CE 374 K Hydrology. Global Water Cycle. Daene C. McKinney

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1 CE 374 K Hydrology Global Water Cycle Daene C. McKinney

2 Some Terminology Hydrology (ηδρολογια) Hudor - water ; Logy - study of Study of Water and its properties, distribution, and effects on the Earth s surface, soil, and atmosphere Water Management Sustainable use of water resrouces Manipulating the hydrologic cycle Hydraulic structures, water supply, water treatment, wastewater treatment & disposal, irrigation, hydropower generation, flood control, etc.

3 Some History Water Management Civilization developed on rivers: Hydraulic engineers build canals, levees, dams, water conduits, and wells Egyptians (Nile) Romans (Tiber) Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates) China (Huang Ho and Yangtze) Pakistan (Indus) India (Ganges) Minoan culture of Thera Roman aqueduct in France

4 Some Misperceptions Thales (Greek, bc) wind blew water into rocks along the coast, forcing water up through the rock under high pressure, where it eventually emerged in springs Plato (Greek, bc) water was contained in a single underground cavern, the 'Tartarus', and was pushed up into springs by underground forces to return to the oceans Aristotle (Greek, bc) water vapor from the soil condensed in cool mountain caverns and formed underground lakes that fed springs. Seneca (Roman, 4 bc - 65 ad) precipitation that fell to the earth and infiltrated was not sufficient to supply water that was observed as streamflow. Kepler (German, ) earth digested salt water and excreted fresh water as waste. height of the flooding of the Nile in various years

5 Figuring It Out da Vinci and Palissy (16 th cent.) linked underground water to rainwater infiltrating into the soil and then to stream flow Perrault (French, 17 th cent) measured rainfall in the Seine River watershed and showed precipitation to be six times more than the river flow proving that the source of water in rivers is precipitation falling on soil Halley (English, ) evaporation experiments, investigated the water balance of the Mediterranean 19 th Century Dalton -Evaporation Darcy - Groundwater flow Manning - Open channel flow

6 Units If ½ in. of rain falls on 1 sq. mi., what is the equivalent volume of water? 1ft.5in * 12in * ( 1mi*528ft/mi).416 ft * 27,878,4ft 2 = 1,161,6ft million gal = 26.4 gal/day 328, people for a day = 899 people for a year = That s a lot of water! 2 = If 1 mm of rain falls on 259 hectares (ha = 1, m 2 ), what is the equivalent volume of water? 1L/day= 26.4gal/day

7 More Units 1 ft =.348 m 1 m 3 = x1-3 ft 3 1 m 3 = ft 3 1 ha = 1, m 2 1 acre = 43,56 ft 2 =.447 ha = 447 m 2 1 gal = 3.785x1-3 m 3 = L 1 m 3 = 8.11x1-4 af 1 9 m 3 = 8.11x1 5 af 1 km 3 =.811 maf 1 m 3 = 264 gal 1 9 m 3 = 264x1 9 gal 1 km 3 = 264 bg 1 km 3 /yr =.7234 bgd

8 Global Water Resources Only this portion is renewable

9 Global Water Cycle Residence time: Average travel time for water through a subsystem of the hydrologic cycle T r = S/Q Storage/flowrate Principal sources of fresh water for human activities (44,8 km3/yr)

10 Global Water Availability

11 Population and Water Use Withdrawal (km3/yr) Population (million) global freshwater use is ~4 km3/year ~1% of the renewable supply (44,8km3/year)

12 Global Water Withdrawal & Consumption

13 Global Water Use

14 Typical Domestic Water Use 1 4 L/person/day (water scarce) 5 1 L/person/day (low-income) 1 6 L/person/day (high-income) Differences in domestic freshwater use: Piped or carried Number/type of appliances and sanitation

15 Water Stress Index Based on human consumption and linked to population growth Domestic requirement: m 3 /person/year (water scarce) m 3 /person/year (high-income) Associated agricultural, industrial & energy need: 2 x domestic requirement m 3 /person/year m 3 /person/year Total need: m 3 /person/year (water scarce) m 3 /person/year (high-income)

16 Water Stress (m3/person/year) Water scarcity: <1 m 3 /person/year chronic and widespread freshwater problems Water stress: <17 m 3 /person/year intermittent, localised shortages of freshwater Relative sufficiency: >17 m 3 /person/year

17 Watershed Watershed: Area of land draining to a stream at a given location Watershed Divide: Line dividing land draining to a stream from land draining away from the stream Synonyms: Watershed, Catchment, Basin, Drainage area

18 Atmospheric Moisture Snow Rain Interception Throughfall and Stem Flow Snowpack Pervious Snowmelt Surface Infiltration Soil Moisture Percolation Groundwater Groundwater Flow Impervious Streams and Lakes Overland Flow Evaporation Evapotranspiration Evaporation Energy Watershed Boundary Channel Flow Runoff

19 Digital Elevation Model Rio Conchos Basin In Mexico

20 Elevation of a cell DEM Elevations Contours of elevation 7 68

21 Cell Definition Elevation of a cell cell size Part of a Digital Elevation Model 5 (cell value) cell

22 Eight Direction Pour Point Model Direction of flow 8 4 2

23 Flow Direction Grid Direction of flow Part of a Digital Elevation Model

24 Flow Accumulation Grid 3 cells flow to this cell cells flow to this cell Water will flow from low values to high values

25 Stream Network Set a threshold, e.g, Streamflow if Accumulation >

26 Stream Network for Different Thresholds 1 grid cell threshold 1 grid cell threshold

27 Rio Grande Basin

28 Rio Grande NEW MEXICO TEXAS CHIHUAHUA COAHUILA NUEVO LEON DURANGO TAMAULIPAS

29 Waller Creek

30 Waller Creek

31 Thanks to: Esteban Azagra Waller Creek

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