Fossil Energy. Fossil Energy Technologies. Chapter 12, #1. Access (clean HH fuel) Coal. Air quality (outdoor)

Transcription

1 Fossil Energy Technologies Coal steam power Gasification Power Access (clean HH fuel) Coal Direct Liquefaction Gasification liquids Air quality (outdoor) Natural Gas Biomass Power/liquids Co-production Power/liquids Co-production NGCC Security (lower imports) GTL Climate Oil Oil refining with ccs Chapter 12, #1

2 Technology Filters Tight gas Biofuels Cellulose conversion Large-scale electricity storage Clean coal Heavy oil / tar sands Technology Options Shale oil/gas CBM Hydrogen production 3rd/4th generation nuclear Capture & Storage Deep water oil Smart wells Gas to products Gasification Superconductivity Advanced silicon solar Enhanced oil recov. 3rd generation solar Arctic technologies Hydrates Coal to products Refinery upgrading High-temp. fuel cells GEA lens (access, local environment, security, climate) Chapter 12 lens (sustainable fossil energy systems) POWER FOSSIL RENEWABLES HYBRIDS + CCS Batteries for vehicles Hydrogen distribution Low-temp. fuel cells Hydrogen storage Urban infrastructures Smart mobility solutions Demand management Smart buildings XX XX Oil expl & prod Conversion XX XX XX Power related Other Demand side Chapter 12, #2

3 Pulverized Coal Combustion Power Plant Chapter 12, #3

4 Alternative Cost Indices Chapter 12, #4

5 Raw Water Usage Volume Flow, liters/s Vent 392 CCS 889 Air Vent CCS Coal Rank Bituminous Seam Illinois No.6 Component Wt% Moisture Carbon Hydrogen 4.50 Nitrogen 1.25 Chlorine 0.29 Sulfur 2.51 Ash 9.70 Oxygen 6.88 Total Infiltration Air Forced Draft Fans Primary Air Fans Coal Feed Fossil Energy Mass and Energy Balance of a Subcritical Power Plant with and without CCS SCR Pulverized Coal Boiler Bottom Ash Baghouse Fly ash Boiler feedwater Makeup Water Oxidation Air Induced Draft Fans FGD HP IP LP Feedwater heater system Condenser Condensate Return Gypsum Econamine FG+ CO2 compr. Reboiler Steam CO2 Product Stack Stack Gas Vent CCS CO 2 Vent - - CCS (29) 174 Limestone Vent 0 13 CCS 0 18 Gypsum Vent 9 34 CCS PM/Ash Vent CCS Coal Input Vent CCS Chapter 12, #5 Output Losses Net Power Vent Condenser Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overal 36.8% Vent Process Net Power CCS Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overal 24.9% Condenser CCS Process

6 Raw Water Usage Volume Flow, liters/s Vent 343 CCS 767 Air Vent CCS Coal Rank Bituminous Seam Illinois No.6 Component Wt% Moisture Carbon Hydrogen 4.50 Nitrogen 1.25 Chlorine 0.29 Sulfur 2.51 Ash 9.70 Oxygen 6.88 Total Infiltration Air Forced Draft Fans Primary Air Fans Coal Feed Fossil Energy Mass and Energy Balance of a Supercritical Power Plant with and without CCS SCR Pulverized Coal Boiler Bottom Ash Baghouse Fly ash Boiler feedwater Makeup Water Oxidation Air Induced Draft Fans FGD HP IP LP Feedwater heater system Condenser Condensate Return Gypsum Econamine FG+ CO2 compr. Reboiler Steam Stack Gas Vent CCS CO 2 Stack Vent - - CO2 Product CCS (26) 158 Limestone Vent 0 12 CCS 0 17 Gypsum Vent 8 32 CCS PM/Ash Vent CCS Coal Input Vent CCS Chapter 12, #6 Output Losses Net Power Vent Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overal Condenser % Vent Process Net Power CCS Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overal Condenser % CCS Process

7 Coal-IGCC Technology Chapter 12, #7

8 Development of IGCC Net Plant Efficiencies for Coal-based Plants without CCS Chapter 12, #8

9 Mass/Energy Balance for a Coal-IGCC Plant Using Slurry-Feed Gasifier, Radiant Syngas Cooling without and with CCS Coal Rank Bituminous Seam Illinois No.6 Component Wt% Moisture Carbon Hydrogen 4.50 Nitrogen 1.25 Chlorine 0.29 Sulfur 2.51 Ash 9.70 Coal slurry Oxygen 6.88 Total Slag Energy Flow MW Mass Flow kg/s Vent 27 7 CCS 28 7 ASU vent Energy Flow MW Mass Flow kg/s Vent 2 47 CCS 1 29 Air Energy Flow MW Mass Flow kg/s Vent CCS Slag Vent gas Main air compressor Quench & syngas scrubber GE Gasifier Section (radiant cooler) Elevated pressure ASU Air to ASU Shift stream Gasifier oxidant Oxygen Ambient air Shift reactors Nitrogen diluent Gas cooling BFW heating & knockout 2X advanced F class gas turbines Sour water stripper Water recycle to coal slurry prep. area Gas turbine combustor Turbine cooling air Syngas Flue gas Mercury removal HRSG Steam turbine Clean gas Selexol unit Syngas reheater & expander CO 2 purification off-gas Stack gas CO 2 compressor Claus plant Hydrogenation reactor & gas cooler Tail gas recycle to selexol CO 2 product Sulfur product CO 2 Vent - - CCS (14) 130 Sulfur Vent 14 2 CCS 14 2 Raw Water Usage Volume Flow, liters/s Vent 253 CCS 289 Stack Gas Vent CCS Coal Input Vent CCS Losses MW kg/s Condenser Vent Process Condenser CCS Process Output MW kg/s Net Power Vent Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overall) 38.2% Net Power CCS Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overall) 32.5% Chapter 12, #9

10 Estimated Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation for Alternative Technologies as a Function of GHG Emissions Price Chapter 12, #10

11 Chapter 12, #11 Natural gas Component Vol.% Methane CH Ethane C 2 H Propane C 3 H n-butane C 4 H Carbon dioxide CO Nitrogen N Total Air Vent CCS Air Natural gas Input Vent CCS Fossil Energy Mass and Energy Balance of NGCC Without CO 2 Capture (When Shaded Components are Excluded) Natural gas Condensate returen Combustion turbine Boiler steam AMINE MWe HRSG Steam turbine CO 2 compressor Blower Losses Condenser Vent Process Condenser CCS Process Cooling water Direct contact cooler Cooling water return Stack CO 2 product Stack gas Raw Water Usage Volume Flow, liters/s Vent 158 CCS 295 Stack Gas Vent CCS CO 2 Vent - - CCS (8) 51 Output Net Power Vent Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overall 50.8% Net Power CCS Net plant Efficiency, % HHV (overall 43.7%

12 World Liquids Consumption by Region Chapter 12, #12

13 Projections of World Liquids Supply for Three Alternative Oil Price Projections Chapter 12, #13

14 Projections of World Liquids Consumption by Sector Chapter 12, #14

15 Baseline Life Cycle Emissions of CO 2 -eq for Fuels Derived from Petroleum Chapter 12, #15

16 Overall Energy and Carbon Balance for a Modern Two-train GTL Facility Chapter 12, #16

17 Shenhua Direct Coal Liquefaction Demonstration Project Process Flow Chapter 12, #17

18 Carbon Flows for Conversion of Coal and Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Electricity ATMOSPHERE biomass upstream emissions photosynthesis fuel transport/distribution vehicle tailpipe flue gases grid electricity displaced coal upstream emissions biomass conversion coal CO 2 storage char Chapter 12, #18 28

19 Production of Liquid Fuels from Coal and/or Biomass Feedstocks Chapter 12, #19

20 Alternative Process Configurations for Maximizing Production of FTL Chapter 12, #20

21 Plant Configurations for Maximizing Gasoline Output with Only Coal as Input Feedstock Flue gas Coal Air Oxygen plant Recycle Compr. Recycled Syngas Purge gas Air Power Island Net export electricity Fuel gas Grinding & Slurry Prep. Water Gasification & Quench Slag Syngas Scrubber Water Gas Shift Gas cooling Acid Gas Removal Refrigeration plant Flash Methanol Synthesis CO 2 Flash n tio e n e ra e g R Methanol Recovery Crude Methanol 150 bar CO 2 To pipeline CO 2 H 2 S + CO 2 To Claus/SCOT Compression needed only if CCS is utilized. MTG reactor Water Refining Gasoline LPG Methanol Chapter 12, #21

22 Values of GHGI for Some Synthetic Fuel Options Chapter 12, #22

23 Yields of Low/Zero Net GHG Emitting Liquid Fuels from Biomass Chapter 12, #23

24 Breakeven Oil Prices as a Function of GHG Emission Price for Coal, Biomass, and Coal/Biomass Conversion to FTL or MTG Chapter 12, #24

25 Simplified Process Diagram for H 2 Production from Coal with CO 2 Capture Chapter 12, #25

26 Simplified Process Diagrams for H 2 Production from Natural Gas via Steam- Methane Reforming (top) or via Autothermal Reforming (bottom) Chapter 12, #26

27 Levelized Hydrogen Production Costs as a Function of GHG Emissions Price Chapter 12, #27

28 Per Capita Energy Use Rate for Cooking in the Early 1980s Chapter 12, #28

29 Process Steps for DME Production from Coal Chapter 12, #29

30 Breakeven Crude Oil Price (BEOP) as a Function of the GHG Emissions Price Chapter 12, #30

31 CTL-OT-V System that Provides F-T Liquids + Electricity from Coal via Gasification while Venting the Captured CO 2 Coproduct Chapter 12, #31

32 CTG-PB-CCS System that Provides Gasoline and LPG + Electricity From Coal Chapter 12, #32

33 Biomass and Coal Required to Produce Alternative Fuels Having Low/Zero Fuel-cycle-wide GHG Emissions Chapter 12, #33

34 Comparison of CTL Production Costs Chapter 12, #34

35 Comparison of CTG Production Costs Chapter 12, #35

36 Liquid Fuel Production Costs for Alternative FTL-OT and MTG-PB Options Chapter 12, #36

37 Levelized Cost of Electricity for Crude Oil at $90/bbl Chapter 12, #37

38 BAU projection by US EIA of China s Energy Future Chapter 12, #38

39 GHG Emissions for China Chapter 12, #39

40 Oil Imports for China Chapter 12, #40

41 LCOE vs GHG Emissions Price under US Conditions Chapter 12, #41

42 Breakeven Crude Oil Price vs GHG Emissions Price Chapter 12, #42

43 Minimum Dispatch Cost vs GHG Emissions Price Chapter 12, #43

44 Coal and Natural Gas Demand Implications of US Repowering Thought Experiment Chapter 12, #44

45 Simple Payback on the Total New Plant Investment Chapter 12, #45

46 Outlook For Natural Gas Supplies in The United States Chapter 12, #46

47 LCOF vs GHG Emissions Price Chapter 12, #47

48 Real internal rate of return on equity for BIGCC-CCS and for the FTL options with the lowest LCOF for three levelized crude oil prices Chapter 12, #48

49 Energy and GHG Emissions for Global Coal/Biomass Thought Experiment Chapter 12, #49

50 GBTL-OT-CCS System that Provides Electricity+FTL from Natural Gas and Biomass Chapter 12, #50

51 LCOE vs GHG Emissions Price for Coproduction Technologies Chapter 12, #51