients and Potential Environmental Hazards. learning objectives

Chapter 2.3. Manure and Fertilizer as Sources of Nutrients and Potential Environmental Hazards. learning objectives Chapter 2.3 Manure and Fertilizer as Sources of Nutrients and Potential Environmental Hazards learning objectives Describe the advantages and disadvantages of fertilizer and manure as sources of nutrients

More information

Voting Card on A Final Project

Voting Card on A Final Project Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology Standardization Directorate Voting Card on A Final Project Project s No.: 893 / 2002 Project s Name: Water Reclaimed Wastewater Secretary of the Committee:

More information

Dissolved Organic Carbon Augmentation:

Dissolved Organic Carbon Augmentation: National Conference on Mining Influenced Waters Dissolved Organic Carbon Augmentation: An Innovative Tool for Managing Operational and Closure-Phase Impacts from Mining on Surface Water Resources Charles

More information

Evaluation copy. Total Dissolved Solids. Computer INTRODUCTION

Evaluation copy. Total Dissolved Solids. Computer INTRODUCTION Total Dissolved Solids Computer 12 INTRODUCTION Solids are found in streams in two forms, suspended and dissolved. Suspended solids include silt, stirred-up bottom sediment, decaying plant matter, or sewage-treatment

More information

4.0 SAN GABRIEL RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AREA

4.0 SAN GABRIEL RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AREA 4.0 SAN GABRIEL RIVER WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AREA 4.1 Watershed Description 4.1.1 Watershed Land Use, Percent Impervious, and Population Land use in the San Gabriel River Watershed Management Area is approximately

More information

RESEARCH ARTICLE. Water management practices can affect salinity in rice fields

RESEARCH ARTICLE. Water management practices can affect salinity in rice fields RESEARCH ARTICLE Water management practices can affect salinity in rice fields Steven C. Scardaci Michael C. Shannon Stephen R. Grattan Austine U. Eke Stacey R. Roberts S. Goldman-Smith James E. Hill Water

More information

Vadose Zone Monitoring of Fields Irrigated with Recycled Processing and Municipal Wastewaters.

Vadose Zone Monitoring of Fields Irrigated with Recycled Processing and Municipal Wastewaters. Vadose Zone Monitoring of Fields Irrigated with Recycled Processing and Municipal Wastewaters. Diganta D. Adhikari *, Dave Goorahoo, and Florence Cassel S. Center for Irrigation Technology, California

More information

IMPACT OF CEMENT INDUSTRY ON THE GROUND WATER QUALITY A CASE STUDY

IMPACT OF CEMENT INDUSTRY ON THE GROUND WATER QUALITY A CASE STUDY Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control 27(2)(2011) pp 133-137 EM International Printed in India. All rights reserved IMPACT OF CEMENT INDUSTRY ON THE GROUND WATER QUALITY A CASE STUDY N.A. SIDDIQUI*, R.N.

More information

The Mekong River Report Card on Water Quality ( )

The Mekong River Report Card on Water Quality ( ) The Mekong River Report Card on Water Quality (2000-2006) Volume 1: September 2008 Mekong River Commission Background The water resources of the Mekong River support the livelihoods of most of the 60 million

More information

INVESTIGATION OF THE GROUNDWATER SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PRACTICES IN AN ARID REGION: CASE STUDY

INVESTIGATION OF THE GROUNDWATER SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PRACTICES IN AN ARID REGION: CASE STUDY American Journal of Environmental Science 10 (1): 1-7, 2014 ISSN: 1553-345X 2014 Science Publication doi:10.3844/ajessp.2014.1.7 Published Online 10 (1) 2014 (http://www.thescipub.com/ajes.toc) INVESTIGATION

More information

WHAT IS THE ABILITY OF ALFALFA TO SUSTAIN SALINE CONDITIONS? ABSTRACT

WHAT IS THE ABILITY OF ALFALFA TO SUSTAIN SALINE CONDITIONS? ABSTRACT WHAT IS THE ABILITY OF ALFALFA TO SUSTAIN SALINE CONDITIONS? Sharon Benes 1, Daniel Putnam 2, Inderjot Chahal 1, Stephen Grattan 3 and John Bushoven 1 ABSTRACT Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted

More information

Overview of Proposed Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program

Overview of Proposed Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program Overview of Proposed Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) Joe Karkoski, Program Manager Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program 1 What Are WE Trying to Accomplish? WE = Water

More information

California Ag Trends: (Klonsky, California Agriculture, July-September 2012).

California Ag Trends: (Klonsky, California Agriculture, July-September 2012). Where and Why Will Tree Crops Replace Rangeland? Roger Duncan Tree Crops Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Stanislaus County California Ag Trends: 1992-212 (Klonsky, California Agriculture, July-September

More information

Irrigated Lands Update

Irrigated Lands Update Irrigated Lands Update THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE IRRIGATED LANDS REGULATORY PROGRAM STWEC BOARD BRIEFING MAY 14 2014 BRUCE HOUDESHELDT DIRECTOR, REGULATORY AFFAIRS NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WATER ASSOCIATION

More information

Water quality assessment of Ajay River with reference to suitability for agricultural purposes

Water quality assessment of Ajay River with reference to suitability for agricultural purposes Water quality assessment of Ajay River with reference to suitability for agricultural purposes BALWANT KUMAR 1, UMESH KUMAR SINGH 1 *, PRATAP KUMAR PADHY 2 1. Department of Integrated Science Education

More information

Occurrence of Iron in Surface Waters of the Upper St. Johns River Basin

Occurrence of Iron in Surface Waters of the Upper St. Johns River Basin Occurrence of Iron in Surface Waters of the Upper St. Johns River Basin Prepared by Florida Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Watershed Management Ground Water Protection Section December

More information

FORM 26R CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL WASTE ANNUAL REPORT BY THE GENERATOR INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL INFORMATION

FORM 26R CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL WASTE ANNUAL REPORT BY THE GENERATOR INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL INFORMATION COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU OF WASTE MANAGEMENT FORM 26R CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL WASTE ANNUAL REPORT BY THE GENERATOR INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL INFORMATION

More information

Guidelines for Preparing an Alternatives Analysis

Guidelines for Preparing an Alternatives Analysis Policy Number: Policy No. 2017-01 Title: Guidelines for Preparing an Alternatives Analysis Effective Date: September 7, 2017 Authority: Policy: Public Law 91-575, 84 Stat. 1509 et seq., Sections 3.1, 3.4(2),

More information

APPENDIX R EPA GUIDELINES FOR WATER REUSE SUMMARY TABLES

APPENDIX R EPA GUIDELINES FOR WATER REUSE SUMMARY TABLES APPENDIX R EPA GUIDELINES FOR WATER REUSE SUMMARY TABLES APPENDIX R: EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse Summary Tables EPA Recommended Limits for Constituents in Reclaimed Water for Irrigation TRACE HEAVY

More information

Salinity TMDL Development and Modeling in the Otter Creek Watershed. Erik Makus DEQ Hydrologist June 6, 2013

Salinity TMDL Development and Modeling in the Otter Creek Watershed. Erik Makus DEQ Hydrologist June 6, 2013 Salinity TMDL Development and Modeling in the Otter Creek Watershed 1 Erik Makus DEQ Hydrologist June 6, 2013 Outline for Today: Otter Creek and the Tongue River Previous salinity modeling efforts Existing

More information

LIMITED IRRIGATION OF FOUR SUMMER CROPS IN WESTERN KANSAS. Alan Schlegel, Loyd Stone, and Troy Dumler Kansas State University SUMMARY

LIMITED IRRIGATION OF FOUR SUMMER CROPS IN WESTERN KANSAS. Alan Schlegel, Loyd Stone, and Troy Dumler Kansas State University SUMMARY LIMITED IRRIGATION OF FOUR SUMMER CROPS IN WESTERN KANSAS Alan Schlegel, Loyd Stone, and Troy Dumler Kansas State University SUMMARY Research was initiated under sprinkler irrigation to evaluate limited

More information

Water quality deterioration of the Euphrates River before entering Iraqi lands

Water quality deterioration of the Euphrates River before entering Iraqi lands Water Pollution XII 3 Water quality deterioration of the Euphrates River before entering Iraqi lands H. S. Al-Bahrani Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq Abstract Euphrates River passes through

More information

BLUEBERRY IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY

BLUEBERRY IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY BLUEBERRY IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY Erick Smith, Department of Horticulture Wesley Porter, Gary Hawkins, and Glen Harris Jr., Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Blueberry plants are sensitive to water

More information

SOUTHERN WATER USE CAUTION AREA REVIEW

SOUTHERN WATER USE CAUTION AREA REVIEW COMPONENT Water Supply Mission Components The Southern Water Use Caution Area (SWUCA) was designated in 1992 to address declines in aquifer levels occurring throughout the groundwater basin. Due to growing

More information

33. Fate of pesticides in soil and plant.

33. Fate of pesticides in soil and plant. 33. Fate of pesticides in soil and plant. What Happens to Pesticides When a pesticide is released into the environment many things happen to it. Sometimes what happens is beneficial. For example, the leaching

More information

Laboratory Fee Schedule

Laboratory Fee Schedule JMLord, Inc. Laboratory Fee Schedule Spring 2011 www.jmlordinc.com 267 N. Fulton St. Fresno CA, 93705 (559) 268-9755 (559) 486-6504 (FAX) Laboratory Services Since 1976, JMLord, Inc. has provided consultants

More information

Characteristics of beef cattle operations in the West. C. Alan Rotz,* Senorpe Asem-Hiablie,* Robert Stout,* and Kathleen Fisher

Characteristics of beef cattle operations in the West. C. Alan Rotz,* Senorpe Asem-Hiablie,* Robert Stout,* and Kathleen Fisher BEEF FACTS: SUSTAINABILITY BEEF RESEARCH Characteristics of beef cattle operations in the West C. Alan Rotz,* Senorpe Asem-Hiablie,* Robert Stout,* and Kathleen Fisher In 2011, the Beef Checkoff s U.S.

More information

The Desal Prize: Request for Information (RFI) Document

The Desal Prize: Request for Information (RFI) Document The Desal Prize: Request for Information (RFI) Document The RFI is solely for information gathering purposes and is NOT a solicitation for proposals, proposal abstracts, or concept notes. Any proposals

More information

Water Quality. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine. Overview Report. Summary

Water Quality. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine. Overview Report. Summary Water Quality Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine Overview Report Prepared pursuant to Section 2(e) of the Environment Management Act, 1981 H. J. Singleton B.Sc. RPBio. Resource Quality Section

More information

Water Supply Water Quality Water Reuse and Conservation Watershed Management Interagency Coordination

Water Supply Water Quality Water Reuse and Conservation Watershed Management Interagency Coordination WATER ELEMENT INTRODUCTION Water is one of the most critical resources for the Merced County economy and for the quality of life of its residents. Both surface water and groundwater supplies are an important

More information

SUITABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATERS FOR IRRIGATION ABSTRACT

SUITABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATERS FOR IRRIGATION ABSTRACT SUITABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATERS FOR IRRIGATION Noha,A.M., Ibrahim.A.M., Matlob.M.N. and Ali.O.M. Soil Sci.Dep.Agric. Faculty, Suez Canal Univ. ABSTRACT The area under studying is bounded from

More information

Fundamental Concepts: Overview of Water Quality

Fundamental Concepts: Overview of Water Quality Fundamental Concepts: Overview of Water Quality Ann Kenimer Texas A & M University University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management NDWRCDP Disclaimer This work was supported by

More information

Manure Management Facts Managing Manure within Tillage Systems and Crop Rotations

Manure Management Facts Managing Manure within Tillage Systems and Crop Rotations Manure Management Facts Managing Manure within Tillage Systems and Crop Rotations January 2009 Introduction Manure is a valuable source of nutrients for crop production. Most crop rotations can be designed

More information

Water Quality of Fayoum Surface Water, Fayoum Province, Egypt

Water Quality of Fayoum Surface Water, Fayoum Province, Egypt Deltas in Times of Climate Change II, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 24-26 Sept. 2014 Water Quality of Fayoum Surface Water, Fayoum Province, Egypt Mahmoud S.M. Abdel Wahed a,b,*, Essam A. Mohamed b, Christian

More information

M.S.V.K.V.Prasad 1, G. Siva Praveena 2 and P. V. V. Prasada Rao 2

M.S.V.K.V.Prasad 1, G. Siva Praveena 2 and P. V. V. Prasada Rao 2 IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-issn: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 3 Ver. III (Mar. 2015), PP 07-11 www.iosrjournals.org Assessment

More information

Dissolved Salts, Drainage, Desalting, and Discharge

Dissolved Salts, Drainage, Desalting, and Discharge Dissolved Salts, Drainage, Desalting, and Discharge Chuck Moody, Eric Holler, and Angela Adams Bureau of Reclamation presented at Spring Ag Outlook Forum Arizona Chapter of American Society of Farm Managers

More information

Warm Mineral Springs Sampling by Sarasota County

Warm Mineral Springs Sampling by Sarasota County Warm Mineral Springs Sampling by Sarasota County John Ryan, Kathryn Meaux, Rene Janneman and Jon S. Perry Sarasota County Environmental Services Sarasota, Florida September 11 Warm Mineral Springs is a

More information

Earth s Pools of Water What is the residence time of these pools?

Earth s Pools of Water What is the residence time of these pools? (1) The Hydrologic Cycle What are the major pools (reservoirs) of water on EARTH? More than enough water on our planet to sustain life. Why then do we have water shortages? And, why are we concerned about

More information

REGULATORY ISSUES AFFECTING MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCED WATER FROM COAL BED METHANE WELLS

REGULATORY ISSUES AFFECTING MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCED WATER FROM COAL BED METHANE WELLS REGULATORY ISSUES AFFECTING MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCED WATER FROM COAL BED METHANE WELLS PREPARED FOR: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY UNDER CONTRACT W-31-109-ENG-38 PREPARED BY: JOHN A.

More information

Overview of the Clean Water Act and Water Quality Standards

Overview of the Clean Water Act and Water Quality Standards Overview of the Clean Water Act and Water Quality Standards TLEF, August 17, 2015 Heather Goss, USEPA, Water Quality Standards program (standing in for Tom Gardner) 1 Today s goal Provide a basic introduction

More information

Beneficial Use of Produced Water: A Case Study of Projects in Colorado and Wyoming

Beneficial Use of Produced Water: A Case Study of Projects in Colorado and Wyoming Beneficial Use of Produced Water: A Case Study of Projects in Colorado and Wyoming D. R. Stewart, PhD, PE* and L. Takichi, PE Review This paper discusses our combined experience in the beneficial use of

More information

LAWSUIT TO PROTECT SALMON FROM PESTICIDES UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT

LAWSUIT TO PROTECT SALMON FROM PESTICIDES UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT LAWSUIT TO PROTECT SALMON FROM PESTICIDES UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Background Information on Pesticides and Salmon Pesticides have profound effects on Northwest salmon and may be a serious factor

More information

Fate and Transport of Sodium Chloride, Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum), Sodium Sulfate, and Boron in Soil: Implications for Guideline Development Work

Fate and Transport of Sodium Chloride, Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum), Sodium Sulfate, and Boron in Soil: Implications for Guideline Development Work Fate and Transport of Sodium Chloride, Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum), Sodium Sulfate, and Boron in Soil: Implications for Guideline Development Work Presented at: PTAC Soil and Groundwater Forum Presentation

More information

Irrigated Spring Wheat

Irrigated Spring Wheat Southern Idaho Fertilizer Guide Irrigated Spring Wheat Brad Brown, Jeffrey Stark, and Dale Westermann These fertilizer guidelines are based on relationships established between University of Idaho soil

More information

Good Morning! Bruce Gilman Department of Environmental Conservation and Horticulture Finger Lakes Community College 3325 Marvin Sands Drive Canandaigua, New York 14424 585-785- 1255 gilmanba@flcc.edu Northern

More information

SPECIAL CONDITIONS GENERAL PERMIT NUMBER WMGR089

SPECIAL CONDITIONS GENERAL PERMIT NUMBER WMGR089 SPECIAL CONDITIONS GENERAL PERMIT NUMBER WMGR089 1. The approval herein granted is limited to beneficial use of lime kiln dust (LKD) as a soil amendment, for stabilization/solidification of soils and sludges,

More information

INTRODUCTION TO HOBBY FARMING AND WATER QUALITY

INTRODUCTION TO HOBBY FARMING AND WATER QUALITY SECTION ONE INTRODUCTION TO HOBBY FARMING AND WATER QUALITY This is a handbook for owners of Hobby Farms - small scale farms operated primarily as a residential lifestyle - to provide their owners with

More information

Fertigation management for tomato production in saline soils

Fertigation management for tomato production in saline soils Fertigation management for tomato production in saline soils Florence Cassel S., Ph.D. Dave Goorahoo, Ph.D. Prasad Yadavali Center for Irrigation Technology and Plant Science, California State University,

More information