Risk Based Assessment of Contaminated Land & Groundwater
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1 Risk Based Assessment of Contaminated Land & Groundwater Mr. Ijaz Asharaf BAPCO Abstract The Oil Industry has played a significant role in the industrial & economic development during this century; however it also faces enormous challenges to minimize the impact of its operations on the environment and to achieve sustainable development. One of the environmental challenges facing the oil and chemical industry is to identify and assess the potential risk to human health and environment from the historically contaminated sites as a result of poor waste management practices or incidents. A risk based approached needs to be adopted in order to devise an effective strategy to effectively mitigate the potential risk to human health, and environment presented by the contaminated sites. This paper describes the approach adopted by Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) to identify the oil contaminated sites, assess the potential risk to human health, the environment and the required mitigation measures by applying the principles of Riskbased Corrective Action (RBCA). A phased approach was used with a desk top study followed by a detailed investigation which involved drilling of 40 window sample locations for soil and installation of 28 groundwater monitoring boreholes. Over 200 soil and groundwater samples were analyzed for heavy metals and hydrocarbons. A conceptual site model was developed based on the Site-Pathway-Receptor linkage and the results from the analysis of soil and groundwater were used to determine the potential risk to human health as well as risk to the environment. Finally, recommendations were made to mitigate the risk and where appropriate conduct further studies to determine specific remediation measures. The phased approach applying RBCA has enabled a flexible approach to decision making in which corrective actions are appropriately tailored to site-specific conditions and hazards based on factual knowledge and scientific evidence concerning the type, level and environmental behaviour of identified pollutants.
2 Risk Based Assessment of Contaminated Land & Groundwater 20th Joint GCC- Japan Environment Symposium (4th Joint UAE- Japan Environment Symposium) November 22 24, 2011 in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Ijaz Ashraf Co-Author -Abdulla Al-Ansari
3 Presentation Outline Introduction to Bapco Why Investigate Soil & Groundwater Contamination? Approach adopted by Bapco Developing Site Conceptual Model Key Activities & Areas Assessed Assessing Risk from Soil & Groundwater Contamination Key Findings of Phase I/II Soil & Groundwater Investigation Studies Way forward Q s &A s
4 Introduction to Bapco Bapco is an integrated oil company established in 1929 and is 100% owned by the Government of Kingdom of Bahrain. Bapco facilities include gas distribution, crude oil refining, storage, local and international marketing of petroleum products, service stations, and a Wharf for product shipment. The management of environment is an integral part of Bapco s operating philosophy and is included in Bapco s Mission and Vision statement.
5 Why Investigate Soil & Groundwater Contamination? Risk to Existing Operations o Potential liabilities to site personnel and neighbours o Potential liabilities to the natural environment o Legal duty to manage risks and liabilities o Potential barrier to investment and obtaining insurance o Reduced asset value of land Risk to Future Land Use o Potential liabilities new site occupants (human health) o Potential liabilities to the natural environment o Require clean bill of health for land sale
6 Regulatory Perspective No specific Regulations in Bahrain concerning investigation & clean up of contaminated land, however there are standards on waste disposal & prevention of pollution Contaminated Land (England) Regulations 2000 Investigation of Potentially Contaminated Sites-Code of Practice (BS 10175:2001), UK; European Oil Industry Guidelines for Risk Based Assessment of Contaminated Sites, report No. 3/03 (CONCAWE); US Environmental Legislation [The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 1990; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) 1980] USEPA Guidance on Toxicological Assessments and Clean-up Standards
7 How Soil & Groundwater Contamination can happen!
8 Recommended Approach to Contaminated Land Assessment Source: Concawe Report No. 3/03
9 Bapco Approach - Overall Programme Data collection Phase I (Desk Study) Conceptual Site Model - Qualitative Risk Assessment Phase II Site Investigation Generic Quantitative Risk Assessment We are here Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment Phase III Mitigation measures, Remedial Action Plans Field Trials Remediation Remediation
10 Assessment Area
11 Phase 1 Study Mainly Desk Top Study to gather information on usage/history of site operations Walkover survey to identify visible areas of contamination/waste disposal areas Interviews with experienced personnel (corporate memory!) Obtaining information on Site Geology & Hydrogeology Recording information by taking photos and GPS positions Use of Photo Ionization Detector (PID) for VOC s Qualitative Risk Assessment Phase 1 concluded that there is sufficient evidence of soil & groundwater Contamination Developed Scope for Phase 2.
12 Phase 2 Study - Objectives Develop a Conceptual Site Model (CSM) using the principles of pollutant linkages Identify the level and type of contamination by intrusive sampling and chemicals analysis of soils & groundwater Conduct Risk Assessment of impacts to sensitive receptors Provide recommendations for future works to eliminate, minimize or control the potential risks to receptors
13 Phase 2 Study Key Activities Designed to target key sources identified in the Phase I and quantify the risks and liabilities to both the humans and the natural environment Excavation of 70-1m3 trial pits for service clearance Drilling of 40 window sample locations. Drilling of 28 groundwater monitoring installations. Using 3 different drilling methods to depths up to 12m Ground gas monitoring of selected well installations. Chemical analysis of over 200 soil and groundwater samples for heavy metals and hydrocarbons
14 Example of a CSM and Pollutant Linkage
15 Conceptual Site Model (CSM) Concept of Pollutant Linkage: International Best Practice Source Pathway Receptor S-P-R form a Conceptual Site Model Source = hazard e.g. oil filled tank, storage areas for chemicals Receptor e.g. sea, human health Pathway e.g. groundwater, inhalation, drainage More than 1 linkage can exist
16 Establishing Site Hydrogeology
17 Risk Assessment Standards used: US ASTM Standard E 2081 Standard Guide for Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) at Chemical Release Sites Contaminated Land Research Reports, UK (CLR) Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment (CLEA Model) UK Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for Marine Environment UK Drinking Water for assessing Aquifer A and B At present, RBCA model is considered to be most appropriate when fully integrated with exposure and other relevant parameters defined for UK Standard Land Use under the CLEA model
18 Definition of Risk Ratings
19 Refinery Plan
20 Sample Locations
21 Water Direction Contours
22 Findings Eastern Refinery Heavy Metals & Hydrocarbon Impacted Area
23 Low Lift Pump House POSFORD HASKONING ENVIRONMENT GULF W.L.L 11 a partner Company of ROYAL HASKONING.
24 Sitra Tank Farm and Marketing Terminal POSFORD HASKONING ENVIRONMENT GULF W.L.L a partner Company of ROYAL HASKONING.
25 Overall Findings
26 Summary of Contamination Identified Location Contaminant(s) Environmental Media Priority Rating Refinery Desalination Plant 5 Asbestos Surface soils HIGH Refinery & Sitra Tank Farm Ground Gas Soils HIGH Eastern Refinery Skim Pond and Oil-Water Separator Areas shallow soils & perched water PAH, Volatile Organic Compounds, Heavy Metals Surface soils and groundwater MEDIUM Eastern Refinery Disposal Areas Lead Surface soils MEDIUM Sitra Tank Farm and Marketing Terminal Free Phase Hydrocarbons Groundwater in marine alluvium MEDIUM Sitra Causeway and Wharf Pipeline Gate Valves Hydrocarbons Groundwater in marine alluvium MEDIUM Refinery Tank Farm and Process Area Free Phase Hydrocarbons Groundwater in Aquifer A MEDIUM Eastern Refinery Skim Pond and Oil-Water Separator Areas Potential Hydrocarbons Groundwater in Aquifer A and Heavy Metals LOW Low Lift Pump House (LLPH) Hydrocarbons, Heavy Metals Marine environment LOW Sitra Causeway and Wharf - Red Dye Manifold Hydrocarbons, Lead Soils, Marine environment LOW Groundwater in Aquifer B LOW Phase Refinery Tank Farm and Hazardous Free Hydrocarbons, Heavy Landfill Areas Metals
27 Phase 3 - Purpose & Requirements Although Phase II identified areas of contamination, but there is insufficient information to fully assess the risk and design remediation Supplementary Investigation To delineate contamination by gathering more information about the contamination in terms of type, concentration, lateral and vertical extent Conduct further DQRA which utilises site specific information to refine the generic assessment of the previous assessment in order to make decisions where remediation is required Develop Remedial Action Plans including options appraisal and cost estimates for remediation Planned to be conducted during 2012
28 Thank You Any Questions?
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