TOTAL CAPABILITIES IN THE PIPELINE INDUSTRY. UTILITY TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION Cincinnati Columbus West Jefferson

Transcription

1 TOTAL CAPABILITIES IN THE PIPELINE INDUSTRY UTILITY TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION Cincinnati Columbus West Jefferson

2 Load Estimating 2

3 Therms/Day Weather-Load Relationship Qsh = C (Tb-To) Temperature - Degrees F 3

4 Service Loads Example (new home) 85,000 BTU furnace 40,000 BTU H 2 O Heater 50,000 BTU Range 20,000 BTU Clothes Dryer 30,000 BTU Gas Logs 15,000 BTU Gas Grill 240,000 BTU total = 240scfh 4

5 Service Loads (cont d) Example (Old home) 125,000 BTU furnace 75,000 BTU H 2 O Heater 60,000 BTU Range 20,000 BTU Clothes Dryer 280,000 BTU total = 280 scfh 5

6 Is it likely that all the appliances for a home will be on continuously for an entire hour? 6

7 Is it likely that all the appliances for a home will be on continuously for an entire hour? NO

8 Max hour-typical Residence New 60 scfh to 65 scfh Old 100 scfh to 125 scfh 8

9 Load profile for Residential space- heating 9

10 Likewise, is it likely all the homes in an area will experience their max our usage during the same hour? NO!

11 Load Curve 11

12 Coincidence 12

13 Sample Diversity factor Number of customers Heating diversity (demand) factors

14 Ratio Load Factor Actual gas usage over a given time period, to Use that would have occurred if the maximum short term use rate in that period occurred over the entire period Daily-annual; hourly-annual; hourly-daily 14

15 Daily-Annual Load Factor Total Annual Send Out Mcf 365 Maximum DailySend Out L d, y x / year Mcf / day Average percent use of gas supply facilities Higher the load factor implies lower $ per unit volume invested in the system supply facilities

16 Hourly-Annual Load Factor L h, y 365 Total Annual Send Out Mcf 24 Maximum Hourly Send / year x100 Out Mcf / hour Average percent use of gas distribution facilities Higher the load factor implies lower $ per unit volume invested in the distribution facilities 16

17 Typical load factors Table 3-3. Typical Load Factors for Gas Consumers Space Heating (northern U.S.) Type of Consumer Annual Load Factor (%) Based on: Maximum Daily Demand Maximum Hourly Demand Cooking Restaurant Retail Store Industrial Metal Products

18 Estimating max hour from annual usage Restaurant s Annual usage = 2,000 Mcf Average load factor for a restaurant.53 LF = annual use/(365x24x max hr) Max hr = annual use /(365x24x0.53) Max hr = 2,000 Mcf /(365x24x0.53) Max hr = Mcfh = 431 scfh 18

19 Residential Heating Load Conversion Rule of Thumb 19

20 Estimating use for a building (other than a Home) 40 BTU/ft 2 Typical ceilings Thermostat set at 68 F to 70 F Higher ceilings slightly > 40 BTU/ft 2 Lower for warehouse temperature set at 50 F 20

21 Estimating use for a building (other than a Home) Sq ft BTU/ BTU /hr BTU/ cf/ MCF/ Sq ft Cf MCF hr 10, , , , , , , ,000, , ,000, , ,000,

22 Load profile for Commercial customers 22

23 Estimating Load for undeveloped area 1.5 to 1.8 meters per acre Takes into account road, utility corridors, retention ponds, parks, etc. Fully developed 23

24 Gas Flow & Pipe Sizing

25 Gas Flow If your pipeline is moving 40 Mcfh starting at a pressure of 50 psig and delivering at a pressure of 25 psig, how much additional capacity remains on this segment of pipe? P 2 P 1 = 50% 25

26 P2/P1 P2/P1 vs Utilized Capacity 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Utilized Capacity 26

27 How to use chart to estimate system performance on a design day 27

28 Demand (flow) Demand (flow) directly proportional to degree days Degree Days 28

29 Therms/Day Weather-Load Relationship Qsh = C (Tb-To) Temperature - Degrees F 29

30 Problem: At a temperature of 15 degrees F, a pressure of 30 psig is recorded at the end of a 75 psig system. What pressure would you expect at a design temperature of 5 degrees F? (hint: think of % capacity as directly corresponding to demand or flow) 30

31 Problem solution P 2 P 1 = = 40% From chart, utilizing 85% of pipeline capacity Think of % capacity as demand which is proportional to degree days or degree hours. 85% = X = 102% X 65 5 #*&% We ran out of pipeline capacity! 31

32 Same Problem: Only this time a pressure of 40 psig is recorded at the end of a 75 psig system when the temperature is 15 F. What pressure would you expect at a design temperature of 5 degrees F? (again: think of % capacity as directly corresponding to demand or flow) 32

33 Problem solution P 2 P 1 = = 53.3% From chart, utilizing 78% of pipeline capacity Think of % capacity as demand which is proportional to degree days or degree hours. 78% = X = 93.6% X 65 5 From chart, 93.6% capacity equates to P 2 P 1 = 25% P 2 = (P 1 * 25%) = (75 psig * 25%) = psig 33

34 Flow Modeling Software GasWorks SynerGEE Gas Stoner Pipeline Simulator (SPS) AFT Aarow Pipeline Studio Pipe-Flo Gregg Engineering (Multiple Programs) GasCalc Pipeline Toolbox (Gas, Liquid, Enterprise) QuickConvert 34

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38 Modeling Considerations Station pressures (drop across M&R Settings) Load Estimating Pipe Type & Length Plastic or Steel Wall thickness Pipe Efficiency Factor Typically use efficiency factor for distribution system using IGT Improved Equation Fittings Regulators Compressors Valves 38

39 Modeling Considerations (Cont.) Flow Equations Spitzglass (Low Pressure) Low pressures (inches of water column) 12 and smaller Assumes smooth pipe flow Spitzglass (High Pressure) Medium and high pressures Very conservative IGT Improved Very good distribution equation 3-30 Low Pressure 1 ½ 20 (2-100 psig) Weymouth Use for early evaluation Very Conservative Good for high pressure supply lines rough pipe Panhandle A Good for 16 and 20 psig Better for high pressure lines Relatively good equation but is slightly optimistic Mueller Services (2-100 psig) 39